View source for 107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)

{{short description|Cannon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name=107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)
| image=M60 Saint Petersburg 1а.jpg
| image_size = 270
|caption=M-60 at the Artillery Museum, Saint Petersburg
|origin=[[USSR]]
|type=field gun
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=USSR
|wars=WWII
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=[[Motovilikha Plants|No. 172 Plant]], [[Fyodor Petrov|F. F. Petrov]]
|design_date=1938-1940
|manufacturer=No. 172 Plant, No. 352 Plant
|production_date=1940-1941
|number=139
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight=Combat: 4,000&nbsp;kg<br>(8,818 lbs)<br>Travel: 4,300&nbsp;kg<br>(9,480 lbs)
|length={{convert|8.09|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}
|part_length=Bore: {{convert|4.47|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/41.8<br>Overall: {{convert|4.6|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} L/43
|width={{convert|2.20|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}
|height={{convert|1.92|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}
|crew=8
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge= 106.7 x 420mmR<br>Separate loading charge and projectile
|caliber=106.7 mm (4.21 in)
|action=
|rate=6-7 rounds per minute
|velocity=
|range=
|max_range=
|feed=
|sights=
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=[[interrupted screw]]
|recoil=
|carriage=[[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|Split trail]]
|elevation=-4.5° to 45°
|traverse=60°
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type=
|hilt_type=
|sheath_type=
|head_type=
|haft_type=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|diameter=
|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
<!-- Vehicle specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|suspension=
|vehicle_range=
|speed=
}}
The '''107&nbsp;mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)''' ('''{{langx|ru|107-мм дивизионная пушка образца 1940 года (М-60)}}''') was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] artillery piece, developed in the late 1930s in order to provide Soviet [[Division (military)|divisional]] artillery with a powerful field and anti-tank gun. The weapon entered production in 1940, but soon after the outbreak of the [[German-Soviet War]], production ceased; only a limited number of pieces were built. These guns saw service in the [[Red Army]] during the war.
==Development==
===Background===
Until the late 1930s, Soviet divisional artillery consisted of 76.2&nbsp;mm guns, designed to use the same model 1900 cartridge case, complemented by 122&nbsp;mm howitzers. The reason for continued reliance on the 76.2&nbsp;mm caliber was that the USSR had a large supply of 76.2&nbsp;mm ammunition, some delivered during [[World War I]] and also possessed suitable manufacturing equipment. Various improvements in [[metallurgy]], [[chemistry]] and ordnance design allowed the production of guns such as the [[76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV)|USV]] and the [[76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)|ZiS-3]], which were superior to the older ones in many respects, being lighter and featuring modern [[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|split trail]] carriages. However, all these improvements could not remedy the inherent weakness of the existing high-explosive shell. The 76.2&nbsp;mm caliber was chosen by the Russian Imperial Army prior to the [[trench warfare]] era for its sufficient [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] performance; but high-explosive shells of the caliber contained a relatively small amount of explosives (typically some 600-700 grams) that were only moderately effective against field fortifications.
===Work on 95 mm guns===
The decision to initiate development of larger caliber divisional guns was made in the second half of 1937.<ref name="SHIROKORAD-ESA">Shirokorad - ''Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery''.</ref> Late that year the 95&nbsp;mm was proposed. On 10 March 1938 the [[GRAU|Main Directorate of Artillery]] (GAU) initiated work on a 95&nbsp;mm divisional gun at the [[Kirov Plant]] and the [[Joseph Stalin Factory No. 92|No. 92 Plant]]. The former quickly abandoned the development, but the [[Uralmash|UZTM]] Uralmash production facility swiftly joined the program. Both guns were supposed to have a companion piece in the form of the 122&nbsp;mm howitzer.
The UZTM project, U-4, used the same carriage as the 122&nbsp;mm howitzer U-2; but the development was never completed. At the No. 92 Plant, the team headed by [[Vasiliy Grabin|V. G. Grabin]] developed a gun designated the F-28, based on the carriage of the F-25 122&nbsp;mm howitzer. The first prototype was ready in December 1938, even before the project was officially approved by the GAU on 23 March 1939. The F-28 reached ground trials on 12 February 1940. However, in the spring of 1940 all work on the 95&nbsp;mm pieces was canceled due to a decision to adopt even larger calibers for divisional artillery.
