View source for Đọc kinh

[[File:Duc Me, Nha Tho Ba Chuong, Saigon.webm|thumb|Catholics at a [[Ho Chi Minh City]] church, praying Hail Mary in đọc kinh style]]
'''{{lang|vi|Đọc kinh}}''' ({{IPA|vi|ʔɗawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kïŋ˧˧|lang}}) is the [[Roman Catholicism in Vietnam|Vietnamese Catholic]] term for reciting a prayer or sacred text. In communal worship settings, ''{{lang|vi|đọc kinh}}'' is characterized by [[cantillation]], or the ritual chanting of prayers and responses.<ref name="Kieu">{{cite thesis|type=S.T.M.|title=A Project on Developing Catholic Liturgical Music in Vietnam|first=Tùng Công|last=Kiều|year=2009|publisher=[[Boston University]]|access-date=June 9, 2013|pages=71–72|url=http://open.bu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2144/1327/kieu_tung_stm_2009.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Zaragoza">{{cite journal|title=The Sacred Sound of Đọc Kinh: Exploring the Sonic World of Vietnamese Chanting|first=Rufino|last=Zaragoza|journal=Ministry & Liturgy|location=[[San Jose, California]]|publisher=Resource Publications|date=November 2001|access-date=June 9, 2013|url=http://www.rpinet.com/ml/2809zarg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020105160637/http://www.rpinet.com:80/ml/2809zarg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-01-05}}</ref> To Westerners, this form of prayer can be mistaken for song.
==Usage==
Within the worldwide [[Roman Catholic Church]], Vietnamese liturgical practise is distinct in its extensive use of cantillation: all prayers and responses during the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] are either sung or chanted, but never spoken.<ref name="Zaragoza" /> Thus, the [[Lord's Prayer]] is recited differently during the Mass than in a private setting. [[Gregorian chant]] is not used in a Vietnamese-language Mass; it is entirely omitted from Vietnamese translations of the [[Roman Missal]] and [[Order of Mass]].<ref name="Nguyen Xuan Thao">{{cite journal|title=Doc Kinh: A Vietnamese Sonic Landscape|author1=Nguyễn Xuân Thảo|first2=Rufino|last2=Zaragoza|journal=Pastoral Music|publisher=National Association of Pastoral Musicians|date=March 1, 2012|access-date=June 9, 2013|url=http://www.ocpvn.org/pdf/DocKinhAVietnameseSonicLandscape.pdf}}</ref>
It is suspected that cantillation in [[Roman Catholicism in Laos|Lao]] and [[Hmong people|Hmong]] Catholic liturgies is due to Vietnamese influence. Cantillation is far from universal among tonal languages, but [[Fuzhou people|Fuzhou]] Catholics in [[Fujian]] have a similar practise.<ref name="Nguyen Xuan Thao" />
==Structure==
Vietnamese cantillation is neither composed nor improvised; it follows a formula in which each of the [[Vietnamese language]]'s six [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] corresponds to a specific note or sequence.<ref name="Reyes">{{cite book|title=Songs of the Caged, Songs of the Free: Music and the Vietnamese Refugee Experience|first=Adelaida|last=Reyes|location=[[Philadelphia]]|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=1-56639-685-9|pages=131–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQvNPvA2dWIC&pg=PA131}}</ref> Depending on the diocese, tones are organized along a scale of two or three notes (''{{lang|vi|dấu trụ}}'').<ref name="Ngoc Kon">{{cite journal|title=Sáng tác Đáp ca & Đối ca|trans-title=Composing Responsoria & Antiphona|author=Ngọc Kôn|journal=Thánh Nhạc Ngày Nay|location=[[Ho Chi Minh City]]|year=2012|pages=12–13|url=http://www.thanhnhacngaynay.vn/pictures/DAY-HOC%20SANG%20TAC%20THANH%20CA%20PHUNG%20VU%281%29.pdf|language=Vietnamese}}</ref> The note for {{lang|vi|sắc}} is at least as high as the note for {{lang|vi|ngang}}, which in turn is higher than the note for {{lang|vi|huyền}} and {{lang|vi|nặng}}. The {{lang|vi|hỏi}} and {{lang|vi|ngã}} tones are vocalized as a [[melisma]] from a lower note to a higher note. For example:<ref>{{cite AV media|chapter=Kinh Khẩn Cầu Thánh Giuse Trong Cơn Đại Dịch|trans-chapter=Prayer to St. Joseph in Time of Pandemic|title=Trực Tuyến 8:30AM Thánh Lễ Chúa Nhật 19/09/2021 - Tuần XXV Mùa Thường Niên B|trans-title=Online 8:30 AM Sunday Mass 9/19/2021 - 25th Week of Ordinary Time, Year B|medium=livestream|people=Gioan Trân Nguyễn, OFM (presider)|location=San Jose, California|publisher=[[Our Lady of La Vang Parish]]|date=September 19, 2021|minutes=13|accessdate=September 19, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBR7FFEo4lE&t=811|language=vi|via=YouTube}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tone !! Note(s)
|-
| {{lang|vi|ngang}} || [[E (musical note)|mi]] (E)
|-
| {{lang|vi|sắc}} || mi (E)
|-
| {{lang|vi|huyền}} || [[B (musical note)|si]] (B)
|-
| {{lang|vi|nặng}} || [[D (musical note)|re]] (D)
|-
| {{lang|vi|hỏi}} || re–mi (D–E)
|-
| {{lang|vi|ngã}} || re–mi (D–E)
|}
Parishes in the former [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hanoi|West Tonkin diocese]] use the three-note scale of [[F (musical note)|fa]]-[[G (musical note)|sol]]-[[A (musical note)|la]], so the [[incipit]] of the [[Hail Mary]] is rendered:<ref name="Khong Vinh Thanh">{{cite journal|title=Thánh Vịnh Đáp Ca: Hát, Ngâm, hay Đọc?|trans-title=Responsorial Hymns: Song, Declamation, or Recitation?|author=Khổng Vĩnh Thành|journal=Hương Trầm|publisher=[[Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City]]|issue=11|pages=14–15|access-date=June 10, 2013|url=http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/45176.htm|format=PDF|language=Vietnamese|via=VietCatholic News}}</ref>
<score>
{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
\relative g' { \autoBeamOff a8 f8 g8 g8 g8 f8 g8 a8 a8 a8 f8 f16[ g16] f8 f8 }
\addlyrics {
Kính mừng Ma -- ri -- a đầy ơn phúc, Đức Chúa Trời ở __ cùng Bà
}
}
</score>
==See also==
*[[Buddhist chant]] (''{{lang|vi|tụng kinh}}'')
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL759A1B0AC4BF85EF Vietnamese Chanting]&nbsp;– sample of common Vietnamese Catholic liturgical chants by [[Oregon Catholic Press]]
*{{in lang|vi}} [http://www.simonhoadalat.com/HOCHOI/Phungvu/ThanhNhac/ViecHatTVDC_TiengVN.pdf Việc Hát Thánh Vịnh Đáp Ca Tiếng Việt Nam]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Doc Kinh}}
[[Category:Vietnamese language]]
[[Category:Catholic music]]
[[Category:Christian liturgical music]]
[[Category:Christian chants]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Vietnamese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Catholic terminology]]
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