View source for Śa (Indic)

{{short description|Letter "Śa" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Śa
|bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg
|tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg
|tamlcp = 0BB6
|thaicp = 0E28
|mlymcp = 0D36
|sinhcp = 0DC1
|brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg
|devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श.svg
| hbchar = ש
| grchar = Σ (Ϲ), Ϛ
| lachar = S (ſ), ẞ, Ʃ, Š
| cychar = С, Ш, Щ
|ipa = ʃ |iast = ś |iscii = D5
}}
'''Śa''' or '''Sha''' is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px]].
==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of श are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
*श {{IPA|hi|ʃə|}} = 70 (७०)
*शि {{IPA|hi|ʃɪ|}} = 7,000 (७ ०००)
*शु {{IPA|hi|ʃʊ|}} = 700,000 (७ ०० ०००)
*शृ {{IPA|hi|ʃri|}} = 70,000,000 (७ ०० ०० ०००)
*शॢ {{IPA|hi|ʃlə|}} = 7{{e|9}} (७×१०<sup>९</sup>)
*शे {{IPA|hi|ʃe|}} = 7{{e|11}} (७×१०<sup>११</sup>)
*शै {{IPA|hi|ʃɛː|}} = 7{{e|13}} (७×१०<sup>१३</sup>)
*शो {{IPA|hi|ʃoː|}} = 7{{e|15}} (७×१०<sup>१५</sup>)
*शौ {{IPA|hi|ʃɔː|}} = 7{{e|17}} (७×१०<sup>१७</sup>)
==Historic Sha==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Sha as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px|Sha]]. The Tocharian Sha [[Image:Tocharian letter sha.gif|18px|Sha]] had an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form, [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|18px|Sha]]. The third form of sha, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква SHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SHA.svg|15px|Sha]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
===Brahmi Sha===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]], Sha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Shin (letter)|Shin]] [[File:Shin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[S]] and Greek [[Sigma]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Sha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Sha historic forms
|-
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi sh.svg|37px]] || No sample<!--[[Image:Gupta girnar sh.svg|37px]]--> || [[Image:Gupta ashoka sh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat sh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|37px]]
|}
===Tocharian Sha===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter sha.gif|25px|Sha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]], and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|25px|Shä]] used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Shä.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Sha with vowel marks
|-
! Sha !! Shā !! Shi !! Shī !! Shu !! Shū !! Shr !! Shr̄ !! She !! Shai !! Sho !! Shau !! Shä !! Fremdzeichen
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter sha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shr.gif|37px]] || <!--[[File:Tocharian letter shrr.gif|37px]]--> || [[File:Tocharian letter she.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shä.gif|37px]] || [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|37px]]
|}
===Kharoṣṭhī Sha===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква SHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SHA.svg|15px|Sha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Shin (letter)|Shin]] [[File:Shin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[S]] and [[Sigma]], in addition to the Brahmi Sha.<ref name="Buhler"/>
==Devanagari Śa==
{{multiple image|header=Devanagari Sha|image1=Devanagari श 2.svg|width1=80|image2=Devanagari श 3.svg|width2=80|image3=Devanagari श.svg|width3=100|footer=Different presentations of Devanagari letter श.}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Śa''' ('''श''' / '''{{lang|mr|श}}''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''શ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘫.
The letter has several alternate forms. The most common form found in modern typography has a full horizontal headline, with a "2"-shape loop directly touching or even overlapping the headline at its top. Its tail may or may not touch the following vertical stem. A second form has a headline only over the vertical stem. A third form is found more commonly in traditional Marathi-language typography and has a full horizontal headline, and a "2"-shape without loop that is lowered slightly and connected to the headline with a small ascender at its top. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Mangas Afonso |first1=Héctor |title=Regional forms of Devanagari (Survey Report) |url=https://www.typotheque.com/articles/regional-forms-of-devanagari-survey-report |website=Typotheque |publisher=typotheque.com |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>
===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, श is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ʃə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari श with vowel marks
|-
! Śa !! Śā !! Śi !! Śī !! Śu !! Śū !! Śr !! Śr̄ !! Śl !! Śl̄ !! Śe !! Śai !! Śo !! Śau !! Ś
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|श
|शा
|शि
|शी
|शु
|शू
|शृ
|शॄ
|शॢ
|शॣ
|शे
|शै
|शो
|शौ
|श्
|}
<!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''.