===Work on 107 mm guns===
[[Image:M60 Saint Petersburg 3.jpg|right|thumb|Front view]]
[[Image:M60 Saint Petersburg 10.jpg|right|thumb|Rear view]]
[[Image:M60 Saint Petersburg 12.jpg|right|thumb|Left side view]]
[[Image:M60 Saint Petersburg 5.jpg|right|thumb|Right side view]]
The GAU decided to start working on a 107&nbsp;mm divisional gun in the autumn of 1938. The reason typically cited for this decision was the reluctance to introduce a new caliber, such as 95&nbsp;mm. The 107&nbsp;mm was used by both the Russian Imperial Army and the Red Army; Soviet industry manufactured both [[107 mm gun M1910/30|guns]] and ammunition, so the transition from 76&nbsp;mm guns would be simpler and cheaper. One problem of using such a large caliber was the significant increase in weight. However, it was deemed possible to develop a powerful 107&nbsp;mm gun in the same weight category as the 4-ton [[152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)]], which, when adopted in 1939, was considered sufficiently mobile for a divisional piece.
In 1940 the GAU already had another incentive in the form of intelligence reports (which were incorrect) about the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' adopting new tanks with thicker armor. The head of the GAU, [[Grigory Kulik]], questioned the ability of the existing [[45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K)|45 mm anti-tank]] and 76&nbsp;mm divisional artillery to fight these new vehicles. This concern eventually led to the adoption of much more powerful [[57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)|57 mm anti-tank]] and 107&nbsp;mm divisional pieces by the Red Army. These new guns were not designed to fully replace the 45&nbsp;mm and 76&nbsp;mm weapons, but to complement them.
On 14 October 1938, the [[Motovilikha Plants|No. 172 Plant]] received a technical requirement for a 107&nbsp;mm piece. The gun was developed in three variants, designated M-25, M-45 and M-60. The first two utilized the carriage of the M-10 howitzer; the prototypes successfully passed trials, but the new M-60 was preferred. Initially, the M-60 was also being developed in two variants, which differed in the arrangement for transportation - in one variant, the barrel was pulled back, while in the other the upper carriage was rotated 180 degrees. Of these, the former was selected. On 13 December 1939 the prototypes reached ground trials, which continued until 23 April 1940. After some improvements, the gun successfully passed army trials between 11 and 25 October 1940 and was adopted as the '107&nbsp;mm universal high power divisional gun M1940'.
After the cancellation of the F-28 project, the design bureau of the No. 92 Plant also worked on a 107&nbsp;mm gun. Late in 1940 the plant produced a ZiS-24 prototype, featuring a very long 73.5 caliber barrel placed on the carriage of a [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)]]. While very powerful, the gun was also very heavy and expensive, and the project was abandoned. Later the same design bureau worked on another 107&nbsp;mm gun, which combined the carriage of a M-60 and a barrel with identical ballistics to the ZiS-6 anti-tank gun. After the outbreak of the German-Soviet War the project was canceled.
There was also an attempt to develop a [[casemate]] gun based on the M-60. The technical requirements were approved on 27 July 1940. The design bureau of the ''No. 352 Plant'' worked on the project from 22 September. This project, too, was canceled due to the outbreak of the war.<ref name="SHIROKORAD-ESA"/>
==Production==
The gun entered production at the No. 352 Plant in [[Novocherkassk]] and at the No. 172 Plant. The former contributed 25 pieces in 1940 and a further 101 in 1941.
Soon after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, production ceased for the following reasons:
*A shortage of artillery tractors with sufficient power meant divisional artillery would have difficulty in transporting the heavy gun;
*[[Corps]] level artillery was disbanded with the disbanding of rifle corps;
*No immediate need for a heavy gun with good anti-tank performance was perceived;
*The gun was complicated to produce and demanding to maintain;
*In the extreme circumstances of 1941, the Soviet Union did not have any spare industrial capacity for the M-60.
==Description==
The [[Gun barrel|barrel]] consisted of a loose liner and jacket which was screwed into the breech; the [[breechblock]] was of the [[interrupted screw]] type, borrowed from the [[122 mm howitzer M1910/30]]. The variable length recoil system consisted of a hydraulic recoil buffer and [[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|hydro-pneumatic]] recuperator. The gun was fitted with segment-type elevation gear and screw-type traverse gear. The carriage was of the split trail type, with trolleybus-type wheels and rubber tires. To protect the crew from small arms fire and shell fragments, a shield was fitted.
