View source for 1614

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1614}}
{{Year nav|1614}}
[[File:Baptism of Pocahontas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[April 5]]: [[Pocahontas]] marries [[John Rolfe]].]]
[[File:The Siege of Osaka Castle.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[December 4]]: Start of the [[Siege of Osaka]]]]
{{C17 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1614}}
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== January–March ===
* [[January 22]] – Led by [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]], Japan's trade expedition to [[New Spain]] (now Mexico) arrives on the Mexican coast with 22 samurai, 120 Japanese merchants, sailors and servants, and 40 Spaniards and Portuguese who serve as interpreters.  <ref>"A Quarter Century of Trans-Pacific Diplomacy: New Spain and Japan, 1592–1617", by W. Michael Mathes, ''Journal of Asian History'' (1990), p.22</ref> Having reached the Americas after a voyage that began on October 28, the expedition travels to [[Acapulco]] and arrives on January 25.
* [[January 27]] – The [[Noordsche Compagnie]] is founded in the Netherlands at [[Vlieland]] as a cartel in the whaling market.
* [[February 1]] – In Japan, the practice of [[Christianity]] is banned and an edict issues for the expulsion of all foreign missionairies.<ref>Nobuko Adachi, ''Japanese and Nikkei at Home and Abroad'' (Cambria Press, 2010) p.111</ref><ref>Juan Gil, ''Hidalgos y Samurais: Espana en los Siglos XVI y XVII'' (Alianza Editorial, 1991)</ref>
* [[February 2]] – Iran's Safavid dynasty Emperor, [[Abbas the Great]], carries out the execution of his oldest son, Crown Prince [[Mohammad Baqer Mirza]], on suspicion that his son is planning to kill him. <ref> Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi, ''Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse 1587–1629'' (Perrin, 1998) pp. 236-237</ref>
* [[February 14]] (February 4 O.S.) – King [[James I of England]] issues his proclamation ''Against Private Challenges and Combats'' in an effort to end duels.
* [[February 20]] – [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias I]], Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor, directs the restoration of Roman Catholic rule to [[Aachen]], allowing the Army of Flanders (from the Spanish Netherlands) to [[Siege of Aachen (1614)|lay siege to the German town]].
* [[March 15]] – Construction begins on the [[Takada Castle]] in [[Japan]].
* [[March 17]] – The [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] of the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]  authorizes an exclusive monopoly for trade in the [[New World]], providing for the winning company to be able to make four voyages to the eastern coast of North America between 40° N and 45° N, encompassing what are now the U.S. states of New Jersey. The [[New Netherland Company]] receives the exclusive patent, effective January 1, 1615.
=== April–June ===
* [[April 5]] (April 15 N.S.)
**[[Pocahontas]], the 17-year-old daughter of Chief [[Powhatan (Native American leader)|Wahunsenacawh]] of the [[Powhatan]] Algonquian  native tribe in what is now the U.S. state of Virginia, is forced into child marriage with English colonist [[John Rolfe]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], a year after her capture in war. She is given the name of Rebecca Rolfe and departs with John Rolfe to England in 1616, dying before she can return.
**The [[Addled Parliament]] is assembled in England as the second parliament of King James I, and [[Blessed Parliament|the first in more than nine years]]. Its members serve for two months without passing any laws.
**The Republic of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sweden enter into a treaty at [[the Hague]]. [[3rd Parliament of James I|A new parliament]] will not be seated until more than six years later.
* [[April 30]] – The [[Lan Na|Kingdom of Lan Na]] (in what is now northern Thailand) is invaded by 17,000 troops commanded by [[Anaukpetlun|King Anaukpetlun]] of [[Toungoo dynasty|Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]). Lan Na's King Thado Kyaw is unsuccessful in getting assistance from the Kingdom of Siam, and turns to the [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]] (now [[Laos]]), which provides assistance.
* [[May 14]] – An earthquake strikes the Azores islands and levels the village of Vila Franca do Campo.
