View source for Évreux

{{Short description|Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                 = Évreux
|commune status       = [[Prefectures of France|Prefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
|image                = Iton evreux.jpg
|image coat of arms   = Blason_ville_fr_Evreux_(Eure).svg
|caption              = River Iton
|arrondissement       = Évreux
|canton               = [[Canton of Évreux-1|Évreux-1]], [[Canton of Évreux-2|2]] and [[Canton of Évreux-3|3]]
|INSEE                = 27229
|postal code          = 27000
|mayor                = Guy Lefrand<ref>{{Cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=French|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|url-status=live}}</ref>
|term                 = 2020–2026
|intercommunality     = [[Évreux Portes de Normandie|CA Évreux Portes de Normandie]]
|coordinates          = {{Coord|49.02|1.15|format=dms|type:city(46,000)_region:FR-NOR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m          = 92
|elevation min m      = 58
|elevation max m      = 146
|area km2             = 26.45
|population           = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date      = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Évreux''' ({{IPA|fr|evʁø|-|Fr-Paris--Évreux.ogg}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in and the capital of the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Eure]], in the French [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]].
==History==
===Antiquity===
[[File:Fresque gallo-romaine Evreux 210209.jpg|thumb|Wall fragment with fresco of a [[Gallo Roman]] man, from Évreux, 250-275 AD]]
In [[late Antiquity]], the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named ''[[Mediolanum Aulercorum]]'', "the central town of the [[Aulerci]]", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]]. [[Julius Caesar]] wintered eight legions in this area after his third campaigning season in the battle for Gaul (56-55 BC): Legiones VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV.
===Middle Ages===
{{main|Count of Évreux}}
The first known members of the family of the counts of [[County of Évreux|Évreux]] were descended from an illegitimate son of [[Richard I of Normandy|Richard I]], [[Duke of Normandy|duke]] of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]. These counts became extinct in the male line with the death of [[William, count of Evreux|Count William]] in 1118. The county passed by right of Agnes, William's sister and wife of [[Simon I de Montfort]] (died 1087) to the house of the lords of [[Montfort-l'Amaury]]. [[Amaury VI de Montfort-Évreux]] ceded the title in 1200 to [[Philip Augustus|King Philip II]]. [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] presented it in 1307 to his brother [[Louis d'Évreux]], for whose benefit [[Philip the Long]] raised the county of Évreux into the [[peerage of France]] in 1317.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Évreux|volume=10|pages=37–38}}</ref>
[[Philip III of Navarre|Philip d'Évreux]], son of Louis, became king of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] by his marriage to [[Joan II of Navarre]], daughter of [[Louis X of France|Louis the Headstrong]], and their son [[Charles the Bad]] and their grandson [[Charles the Noble]] were also [[list of Navarrese monarchs|kings of Navarre]]. The latter ceded his counties of Évreux, [[County of Champagne|Champagne]] and [[County of Brie|Brie]] to King [[Charles VI of France]] in 1404.<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1427 the county of Évreux was bestowed by [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]] on Sir [[John Stewart of Darnley]] (c. 1365–1429), the commander of his Scottish bodyguard, who in 1423 had received the seigniory of [[Aubigny, Calvados|Aubigny]], and in February 1427 or 1428 he was granted the right to quarter the royal arms of France for his victories over the English. On Stuart's death before Orléans, during an attack on an English convoy, the county reverted to the crown.
===Modernity===
The countship was again temporarily alienated (1569–1584) as an appanage for Duke [[François, Duke of Anjou|François]] of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]], and in 1651 was finally given to [[Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon]], in exchange for the [[Principality of Sedan]].<ref name="EB1911"/> The most famous holder of the title is [[Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne]], son of [[Marie Anne Mancini]].<!--impossible:The city was annexed to France on the extinction of the [[La Tour d'Auvergne]] family in 1802.-->
Évreux was heavily damaged during the [[World War II|Second World War]], and most of its centre was rebuilt. The nearby [[Évreux-Fauville Air Base]] was used by the [[United States Air Force]] until 1967, and since then by the [[French Air Force]].
[[File:St-Taurin Evreux4.jpg|thumb|260px|12th-century nave of the former abbey church of [[Saint Taurinus|Saint-Taurin]]]]
{{anchor|Etymology|Names|Origin|Toponymy}}
==Name==
The French name {{lang|fr|Évreux}} is derived from the  [[Eburovices]], a [[Gallic tribe]] who inhabited the area. Their name comes from the [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos#Descendants|''eburo'']] meaning '[[Taxus baccata|yew tree]]'.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |date=2020 |title=Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-190563-6 }}</ref>
==Demographics==
The inhabitants of Évreux are known as Ebroicians ({{langx|fr|Ébroïciens}}).