In the traveling position, the barrel was pulled back. Short-distance movement with the barrel in the original position was permitted, as long as the speed did not exceed 6–7&nbsp;km/h.<ref name="SHIROKORAD-ESA"/>
==Organization and service==
Despite being developed as a divisional gun, the M-60 was never used by Red Army rifle divisions. In 1941, M-60s served in anti-tank artillery [[brigade]]s; according to the official organization, these consisted of two [[regiment]]s, each with a [[battalion]] of M-60s, (12 pieces) and two battalions of [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|85 mm anti-aircraft guns]], with both types of weapons employed as heavy anti-tank guns. In practice, most of the brigades never received their 107&nbsp;mm guns. These brigades were disbanded in late 1941 and the surviving M-60s were used in independent 12-gun battalions.<ref name="IVANOV">Ivanov - ''Artillery of the USSR in Second World War''.</ref>
In 1943 rifle corps were reintroduced. Corps artillery regiments received most of the surviving 107&nbsp;mm guns, along with 122&nbsp;mm guns and 152&nbsp;mm howitzers; in total, each regiment had 16-20 pieces.<ref name="MHJ-200505">''Military History Journal'', no 5, 2005.
</ref>
Since the M-60 was a limited production weapon, reports about its actual use in combat are rare. Some saw action at the [[Battle of Kursk]], with Central Front forces.<ref name="KOLOMIETS-SVIRIN">Kolomiets, Svirin - ''The Kursk Salient''.</ref> Six M-60s were used during the liberation of [[Sevastopol]] in 1944.
A few pieces were captured by the ''Wehrmacht''; they were designated ''10.7&nbsp;cm K 353(r)'' by the Germans.
A surviving piece can be seen in the Artillery Museum in [[Saint Petersburg]].
==Summary==
The German attack in 1941 led to a situation in which the Soviet Union had neither the requirement for a weapon like the M-60 nor the industrial capacity for its production. As a result, only a limited number of pieces were supplied to the Red Army.
The M-60 was the last 107&nbsp;mm piece adopted by the Red Army. Although in 1943 another 107&nbsp;mm gun, the 9S-1, was developed, it never reached production. Until the end of the war, the divisional artillery continued to rely on 76&nbsp;mm guns (in conjunction with 122&nbsp;mm howitzers), while larger formations employed heavier, more powerful weapons such as the [[122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)|122 mm A-19]]. When a need for a very powerful anti-tank gun was identified later in the war, the [[100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)|100 mm BS-3]] was developed. Unlike the M-60, the BS-3 used fixed ammunition, resulting in a better rate of fire; the BS-3 was also lighter (3.6 tons) and had a shorter deployment time because its barrel was not pulled back for transportation. However, the use of fixed rounds - and a limited assortment of 100&nbsp;mm ammunition - made it less useful as a field gun. In 1945 another weapon intended for a similar role was adopted, in the form of the [[85 mm divisional gun D-44]].
For the sake of comparison, the standard [[Nazi Germany|German]] 105&nbsp;mm gun, the [[10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18|10.5 cm sK 18]], had similar characteristics. It somewhat surpassed the M-60 in range (19&nbsp;km, or 21&nbsp;km for a modernized K 18/40), but was much heavier at about six tons. The German gun also fired a somewhat lighter (15&nbsp;kg) shell.<ref name="SHROKORAD-GOV">Shirokorad - ''The God of War of The Third Reich''.</ref>
Another comparable weapon was the British [[BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun]]. Although much heavier than the M-60, it fired a 25&nbsp;kg projectile to nearly 19&nbsp;km.
==Ammunition==
The M-60 fired separately loaded ammunition, with the propellant charge in the cartridge. Projectiles used by the older M1910/30 could be utilized, but with a different cartridge case and propellant charge. Three different charges - full, first and second - were used.
The explosion of the OF-420 shell, with the [[Fuse (explosives)|fuse]] set to the fragmentation action, resulted in damage to 90% of targets in the 6 to 14 meters area and to 50% of targets in a 20 to 42 meter area. When the fuse was set to high-explosive action, the shell created a hole 1–1.5&nbsp;m in diameter and 40–60&nbsp;cm deep in average soil.