* [[May 15]] – The Queen Regent of France, [[Marie de' Medici]], convenes the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] to suppress a rebellion by [[Henri II, Prince of Condé]].
* [[May 17]] – Battle of Rohatyn: Mutinous "konfederacja" Polish troops are defeated by the Polish Army, led by General [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]].
* [[June 7]] – The [[Addled Parliament]] is dissolved by King James.
=== July–September ===
* [[July 6]] – [[Raid of Żejtun]]: Ottoman forces make a final attempt to conquer the island of [[Malta]], but are beaten back by the [[Knights Hospitaller]].
* [[July 16]] – In reprisal for the attempt of "[[False Dmitry II|the False Dmitry]]", a man who claimed to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, to claim the throne, [[Michael of Russia|Tsar Michael I]] has Dmitry's 3-year-old son,  [[Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich|Ivan Dmitriyevich]], publicly hanged in Moscow.
* [[August 23]] – The [[University of Groningen]] is established in the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jos. M. M. Hermans|author2=Marc Nelissen|title=Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE-P0ffkTUoC&pg=PA54|year=2005|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-5867-474-6|pages=54|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 24]] – The [[Siege of Aachen (1614)|Siege of Aachen]] begins as the Spanish Army of Flanders, commanded by Amrogio Spinola, attacks with 15,000 troops. The 600-man defense force from Brandenburg surrenders a few days later.
* [[September 1]] – In England, [[Julius Caesar (judge)|Sir Julius Caesar]] becomes [[Master of the Rolls]].
=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] – After [[Louis XIII]] reaches the age of 23, he is given full power as King of France and [[List of regents#France|the regency of his mother]] is ended. [[Marie de' Medici|Queen Regent Marie]] retains her position as leader of the [[Conseil du Roi]], however, and continues to control the French government.
* [[October 11]] – [[Adriaen Block]] and a group of [[Amsterdam]] merchants petition the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General of the Northern Netherlands]] for exclusive trading rights, in the area he explored and named "[[New Netherland]]".
* [[October 13]] – The second [[War of the Jülich Succession]], which flared up a second time in May, comes to an end.
* [[October 17]] – On the orders of [[Ahmed I]], [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]], Grand Vizier [[Nasuh Pasha]] is strangled to death by the chief of the Sultan's bodyguards.
* [[October 27]] – The [[French Estates General]] begins its last session.<ref>Roland Mousnier, ''The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789'', ''Volume 1: Society and the State'' (translated by Brian Pearce) (University of Chicago Press, 1984) p.592</ref> [[:fr:États généraux de 1614|The session, with 464 deputies]] representing the nobility, the lower and middle classes, and the clergy, closes on February 23, 1615.<ref>Roger Chartier, "À propos des États généraux de 1614" ("About the States General of 1614"), in ''Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine'' (January-March, 1976) pp. 68-79</ref> For the next 175 years, the [[Kingdom of France]] will be governed as an [[absolute monarchy]] until the calling of a new Estates General in [[1789]] during the [[French Revolution]]).
* [[November 12]] – The [[Treaty of Xanten]] ends the [[War of the Jülich Succession]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&pg=PA25|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=25|language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] – Hostilities resulting from an attempt by [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] to restore [[Osaka Castle]] begin. [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], father of the ''[[shōgun]]'', is outraged at this act, and leads three thousand men across the Kizu River, destroying the fort there.
* [[December 4]] – The [[Siege of Osaka]] begins in Japan.
=== Date unknown ===
* Scottish mathematician [[John Napier]] publishes ''[[Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio]]'' (''Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms''), outlining his discovery of [[logarithm]]s, and incorporating the [[decimal mark]]. [[Astronomer]] [[Johannes Kepler]] soon begins to employ logarithms, in his description of the [[Solar System]].
