View source for 1406

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1406}}
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[[File:平安南頌1.jpg|200px|thumb|[[July 16]]: [[China]]'s [[Yongle Emperor]] issues the  "Edict to Invade Annam", listing 20 reasons for the need to conquer Vietnam.]]
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1406''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent VII]] declares that [[Ladislaus of Naples|Ladislaus]] is deposed as [[List of Neapolitan monarchs|King of Naples]], but refuses to acknowledge the order.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/orsini-del-balzo-raimondo_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=ORSINI DEL BALZO, Raimondo |first=Kristjan |last=Toomaspoeg |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=79 |year=2013}}</ref>
* [[January 16]] &ndash; After the Venetian Republic is victorious in the [[War of Padua]], Francesco Novello da Carrara, the Venetian [[Council of Ten|Consejo de i Diexe]] (Council of Ten) concludes that Novello and his sons are too dangerous to be left alive.<ref>{{cite book |last = Lane |first = Frederic Chapin |author-link = Frederic C. Lane |title=Venice, A Maritime Republic |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1973 |page=227 |isbn=0-8018-1445-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC }}</ref> Novello is taken from his cell at the [[Doge's Palace]], where he has been held since November 23, and is strangled to death.<ref>"An Account of the End of the Carrara Dynasty, 1406," from A., B., and G. Gatari, ''Cronaca carrarese.''</ref> His sons Francesco and Giacomo are executed the next day.
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Al-Musta'in|Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in]] becomes the new [[Abbasid caliph]] of [[Cairo]], spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] of [[Egypt]], succeeding his father, [[Al-Mutawakkil I]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Jalalu'ddin as-Suyuti |others=trans. Henry Sullivan Jarrett |title=Tarikh al-khulafa |trans-title=[[History of the Caliphs]] |year=1881 |orig-year=Composed 15th century |publisher=The Asiatic Society |location=Calcutta |oclc=470140533 |pages=534–538 |chapter=Al Musta'in Bi'llah Abu'l Fadhl |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023164654#page/n563/mode/1up |author-link=Al-Suyuti}}</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; Scottish nobles [[Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney]] and [[David Fleming of Biggar]] are assigned by King Robert III to transport the Crown Prince James to [[Bass Rock]] at the [[Firth of Forth]] to be evacuated to France. The group is ambushed by [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]] at Long Hermiston Moor. Fleming is killed in battle, but Orkney is able to escape with Prince James and, after rescue, to board a ship to cross the English Channel.<ref>''Scotland and the Flemish People'', ed. by Alexander Fleming, Roger A. Mason (John Donald Publishing, 2019)</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; (4 Ramadan 808 AH) Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir is forced to retreat from the forces of Khalil Sultan after attempting an invasion of Transoxiana during the confusion after the death of Tamerlane.<ref>Peter Jackson, ''From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia'' (Yale University Press, 2023) p.421</ref>
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The Scottish Parliament issues a proclamation that during meetings of the body "a lighted lantern is to be hung outsideeach house every night in the high streets and lanes."  <ref>Jan-Marie Knights, ''The Plantagenet Socialite''  (Amberley Publishing, 2023)</ref>
* [[March 22]] &ndash; On "Monday before the [[Annunciation]]", [[James I of Scotland|Prince James]], the 10-year-old son of [[Robert III of Scotland|King Robert III of Scotland]], is captured while being taken across the [[English Channel]] from Scotland to France when the ship he is on, ''Maryenknyght'', by [[privateer]]s Hugh atte Fen, William Oxeney, John Hacon and Nicholas Steyward of Cley.<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Scottish_Historical_Review/HFkJAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22April+1405%22+james+scotland&pg=PA47&printsec=frontcover" The Captivity of James I"], by E. W. M. Balfour-Melville, in ''The Scottish Historical Review'', Volume 21 (1924) p.47 ("As the Annunciation fell in 1406 on a Thursday, the previous Monday would have been March 22nd, which may therefore be accepted as the date of the capture.") Because of the calendar used in England at the same time, the year was considered 1405 until March 25, when the New Year's Day marked the beginning in England of 1406.</ref> The crown prince is delivered to London where he is held hostage by King [[Henry IV of England]] for the next 18 years.