*[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA|hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"-->
===Conjuncts with श===
[[File:Devanagari Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Śa.]]
[[File:Devanagari Ribbon Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ribbon Śa.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Śa is unique in having an alternate form found only in conjuncts, sometimes called "Ribbon Śa", that appears as both a half form in horizontal conjuncts and as an element in vertical conjuncts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>
====Ligature conjuncts of श====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSha.svg|125px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShNa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShRa.svg|100px]]
====Stacked conjuncts of श====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChSha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʱʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSha.svg|100px]]
* ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JSha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSha.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShBa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJNya.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ʃla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShLa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ʃḷa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShLla.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShNya.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShSha.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + व (va) gives the ligature ʃva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShVa.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʰʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthSha.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtSha.svg|100px]]
==Bengali Sha==
The Bengali script শ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the lack of a horizontal head line, unlike the reduced head line of its Devanagari counterpart, श. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter শ will sometimes be transliterated as "sho" instead of "sha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʃo/.
Like all Indic consonants, শ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali শ with vowel marks
|-
! sha !! shā !! shi !! shī !! shu !! shū !! shr !! shr̄ !! she !! shai !! sho !! shau !! sh
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|শ
|শা
|শি
|শী
|শু
|শূ
|শৃ
|শৄ
|শে
|শৈ
|শো
|শৌ
|শ্
|}
===শ in Bengali-using languages===
শ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.-->
===Conjuncts with শ===
Bengali শ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
====Other conjuncts of শ====
* র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rsha.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rshva.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rshya.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHca.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHcha.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + ল (la) gives the ligature ʃla:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHla.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHma.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHna.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ʃra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHra.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ʃva, with the va phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHva.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ʃya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHya.svg |100px]]
==Gujarati Śa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Sha.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Śa.]]
'''Śa''' ('''શ''') is the thirtieth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Śa [[Image:Devanagari श.svg|13px|Sha]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]].
===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, શ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ʃə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Śa !! style="width:7%;"| Śā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Śi !! style="width:7%;"| Śī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Śu !! style="width:5%;"| Śū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Śr !! style="width:5%;"| Śl !! style="width:5%;"| Śr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Śl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Śĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Śe !! style="width:5%;"| Śai !! style="width:7%;"| Śŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Śo !! style="width:6%;"| Śau !! style="width:7%;"| Ś
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Sha Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Śa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}
===Conjuncts with શ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Śa.]]
Gujarati શ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShRa.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShNa.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + લ (la) gives the ligature ŚLa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShLa.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ŚVa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShVa.svg|100px]]
==Telugu Śa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Sha.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Śa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Sha.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Śa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Śa.
}}
'''Śa''' ('''శ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಶ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.
==Malayalam Śa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Sha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Śa]]
'''Śa''' ('''ശ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Sha.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Sha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Sha matras: Sha, Shā, Shi, Shī, Shu, Shū, Shr̥, Shr̥̄, Shl̥, Shl̥̄, She, Shē, Shai, Sho, Shō, Shau, and Sh.]]
===Conjuncts of ശ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct ShNa.svg]]
* ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct ShMa.svg]]
* ശ് (ʃ) + ശ (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct ShSha.svg]]
==Odia Śa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Sha.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Śa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Sha.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Śa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Śa.
}}
'''Śa''' ('''ଶ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Sha with vowel matras
|-
! Śa !! Śā !! Śi !! Śī !! Śu !! Śū !! Śr̥ !! Śr̥̄ !! Śl̥ !! Śl̥̄ !! Śe !! Śai !! Śo !! Śau !! Ś
|-
| {{big|ଶ}} || {{big|ଶା}} || {{big|ଶି}} || {{big|ଶୀ}} || {{big|ଶୁ}} || {{big|ଶୂ}} || {{big|ଶୃ}} || {{big|ଶୄ}} || {{big|ଶୢ}} || {{big|ଶୣ}} || {{big|ଶେ}} || {{big|ଶୈ}} || {{big|ଶୋ}} || {{big|ଶୌ}} || {{big|ଶ୍}}
|}
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଶ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures, although the subjoined form of [[Cha (Indic)#Odia Cha|Cha]] used with Sha is irregular:
* ଶ୍ (ś) + ଛ (cha) gives the ligature ścha:
[[File:Odia conjunct ShCha.svg]]
==Kaithi Śa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Sha.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Śa
| image2 = Kaithi Sha half form.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Śa
| footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Śa.