The [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] shell contained more than 600 bullets, and covered an area about 800 m long and 45–50 m wide.<ref name="SHUNKOV">Shunkov - ''The Weapons of the Red Army''.</ref>
{{clear}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:95%; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #996; line-height:1.5; font-size:95%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#996; color:#fff"
| colspan="6" | '''Ammunition available'''<ref name="SHIROKORAD-ESA"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996;"
| width="25%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Type
| width="15%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Model
| width="15%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Weight, kg
| width="15%" style="border:1px solid #996" | HE weight, kg
| width="15%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Muzzle velocity, m/s
| width="15%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Range, m
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | Armor-piercing
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | APBC
| style="border:1px solid #996" | B-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 18.71
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.44
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 730
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 3,000
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | High-explosive and fragmentation projectiles
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE-frag, long range, steel
| style="border:1px solid #996" | OF-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 17.2
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 2.15
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 737
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 18,300
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE-frag
| style="border:1px solid #996" | OF-420U
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 17.4
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 2.01
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 670
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16,130
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" | F-420U
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.54
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.8
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE, old
| style="border:1px solid #996" | F-422L
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.41
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.56
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE, old
| style="border:1px solid #996" | F-422K
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.41
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.54
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | HE, old
| style="border:1px solid #996" | F-422M
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.41
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.7
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | Shrapnel projectiles
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Shrapnel with 45 sec tube
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Sh-422
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.54-17.25
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.44
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Shrapnel with T-6 tube
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Sh-422T
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.44
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.44
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | Smoke projectiles
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Smoke
| style="border:1px solid #996" | D-422U
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.73
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.32/1.76
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | Incendiary projectiles
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Incendiary, with T-6 / T-7 tube
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Z-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 17.2
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.035/1.6
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 737
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 11,400
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Incendiary, with T-6 / T-7 tube
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Z-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16,37
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0,035/1,6
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="6" | Chemical projectiles
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Frag-chemical
| style="border:1px solid #996" | OH-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 17.2
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Chemical
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HS-420
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.9
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Chemical with "NOV"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HN-422
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.4
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Chemical with "SOV"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HS-422
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 16.4
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 0.35/1.7
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|}
: &nbsp;
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:95%; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #996; line-height:1.5; font-size:95%;"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#996; color:#fff"
| colspan="3" | '''Armor penetration table'''<ref name="SHIROKORAD-ESA"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb;"
| colspan="3" | APBC projectile B-420
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996;"
| width="33%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Distance, m
| width="33%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Meet angle 60°, mm
| width="33%" style="border:1px solid #996" | Meet angle 90°, mm
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 100
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 111
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 137
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 300
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 108
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 133
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 500
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 106
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 130
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1,000
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 99
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 121
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1,500
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 92
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 113
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 2,000
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 86
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 106
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 3,000
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 75
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 92
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| colspan="3" | This data was obtained by Soviet methodics of armour penetration measurement (penetration probability 75%). It is not directly comparable with western data of similar type.
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{Commons category}}
*Ivanov A. - ''Artillery of the USSR in Second World War'' - SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. - Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., {{ISBN|5-7654-2731-6}})
*Kolomiets M. V. - ''Klim Voroshilov - The Breakthrough Tank'' - M. Yauza, Eksmo, 2006 (Коломиец М. В. - КВ. "Клим Ворошилов" — танк прорыва — М.: Коллекция, Яуза, ЭКСМО, 2006. — 136 с.: ил. {{ISBN|5-699-18754-5}})
*Kolomiets M., Svirin M. - ''The Kursk Salient'' - M. EksPrint NV, 1998 (М.Коломиец, М. Свирин. Курская дуга. М.:ЭксПринт НВ, 1998. {{ISBN|5-85729-011-2}})
*Shirokorad A. B. - ''Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery'' - Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. — Мн.: Харвест, 2000., {{ISBN|985-433-703-0}})
*Shirokorad A. B. - ''The God of War of The Third Reich'' - M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. - Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., {{ISBN|5-17-015302-3}})
*Shunkov V. N. - ''The Weapons of the Red Army'', Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. - Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) {{ISBN|985-433-469-4}}
*''Military History Journal'', no 5, 2005.
{{SovArtyGPW}}
[[Category:World War II artillery of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:107 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Motovilikha Plants products]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1940]]