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash;
**[[James I of Scotland|James I]] becomes [[King of Scotland]] on the death of his father. He has been detained by [[Henry IV of England]] since March 30 and will remain at the English court for 18 years. With James absent, [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]] administers the kingdom as "[[List of Scottish monarchs|Governor of Scotland]]".
**Tran Thien Binh, pretender to the throne of [[Vietnam]] (at the time, Dai Ngu) arrives from China, accompanied by an emissary from China, at the invitation of the Emperor [[Hồ Hán Thương]]. After crossing into [[Lạng Sơn province|Lang Son]], Tran Thien Binh and the Chinese ambassador are killed by King Ho Han Thuong's troops, triggering a [[Ming conquest of Đại Ngu|war with China]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Chan |first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China | volume=7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 (Part 1) |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=230|isbn=0-521-24332-7 |chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435 }}</ref>
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Ming conquest of Đại Ngu]]: [[Ming dynasty|China]]'s [[Yongle Emperor|Emperor Chengzu]] sends two battalions to invade the Kingdom of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) under the command of the Duke Zhu Neng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tsai |first=Shih-shan Henry |title=Perpetual happiness: The Ming emperor Yongle |year=2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |page=180 |isbn=978-0-295-98109-3}}</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent VII]] issues the bull ''Piae Postulatio'' to protect the charity and hospice of [[Santa Maria dell'Anima]] (Saint Mary of the Soul), located in [[Rome]] and serving the German-speaking community.
* [[May 22]] &ndash; In Germany, troops under the command of [[:de:Johann I. von Paderborn|Johann von Paderborn]], [[Bishopric of Hildesheim|Bishop of Hildesheim]], use cannons to destroy the walls of [[:de:Burg Gebhardshagen|Gebhardshagen Castle]] in [[Salzgitter]] in what is now [[Lower Saxony]].<ref>Friedrich Stolberg, "Gebhardshagen" in ''Befestigungsanlagen im und am Harz von der Frühgeschichte bis zur Neuzeit'' (Fortifications in and around the Harz from Early History to Modern Times)  (Hildesheim, 1968) pp. 105–107</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; The Chinese merchant [[Chen Yanxiang]] and his crew of 121 people depart from [[Java]] to [[Korea]] on the pretext of being [[Java]]'s ambassador to Korea.<ref name=Cho>{{cite book| last=Cho| first=Hung-guk| title=Han'guk-gwa Dongnam Asia-ui Gyoryusa| trans-title=History of Exchanges between Korea and Southeast Asia| script-title =ko:한국과 동남아시아의 교류사| publisher=Sonamu| location=Seoul, South Korea |year=2009|page=150 |isbn=978-89-7139-557-8| language=ko }}</ref>  His [[djong]] ship carries with it  with various Southeast Asian products, including parrots, peacocks, agarwood, camphor, and black pepper.
=== July&ndash;September ===
[[File:Ernest the Iron.jpg|100px|thumb|Ernst der Eiserne]]
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernst der Eiserne]] of the Habsburg line becomes the new Duke of Austria, specifically for [[Inner Austria]] comprising the duchies of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], succeeding his father, the late [[William, Duke of Austria|Wilhelm the Courteous]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The End of the Middle Age, 1273-1453 |first=Eleanor Constance |last=Lodge |publisher=Methuen & Company Limited |year=1924 }}</ref>
* [[July 16]] &ndash; In China's invasion of Vietnam, the Chinese imperial court issues the "Edict to Invade Annam", listing "20 formal reasons" for preparing to conquer the Kingdoms of Annam and Dai Ngu.<ref>{{citation |surname=Wade |given=Geoff |chapter=The "native office" system |title=Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia |editor-given1=Geoff |editor-surname1=Wade |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 | page=70|isbn=9781135043537}}</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Chen Yanxiang]] and his crew of 121 people, sailing to [[Korea]] for trading, come under attack by 15 ships of Japanese pirates ([[Wokou]]) off of the coast of [[Gunsan]]. After a two day battle, 80 of the crew are dead and the ship is looted, but remains with Chen. The 40 survivors are able to reach the Korean shore.<ref name=Cho/>
* [[August 25]] &ndash; China's Imperial Court sends a delegation to [[Inwa]], capital of the [[Kingdom of Ava]] (now part of Myanmar) to persuade King [[Minkhaung I]] to cease attacking the [[Shan States]], particularly [[Mohnyin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Fernquest | first=Jon | title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454) | journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research | volume=4 | number=2 | date=Autumn 2006 | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64417.pdf}}</ref>
