View source for 1297

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Year dab|1297}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1297}}
{{C13 year in topic}}
[[File:Stirling Bridge.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The present-day [[Stirling, Scotland|Stirling]] Bridge (2006)]]
[[File:William Wallace.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[William Wallace]] (c. 1270–1305)]]
Year '''1297''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXCVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Guelph forces, led by the Genoese leader [[François Grimaldi]] (''il Malizia''), storm and capture the [[Rock of Monaco]]. François, disguised as a Franciscan [[friar]], gains entry to the city, and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson [[Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes|Rainier I]], an event that is commemorated on the [[coat of arms of Monaco]]. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the [[House of Grimaldi]] in [[Monaco]]; he rules initially until [[1301]], but the family will be ruling there into the 21st century.
* [[Treaty of Alcañices]]: Kings [[Denis of Portugal]] ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent [[Maria de Molina]]) sign a treaty between [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.<ref>Sheila R. Ackerlind (1990). ''King Dinis of Portugal and the Alfonsine heritage'', pp. 10–11. Peter Lang Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8204-0921-4}}.</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Furnes]]: French forces under [[Robert II, Count of Artois|Robert II]] defeat the Flemings at [[Veurne]]. During the battle, Robert's son [[Philip of Artois]] is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.<ref>Charles T. Wood (1966). ''The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328'', p. 59. Harvard University Press.</ref>
==== British Isles ====
* [[April 14]] &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] makes an appeal outside [[Palace of Westminster#Westminster Hall|Westminster Hall]] for support for the war against [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince [[Edward II of England|Edward of Caernarfon]]. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.
* May &ndash; [[William Wallace]], Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at [[Lanark]] and [[Action at Lanark|kills Sheriff William Hesselrig]]. He joins with [[William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas|William Douglas the Hardy]], the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at [[Sanquhar]], [[Durisdeer]] and [[Scone Abbey]] (known as the [[Raid on Scone]]) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] to finance the rebellion against Edward I of England.<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', pp. 30–32. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; Edward I of England orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At [[Roxburgh]], an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]] is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]] with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the [[River Forth]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', p. 33. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>
* July &ndash; In [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by [[Robert Wishart]], bishop of [[Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway|Glasgow]]), but are defeated by English troops at [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]]. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king [[Robert the Bruce]] and other Scottish leaders.
* [[August 22]] &ndash; Edward I of England leads an [[English expedition to Flanders (1297–1298)|expedition to Flanders]]. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to [[Ghent]] and makes the city his base of operations in [[Flanders]].
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Stirling Bridge]]: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by [[Andrew Moray]] and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at [[Stirling]] on the Forth.<ref>Cowan, Edward J. (2007). ''The Wallace Book'', p. 69. {{ISBN|978-0-85976-652-4}}.</ref>
* October&ndash;November &ndash; Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in [[Northumberland]] and [[Cumberland]]. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed [[Guardian of Scotland]].<ref>Sarah Crome (1999). ''Scotland's First War of Independence'', p. 57. {{ISBN|978-0-9536316-0-5}}.</ref> (Contradicts [[First Scottish War of Independence]] that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)
* Winter &ndash; Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King [[Philip IV of France]] ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to [[London]] and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.
=== By topic ===
==== Religion ====
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Stefano Colonna]], Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the [[tomb of Caecilia Metella]] near [[Rome]], which is sent by the rival [[Caetani]] family to [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="Vigueur 2010">{{cite book|last=Maire Vigueur |first=Jean-Claude |title=L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle) |year=2010 |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-84734-719-7 |page=241 }}</ref>
* [[July 11]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France]] (died [[1270]]) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the [[Catholic Church]], banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, [[blasphemy]] and judicial duels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&pg=RA2-PA452|publisher=Ordo Fratrum Minorum|pages=2}}</ref>
* Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] over the Tyrrhenian islands of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], naming King [[James II of Aragon]] ("the Just") as [[regent]] of the islands.
* A [[Portuguese Water Dog]] is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.<ref>"History of the Portuguese Water Dog", Kathryn Braund and Deyanne Farrell Miller. The Complete Portuguese Water Dog, 1986, [http://www.deleao.com/UserArea/StaticPages/HistoryofPWD.asp DeLeao].</ref></onlyinclude>
== Births ==
* [[March 25]]
** [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor (d. [[1341]])
** [[Arnošt of Pardubice]], Czech archbishop and advisor (d. [[1364]])
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Tarabya I of Sagaing]], Burmese ruler ([[Myinsaing Kingdom]]) (d. [[1339]])
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Emperor Hanazono|Hanazono]], Japanese emperor and poet (d. [[1348]])
* [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman]], Marinid ruler of [[Morocco]] (d. [[1351]])
* [[Bernardo Canaccio]], Italian [[Nobility|nobleman]], poet and writer (d. [[1360]])
* [[Charles II, Count of Alençon]] ("Magnanimous"), French nobleman and knight (d. [[1346]])
* [[Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]], German nobleman and prince ([[House of Welf]]) (d. [[1361]])
* [[Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway|Ingeborg Eriksdottir]], Norwegian princess and co-[[regent]] (d. [[1357]])
* [[Isabella of Sabran]], Spanish noblewoman and princess (d. [[1315]])
* [[Kęstutis]], Grand Duke of [[Lithuania]] ([[Gediminids|House of Gediminids]]) (d. [[1382]])
* [[Mary de Monthermer]] (or MacDuff), English noblewoman (d. [[1371]])
* [[Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell]], English nobleman, governor and knight (d. [[1349]])
* [[Yanagiwara Sukeakira]], Japanese nobleman (''[[kugyō]]'') (d. [[1353]])
== Deaths ==
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Florent of Hainaut]], Latin prince of [[Principality of Achaea|Achaea]] (b. [[1255]])
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Cortona]], Italian nun and saint (b. [[1247]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Siegfried II of Westerburg]], German nobleman and archbishop (b. [[1258]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Judith of Habsburg]], Bohemian queen consort (b. [[1271]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Princess Jeguk|Jeguk]] (Jangmok), Korean princess and queen consort (b. [[1259]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Bérard de Got]], French cardinal, bishop and diplomat
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Gertrude of Aldenberg]], German noblewoman (b. [[1227]])
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1220]])
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[John II of Trebizond|John II]], Byzantine emperor of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] (b. [[1262]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Simon de Beaulieu]], French nobleman and bishop
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Louis of Toulouse]], Neapolitan archbishop (b. [[1274]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[William Fraser (bishop of St Andrews)|William Fraser]], Scottish monk, chancellor and bishop
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Hugh de Cressingham]], English advisor and knight
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray|Roger de Mowbray]], English nobleman (b. [[1254]])
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Hugh Aycelin]], French priest and cardinal (b. [[1230]])
* [[Andrew Moray]] (or de Moray), Scottish nobleman and rebel leader
* [[Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden]], German nobleman, co-ruler and knight (b. [[1268]])
* [[Louis of Brienne]], French nobleman and knight ([[County of Brienne]])
* [[Muktabai]] (or Mukta), Indian religious leader and mystic (b. [[1279]])
* [[Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas]], Latin ruler ([[Despot (court title)|despot]]) of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]]
* [[Radulphus de Canaberiis]], French nobleman, teacher and canon
* [[Richard FitzJohn]], English nobleman, judge, constable and knight
* [[Roger de Montalt, 1st Baron Montalt|Roger de Montalt]], Norman nobleman and rebel leader (b. [[1265]])
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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[[Category:1297| ]]