View source for Šinuḫtu

{{Short description|Neo-Hittite state}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = {{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒌷𒅆𒉡𒄴𒌅}}}} ({{transl|akk-x-neoassyr|Šinuḫtu}})
| common_name            = Šinuḫtu
| government_type        = Monarchy
| year_start             = Early 1st millennium BCE ?
| year_end               = 718 BCE
| event6                 = Revolt of Kiyakiyas
| date_event6            = {{c.|718 BCE}}
| event_end              = Neo-Assyrian invasion of Šinuḫtu
| p1                     = Hittite empire
| flag_p1                = Hittite KingdomsecXIV.png
| s1                     = Atuna (state){{!}}Atuna
| image_map              = Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png
| image_map_caption      = Šinuḫtu among the Syro-Hittite states
| capital                = Šinuḫtu
| coordinates            = {{coord|38.374167|N|34.028889|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
| common_languages       = [[Luwian language|Luwian]]
| religion               = [[Luwian mythology|Luwian religion]]
| title_leader           = King
| leader1                = Kiyakiyas
| year_leader1           = {{Reign|unknown|718 BCE}}
| sovereignty_type       = Vassal of [[Tabal (state)|Tabal]] (mid 8th century BC)<br/>Vassal of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] ({{c.|740s}} - 718 BC)
| today                  = [[Turkey]]
}}
'''Šinuḫtu''' ({{langx|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒌷𒅆𒉡𒄴𒌅}}}} and {{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒌷𒅆𒉡𒄴𒌓}}}}<ref name="ORACCŠinuḫtu">{{cite web |title=Šinuhtu [1] (SN) |url=http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000036400.html |website=Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}</ref>) was a [[Luwian language|Luwian]]-speaking [[Syro-Hittite states|Syro-Hittite state]] which existed in the [[Tabal (region)|region of Tabal]] in southeastern [[Anatolia]] in the [[Iron Age]].
==Geography==
===Location===
Šinuḫtu was located on the site of what is now [[Aksaray]] in Turkey,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=644}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=56}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=725}} immediately to the south-east of [[Lake Tuz]],{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=278}} and consisted of its capital city and a small territory surrounding it.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}
===Neighbours===
The neighbours of Šinuḫtu were [[Atuna (state)|Atuna]] to its north, and [[Tabal (state)|Tabal proper]] to the east.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}
==History==
===Kingdom of Šinuḫtu===
The kingdom of Šinuḫtu might have come into existence during the early 1st millennium BCE, and one of the state's early kings might have been one of the 24 kings of the Tabalian region who offered tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser III]] ({{Reign|859|824 BCE}}) during his campaign there in 837 BCE.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}
====Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire====
By {{c.|738 BC}}, the Tabalian region, including Šinuḫtu, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king [[Tiglath-pileser III]] ({{Reign|745|727 BCE}}), possibly after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=144}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=271}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=389}}
The only known ruler of Šinuḫtu was the late 8th century BCE king Kiyakiyas, who was a tributary state of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]. According to [[Aksaray Stele|an inscription of Kiyakiyas]] dedicated to the storm-god [[Tarḫunz|Tarḫunzas]], Šinuḫtu appears to have been a thriving state at this time.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=644}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}
Kiyakiyas might have been a vassal of the great king [[Wasusarmas]] of [[Tabal (state)|Tabal proper]],{{sfn|Simon|2013|p=282-283}} and Kiyakiyas was one of the three kings who helped him defeat an coalition of eight enemy rulers.{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=724}}
=====Between Phrygia and Assyria=====
Following the union of the [[Phrygians]] and the [[Muški]] under the king [[Midas]], his [[Phrygia|Phrygian kingdom]] became a major rival to Neo-Assyrian power in eastern Anatolia, and the region of Tabal became contested between the Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian empires.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=685}}
Midas tried to convince the local rulers of Tabal who were still independent of overlordship to switch their allegiances to Phrygia, and several of them accepted his offer,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=685}} with Kiyakiyas soon breaking his oath of allegiance to the Neo-Assyrian Empire and withholding his tribute, possibly after having been incited to do so by Midas.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=644}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=42}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}
=====End of kingdom=====
The Neo-Assyrian king [[Sargon II]] ({{Reign|722|705 BC}}) reacted through cautionary action meant to deter the other Tabalian kingdoms from rebelling{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=278}} by invading Šinuḫtu in 718 BCE and deporting Kiyakiyas, his family and warriors, and 7350 inhabitants of the kingdom's capital city to Assyria, where Kiyakiyas himself was executed by being burnt alive.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=644}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=42}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=389}}{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=117}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=725}}{{sfn|Baker|2023|p=302}}