* [[September 11]] &ndash; At [[Appenzell]] in what is now [[Switzerland]], a group of nobles create the "[[de:Sankt Jörgenschild|Order of St. George's Shield]]" at [[Hegau]] in the [[Duchy of Swabia]].<ref>[https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017160/2011-01-21/ "St. Jörgenschild"], in Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz online</ref>
=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; French troops comprising 1,000 men at arms land on the Channel Island of [[Jersey]], and fight a battle against 3,000 defenders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Syvret |first=Marguerite |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |year=2011 |publisher= Phillimore|location=Chichester |isbn= 978-1860776502 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; Chen Yanxiang and his surviving crew are hosted by King [[Taejong]] of Korea at [[Seoul]]. The [[State Council of Joseon|State Council]] (Uijongbu) verifies in a letter to the rulers of [[Java]] confirming that the Korean ship had been attacked.<ref name=Cho/>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Richard Whittington]] is elected [[Lord Mayor of London]] for a second full term. He holds this office simultaneously, with that of Mayor of the [[Calais]] [[Merchants of the Staple|Staple]].
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Eric of Pomerania]], ruler of the [[Kalmar Union]], marries [[Philippa of England|Philippa]], daughter of Henry IV of England, in [[Lund Cathedral]].
* [[October 27]] &ndash; In gratitude to the King of Korea, Chinese merchant Chen Yanxiang trades his ship to Korea for a smaller vessel, then departs Korea, but runs into a storm while approaching Japan's [[Seto Inland Sea]].<ref name=Cho/>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; Chinese troops commanded by General [[Zhang Fu]] cross into Vietnam from [[Guanxi]] while those of [[Mu Sheng]] cross from [[Yunnan]].<ref>{{citation |surname=Sun |given=Laichen |chapter=Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497 |page=78 |title=Viet Nam: Borderless Histories |editor-given1=Anthony |editor-surname1=Reid |editor-given2=Nhung Tuyet |editor-surname2=Tran |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-316-44504-4}}</ref>
* [[November 30]] &ndash; Cardinal Angelo Correr of is elected as Pope after [[1406 papal conclave|a 12-day conclave]] in [[Rome]] to select a successor to [[Pope Innocent VII]], who died on November 6. Correr, the [[Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]] takes the regnal name of[[Pope Gregory XII]] as the 205th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=Conclave of November 18 - 30, 1406 (Gregory XII) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/conclave-xv.htm#1406 |work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |accessdate= |publisher=[[Florida International University]] |oclc=53276621 }}</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[John II of Castile|John II]] becomes [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] aged 21 months on the death of his father.
=== Date unknown ===
* Construction of the [[Forbidden City]] begins in [[Beijing]] during the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]].
* [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] is subjugated by [[Republic of Florence|Florence]].</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Guy XIV de Laval]], French noble (d. [[1486]])
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg]], Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. [[1482]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros]], English soldier and politician (d. [[1430]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach]] (d. [[1464]])
** [[Margaret, Countess of Vertus]], French countess (d. [[1466]])
** [[Martin of Aragon (heir of Sicily)|Martin of Aragon]], Aragon infante (d. [[1407]])
** [[Ulrich II, Count of Celje]] (d. [[1456]])
* ''probable date''
**[[John Hunyadi|Iancu de Hunedoara]] &ndash; governor of [[Hungary]] (d. 1456)
== Deaths ==
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Roger Walden]], English bishop
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Ibn Khaldun]], African Arab historian (b. [[1332]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; King [[Robert III of Scotland]] (b. [[1337]])<ref>{{cite web |title=King Robert III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/robertiii.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Coluccio Salutati]], Chancellor of Florence (b. [[1331]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[William, Duke of Austria]]
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[John de Sutton V]] (b. [[1380]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow]]
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Joanna, Duchess of Brabant]] (b. [[1322]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent VII]] (b. [[1339]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of Castile]] (b. [[1379]])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; [[Tokhtamysh]], khan of the Golden Horde
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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[[Category:1406| ]]