===Population===
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|13353|Évreux}}</ref> and INSEE (1968–2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-27229#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719141220/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-27229#ancre-POP_T1 |date=19 July 2022 }}, INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |8000
|1800 |8426
|1806 |9511
|1821 |9728
|1831 |9963
|1836 |10287
|1841 |11706
|1846 |11802
|1851 |12877
|1856 |12227
|1861 |12265
|1866 |12320
|1872 |13350
|1876 |14627
|1881 |15847
|1886 |16755
|1891 |16932
|1896 |17766
|1901 |18292
|1906 |18971
|1911 |18957
|1921 |18234
|1926 |18841
|1931 |19315
|1936 |20116
|1946 |20436
|1954 |23647
|1962 |36695
|1968 |42550
|1975 |47412
|1982 |46045
|1990 |49103
|1999 |51198
|2007 |51485
|2012 |49634
|2017 |47733
}}
===Catholicism===
[[File:Evreux_Cathédrale_R01.jpg|thumb|240px|Évreux Cathedral]]
{{Main|Diocese of Évreux}}
[[Évreux Cathedral]] has been the seat of the bishops of [[Bishopric of Évreux|Évreux]] since its traditional founder, [[Saint Taurin of Évreux]], most probably working between 375 and 425; Bishop Maurusius was present at the [[First Council of Orléans|Council of Orléans]] in 511. The earliest parts of the present building, which is mostly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], date from the eleventh century. The west façade and its two towers are mostly from the late [[Renaissance]]; the octagonal central tower dates from the late fifteenth century. Of especial note are the [[Lady chapel]] and its [[stained glass]], the [[rose window]]s in the [[transept]]s and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The church of the former abbey of St-Taurin is in part [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. It has a choir of the 14th century and other portions of later date, and contains the thirteenth-century shrine of Saint Taurin.<ref name="EB1911"/> The episcopal palace, a building of the fifteenth century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral.<ref name="EB1911"/> The belfry facing the [[Seat of local government|hôtel de ville]] also dates from the fifteenth century.
===Judaism===
In the Middle Ages, Évreux was one of the centres of Jewish learning,<ref name="JE">[[Richard Gottheil]] and S. Kahn (1906), [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=536&letter=E Évreux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212131657/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=536&letter=E|date=12 February 2010}}, ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> and its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to the [[Talmud]] called the [[Tosafot]].<ref>see the tosafot on ''Bezah'' 14b, 20b, 24b; on ''Kiddushin'' 27b, 39a et passim; on ''Sotah'' 22a et passim; and in the ''[[Kol Bo]]'', Nos. 24, 114.</ref> The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: [[Samuel ben Shneor]],<ref>Zunz, ''Z. G.'' p. 38, designates him erroneously "Samuel, son of R. Yom-Tov")</ref> praised by his student [[Isaac of Corbeil]] as the "Prince of Évreux", one of the most celebrated tosafists; [[Moses of Évreux]], brother of Samuel, author of the [[Tosafot of Évreux]]; Isaac of Évreux; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems; Meïr ben Shneor; Samuel ben Judah; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the five [[Megillot]] with the [[Targum]] for Moses ben Samuel.<ref name=JE/>
==Sights==
[[File:Evreux_Hôtel_de_Ville_R02.jpg|thumb|240px|Évreux Town hall (''Hôtel de Ville'')]]
[[File:Evreux_Saint-Taurin_R03.jpg|thumb|240px|Église Saint-Taurin]]
Évreux is situated in the pleasant valley of the [[Iton]], arms of which traverse the town; on the south, the ground slopes up toward the public gardens and the railway station. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in France.
The first cathedral was built in 1076, but destroyed in 1119 when the town was burned at the orders of [[Henry I of France]] to put down the Norman insurrection {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}. He rebuilt the cathedral as an act of atonement to the Pope. Between 1194 and 1198, the conflict between [[Philippe Auguste]] and [[Richard the Lion-hearted]] damaged the new cathedral. The architecture of the present edifice shows this history, with its blend of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] styles. As did many towns in the [[Regions of France|regions]] of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]], Évreux and its cathedral suffered greatly from Second World War.
At [[Le Vieil-Évreux]] (lit. ''the old Évreux''), the Roman [[Gisacum]], {{convert|3+1/2|mi|km|order=flip}} southeast of the town, the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths and an aqueduct have been discovered, as well as various relics, notably the bronze of ''[[Jupiter Stator]]'', which are now deposited in the museum of Évreux.