Sargon II then abolished the kingdom of Šinuḫtu and handed its territory to the king Kurdis of the nearby state of Atuna.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=644}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=41}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=278}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=725}}{{sfn|Baker|2023|p=302}}
==List of rulers==
*Kiyakiyas ({{langx|hlu|𔗳𔓱𔗳𔓱𔗔}};{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=476}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=475}} {{langx|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒁹𒆠𒀝𒆠}}|translit=[[Diš|ᵐ]]Kiakki}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiakki [KING OF ŠINUHTU] (RN) |url=http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn/x000131150.html |website=Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}</ref>), {{Reign|unknown|718 BCE}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Streck |editor-first1=Michael P. |editor-link1=:de:Michael P. Streck |editor-last2=Frantz-Szabó |editor-first2=Gabriella |editor-last3=Krebernik |editor-first3=Manfred |editor-link3=:de:Manfred Krebernik |editor-last4=Bonacossi |editor-first4=D. Morandi |editor-last5=Postgate |editor-first5=J. N. |editor-link5=Nicholas Postgate (academic) |editor-last6=Seidl |editor-first6=Ursula |editor-link6=:de:Ursula Seidl |editor-last7=Stol |editor-first7=M. |editor-last8=Wilhelm |editor-first8=Gernot |editor-link8=:de:Gernot Wilhelm |last=Aro |first=Sanna |author-link= |date=2013 |title=Tabal |encyclopedia=[[Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie]] |trans-encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies |language=de |volume=13 |url= |location=[[Berlin]], Germany; New York City, United States |publisher=[[De Gruyter|Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-110-30715-3 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Draycott |editor-first1=Catherine M. |editor-last2=Branting |editor-first2=Scott |editor-last3=Lehner |editor-first3=Joseph W. |editor-last4=Özarslan |editor-first4=Yasemin |last=Aro |first=Sanna |author-link= |date=2023 |chapter=Vanishing kingdoms: Tabal and Tuwana during the seventh century BC |title=From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers |series=BIAA Monograph Series |url= |location=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[British Institute at Ankara]] |pages=113–135 |isbn=978-1-912-09011-2 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Radner |editor-first1=Karen |editor-link1=Karen Radner |editor-last2=Moeller |editor-first2=Nadine |editor-last3=Potts |editor-first3=Daniel T. |last=Baker |first=Heather D. |date=2023 |chapter=The Assyrian Empire: A View from Within |title=The Age of Assyria |series=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East |volume=4 |url= |location=[[New York City]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=257–351 |isbn=978-0-190-68763-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |date=2009 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire |url= |location=London, England |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-39485-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |date=2012 |title=The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/TheWorld.www.booksjadid.blogspot.com |location=[[Oxford]], United Kingdom |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-199-21872-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=John David |author-link=:de:John David Hawkins |date=2000b |title=Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 2: Text: Amuq, Aleppo, Hama, Tabal, Assur Letters, Miscellaneous, Seals, Indices |series=Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions |volume=1 |url= |location=[[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; [[New York City]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[De Gruyter|Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-110-10864-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=John David |author-link=:de:John David Hawkins |date=2000c |title=Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 3: Plates |series=Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions |volume=1 |url= |location=[[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; [[New York City]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[De Gruyter|Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-110-10864-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Simon |first=Zsolt |date=2013 |title=Überlegungen zu Masaurhisas, einem König aus Tabal, und der Herrscherliste von Tuwana |trans-title=Reflections on Masaurhisas, a king from Tabal, and the king-list of Tuwana |url=https://www.academia.edu/3233532 |journal=Anatolica |volume=39 |issue= |pages=277–296 |doi=10.2143/ANA.39.0.2990791 |access-date=29 April 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weeden |first=Mark |date=2010 |title=Tuwati and Wasusarma: Imitating the Behaviour of Assyria |url=https://www.academia.edu/46316875 |journal=Iraq |publisher=[[British Institute for the Study of Iraq]] |volume=72 |issue= |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1017/S0021088900000589 |access-date=7 April 2024 }}
* {{cite book |last=Weeden |first=Mark |editor-last1=Heffron |editor-first1=Yağmur |editor-last2=Stone |editor-first2=Adam |editor-last3=Worthington |editor-first3=Martin |editor-link3=Martin Worthington (academic) |date=2017 |chapter=Tabal and the Limits of Assyrian Imperialism |title=At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate |volume=2 |location=[[Winona Lake, Indiana|Winona]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |page=721-736 |isbn=978-1-57506-471-0 }}
{{refend}}
{{Syro-Hittite states}}
{{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}}
[[Category:Tabal]]
[[Category:Anatolia]]
[[Category:Syro-Hittite states]]