}}
'''Śa''' ('''𑂬''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Sha with vowel matras
|-
! Sha !! Shā !! Shi !! Shī !! Shu !! Shū !! She !! Shai !! Sho !! Shau !! Sh
|-
| {{big|𑂬}} || {{big|𑂬𑂰}} || {{big|𑂬𑂱}} || {{big|𑂬𑂲}} || {{big|𑂬𑂳}} || {{big|𑂬𑂴}} || {{big|𑂬𑂵}} || {{big|𑂬𑂶}} || {{big|𑂬𑂷}} || {{big|𑂬𑂸}} || {{big|𑂬𑂹}}
|}
=== Conjuncts of 𑂬 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of  ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]
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==Comparison of Śa==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Śa, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Śa
|devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श.svg
|bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg
|tamlcp = 0BB6
|telucp = 0C36
|oryacp = 0B36
|kndacp = 0CB6
|mlymcp = 0D36
|gujrcp = 0AB6
|gurucp = 0A36
|brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka sh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad sh.svg
|kharcp = 10A2D
|siddcp = 115AB |siddimg = Siddham sh.svg
|grancp = 11336
|tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg
|phagcp = A85A
|zanbcp = 11A2E
|newacp = 11431
|bhkscp = 11C2B
|shrdcp = 111AF
|mymrcp = 1050
|lanacp = 1A46
|khmrcp = 179D
|thaicp = 0E28
|laoocp = 0EA8
|sinhcp = 0DC1
|kalicp = A90F
|diakcp = 1192A
|saurcp = A8AF
|modicp = 1162B
|nandcp = 119CB
|soyocp = 11A7F
|kthiimg = Kaithi Sha.svg | kthicp = 110AC
|tirhcp = 114AC
|lepccp = 1C21
|limbcp = 1919
|mteicp = AAE9
|marccp = 11C8C
|takrcp = 116A7
|dogrcp = 11827
|sindcp = 112DC
|balicp = 1B30
|javacp = A9AF
|sundcp = 1BAF
|gonmcp = 11D29
|tochimg = Tocharian letter sha.gif |toch2img = Tocharian letter shà.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi sha.svg
| armiimg = Shin.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Sha.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana sh.svg
}}
==Character encodings of Śa==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Śa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Śa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Śa
|devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श.svg
|bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg
|tamlcp = 0BB6
|telucp = 0C36
|oryacp = 0B36
|kndacp = 0CB6
|mlymcp = 0D36
|gujrcp = 0AB6
|gurucp = 0A36
|iscii = D5
|brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka sh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad sh.svg
|kharcp = 10A2D
|siddcp = 115AB |siddimg = Siddham sh.svg
|grancp = 11336
|tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg
|tibtaltcp = 0FB4
|phagcp = A85A
|zanbcp = 11A2E
|newacp = 11431
|bhkscp = 11C2B
|shrdcp = 111AF
|mymrcp = 1050
|lanacp = 1A46
|khmrcp = 179D
|thaicp = 0E28
|laoocp = 0EA8
|sinhcp = 0DC1
|kalicp = A90F
|diakcp = 1192A
|saurcp = A8AF
|modicp = 1162B
|nandcp = 119CB
|soyocp = 11A7F
|kthiimg = Kaithi Sha.svg | kthicp = 110AC
|tirhcp = 114AC
|lepccp = 1C21
|limbcp = 1919
|mteicp = AAE9
|marccp = 11C8C
|takrcp = 116A7
|dogrcp = 11827
|sindcp = 112DC
|balicp = 1B30
|javacp = A9AF
|gonmcp = 11D29
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sha (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]