*Évreux Cathedral
*Hôtel de ville [http://photoenligne2.free.fr/Eure/Evreux/D6000.jpg]
*Église Saint-Taurin [http://www.ot-pays-evreux.fr/files/eglisesttaurin.jpg]
==Administration==
* The [[communauté d'agglomération]] [[Évreux Portes de Normandie]] has 62 communes.
=== Cantons===
Since 2015, Évreux is part of three [[cantons of France|cantons]]:<ref name=decret>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028661304|title=Décret n° 2014-241 du 25 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département de l'Eure &#124; Legifrance|accessdate=2017-05-18|archive-date=10 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110085128/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028661304|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep27.pdf Populations légales 2019: 27 Eure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105145003/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep27.pdf |date=5 January 2022 }}, INSEE</ref>
*The [[canton of Évreux-1]] includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: [[Arnières-sur-Iton]] and [[Saint-Sébastien-de-Morsent]] (pop: 24,125 in 2019);
*The [[canton of Évreux-2]] includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: [[Aviron]], [[Le Boulay-Morin]], [[La Chapelle-du-Bois-des-Faulx]], [[Dardez]], [[Émalleville]], [[Gravigny]], [[Irreville]], [[Normanville, Eure|Normanville]], [[Reuilly, Eure|Reuilly]], [[Saint-Germain-des-Angles]] and [[Saint-Vigor]] (pop: 28,128);
*The [[canton of Évreux-3]] includes a part of Évreux and the communes of: [[Angerville-la-Campagne]], [[Les Baux-Sainte-Croix]], [[Boncourt, Eure|Boncourt]], [[Cierrey]], [[Fauville]], [[Gauciel]], [[Guichainville]], [[Huest]], [[Miserey]], [[Le Plessis-Grohan]], [[Saint-Luc, Eure|Saint-Luc]], [[Sassey]], [[La Trinité, Eure|La Trinité]], [[Le Val-David]] and [[Le Vieil-Évreux]] (pop: 22,912);
===Mayors===
Évreux has historically maintained socialist politics, with Roland Plaisance of the [[French Communist Party]] serving as mayor for over two decades (1977–2001). Plaisance was followed by [[Jean-Louis Debré]], in some part due to the latter's friendship with [[Jacques Chirac]]. In 2014, [[Guy Lefrand]] ([[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]], centre-right) a former member of the [[National Assembly of France]], was elected mayor, with a mandate lasting six years.
==Transport==
The train station [[Gare d'Évreux-Normandie]] is on the railway line from ''[[Gare Saint-Lazare]]'' to [[Cherbourg]], it is served by regular Intercity and regional rail services to both Paris and ''[[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]]''. There used to be two stations in Évreux, only one of which remains open to this day. The second station (Évreux-Nord) served the line from Évreux to [[Rouen]].
==Geography==
The city is on the [[Iton]] river.
==Climate==
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Évreux-Huest (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present)
|Jan record high C = 15.5
|Feb record high C = 19.2
|Mar record high C = 24.2
|Apr record high C = 27.6
|May record high C = 30.0
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 40.9
|Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 35.4
|Oct record high C = 29.3
|Nov record high C = 20.0
|Dec record high C = 16.0
|Jan record low C = -18.6
|Feb record low C = -15.0
|Mar record low C = -10.7
|Apr record low C = -4.2
|May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = -0.6
|Jul record low C = 4.9
|Aug record low C = 2.7
|Sep record low C = 0.2
|Oct record low C = -4.6
|Nov record low C = -7.8
|Dec record low C = -14.0
|Jan high C = 7.0
|Feb high C = 8.1
|Mar high C = 11.7
|Apr high C = 15.0
|May high C = 18.3
|Jun high C = 21.6
|Jul high C = 24.2
|Aug high C = 24.2
|Sep high C = 20.7
|Oct high C = 15.7
|Nov high C = 10.6
|Dec high C = 7.4
| year high C = 15.4
|Jan mean C = 4.3
|Feb mean C = 4.8
|Mar mean C = 7.5
|Apr mean C = 10.0
|May mean C = 13.3
|Jun mean C = 16.5
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.8
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 11.9
|Nov mean C = 7.6
|Dec mean C = 4.7
| year mean C = 11.2
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 3.4
|Apr low C = 5.1
|May low C = 8.4
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 13.3
|Aug low C = 13.3
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 8.0
|Nov low C = 4.5
|Dec low C = 2.0
| year low C = 6.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 49.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 44.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.8
|May precipitation mm = 53.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 50.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 49.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 45.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 44.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 58.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 64.8
|year precipitation mm = 600.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.9
| Feb precipitation days = 9.9
| Mar precipitation days = 9.5
| Apr precipitation days = 8.7
| May precipitation days = 9.0
| Jun precipitation days = 8.1
| Jul precipitation days = 7.9
| Aug precipitation days = 7.5
| Sep precipitation days = 7.6
| Oct precipitation days = 10.4
| Nov precipitation days = 10.9
| Dec precipitation days = 12.3
| year precipitation days =112.6
|Jan sun = 63.5
|Feb sun = 79.9
|Mar sun = 128.1
|Apr sun = 173.2
|May sun = 193.9
|Jun sun = 207.7
|Jul sun = 213.6
|Aug sun = 205.7
|Sep sun = 170.4
|Oct sun = 120.2
|Nov sun = 72.0
|Dec sun = 61.7
|year sun = 1689.8
|source 1 = Meteociel<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=27347001
|title=Normales et records pour Evreux-Huest (27)
|publisher=Meteociel
|access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>}}
==Personalities==
*[[Moses of Évreux]] was a French [[tosafist]], and author of a [[siddur]],<ref>''Semaḳ'' No. 154</ref> who flourished at Évreux in the first half of the thirteenth century
*[[Esteban Ocon]], Formula 1 racing driver
*[[Murder of Samuel Paty|Abdoullakh Abouyedovich Anzorov]], terrorist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Prof-d-histoire-decapite-l-assaillant-etait-un-Russe-tchetchene-de-18-ans-ne-a-Moscou-1707848|title=Prof d'histoire décapité : l'assaillant, Abdoullakh Anzorov, était un Russe tchétchène de 18 ans|first=Paris|last=Match|website=parismatch.com|date=17 October 2020 |access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017214716/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Prof-d-histoire-decapite-l-assaillant-etait-un-Russe-tchetchene-de-18-ans-ne-a-Moscou-1707848|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5120090/the-18-year-old-killer-who-was-shot-was-a-refugee.html|title=the 18-year-old killer, who was shot, was a refugee|website=Al Khaleej Today|date=17 October 2020 |access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017214428/https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5120090/the-18-year-old-killer-who-was-shot-was-a-refugee.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Bintou Dieme]], basketball player
*[[Joseph Gomis]], basketball player
*[[Michael Victor Evreux]], Entrepreneur, and US businessman with ties to construction and precious metal markets. Born June 1961 in the United States.
*[[Jean-Louis Hue]] (born 1949), writer, winner of the 1982 edition of the [[Prix Fénéon]]
*[[Denis Lhuillier]], footballer
*[[Joseph Mendes]], footballer
*[[Bernard Mendy]], footballer
*[[Élodie Mendy]], basketball player
*[[Léon Walras]], economist
*[[Edmond Doutté]], sociologist, orientalist and Islamologist
*[[Mathieu Bodmer]], footballer
*[[Jean-Luc Hees]], president of the radio group [[Radio France]]
*[[Vincent Delerm]], a singer of the ''Nouvelle scène'' trend
*[[Didier Courrèges]], an equestrian of the prestigious ''cadre noir'', Olympic winner with the French team in [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens]]
*[[Olivier Patience]], tennis player
*[[Ouleymata Sarr]], footballer
*[[Dayot Upamecano|Dayot Upamencano]], footballer
*[[Gérard Serée]], artist
*[[Jean-Yves Raimbaud]], co-creator of [[Space Goofs]] with Philippe Traversat, creator of [[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]
*J.W. Oliver. businessman
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
Évreux is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumelage|url=https://evreux.fr/decouvrir-evreux/jumelage/|website=evreux.fr|publisher=Évreux|language=fr|accessdate=2019-11-13|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113040004/https://evreux.fr/decouvrir-evreux/jumelage/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BEN}} [[Djougou]], Benin
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kashira]], Russia
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], England, United Kingdom
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rüsselsheim]], Germany
==See also==
*[[Communes of the Eure department]]
* [[Norman language]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category|Évreux}}
* [http://www.evreux.fr/ City council website] (in French)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829094253/http://photoenligne2.free.fr/Eure/Evreux/Cathedrale/ Photos of the Cathedral of Evreux]
* [http://www.grandevreuxtourisme.fr Tourism office of Evreux]
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Eure communes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Evreux}}
[[Category:Évreux| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Eure]]
[[Category:Prefectures in France]]
[[Category:Eburovices]]
[[Category:Gallia Lugdunensis]]