* Tisquantum,<ref>[[Squanto]]</ref> a Native American of the [[Wampanoag|Wampanoag Nation]], is kidnapped and enslaved by Thomas Hunt, an English sea captain working with Captain John Smith. Freed in Spain, Tisquantum (a.k.a. [[Squanto]]) will travel for five years in Europe and North America, before returning to his home in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Twenty months later, he will be able to teach the Pilgrims<ref>[[Pilgrim Fathers]]</ref> the basics of farming and trade in the New World.
* The [[Fama Fraternitatis]] is published, the first of three allegorical [[Rosicrucian]] manifestoes in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
*''[[The Duchess of Malfi]]'' is performed at the Globe theatre
</onlyinclude>
== Births ==
[[File:Christopher-Merret.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christopher Merret]]]]
[[File:Jahanara 1635.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jahanara Begum]]]]
[[File:Martino Martini (1614-1661).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Martino Martini]]]]
===January–March===
* [[January 1]]
** [[Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate]] (d. [[1629]])
** [[Luis Guillermo de Moncada, 7th Duke of Montalto]], Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. [[1672]])
* [[January 5]] – [[Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria]], Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. [[1662]])
* [[January 10]] – [[Kanō Yasunobu]], Japanese painter of the Kanō school of painting, during the Edo period (d. [[1685]])
* [[January 20]] – [[Samuel Gott]], English politician (d. [[1671]])<ref>{{cite web |title=GOTT, Samuel (1614-71), of Battle, Suss. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/gott-samuel-1614-71 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[February 2]] – [[Robert Ellison (politician)|Robert Ellison]], English politician (d. [[1678]])
* [[February 8]] – [[Thomas Wendy (MP)|Thomas Wendy]], English politician (d. [[1673]])
* [[February 14]] – [[John Wilkins]], English bishop, academic and natural philosopher (d. [[1672]])
* [[February 16]] – [[Christopher Merret]], English physician and scientist (d. [[1695]])
* [[March 3]] – [[Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet]], British historian (d. [[1678]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Hendrik van der Borcht II]], German painter (d. [[1676]])
* [[March 15]] – [[Franciscus Sylvius]], Dutch physician and scientist (d. [[1672]])
* [[March 25]]
** [[Thomas Chicheley]], English politician who fell from favour, during the reign of James II (d. [[1699]])
** [[Juan Carreño de Miranda]], Spanish artist (d. [[1685]])
===April–June===
* [[April 1]] – [[Martin Schoock]], Dutch academic (d. [[1669]])
* [[April 2]] – [[Jahanara Begum]], Mughal princess (d. [[1681]])
* [[April 10]] – [[William Thompson (London)|William Thompson]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1681]])
* [[April 11]] – [[Helena Fourment]], Dutch model, second wife of Peter Paul Rubens (d. [[1673]])
* [[April 18]] – [[Nicolas Robert]], French painter (d. [[1685]])
* [[April 25]]
** [[Hieronymus van Beverningh]], Dutch diplomat and politician (d. [[1690]])
** [[Marc'Antonio Pasqualini]], Italian opera singer and composer (d. [[1691]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Zacharias Wagenaer]], secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator (Dutch East-India Company) (d. [[1668]])
* [[May 12]] – [[Giovanni Bernardo Carboni]], Italian painter (d. [[1683]])
* [[May 28]] – [[Gustav Evertsson Horn]], Finnish-Swedish politician, Field Marshal (d. [[1666]])
* [[June 15]] – [[Emilie of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst]], Regent of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1646–1662) (d. [[1670]])
* [[June 24]] – [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse]] of England (d. [[1689]])
===July–September===
* [[July 10]] – [[Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey]], English royalist statesman (d. [[1686]])
* [[July 23]] – [[Bonaventura Peeters the Elder]], Flemish marine painter (d. [[1652]])
* [[August 3]] – [[Juan de Arellano]], Spanish artist (d. [[1676]])
* [[August 13]] – [[Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels]], administrator of the archbishopric of Magdeburg (d. [[1680]])
* [[September 7]] – [[Gustaf Otto Stenbock]], Swedish soldier and politician (d. [[1685]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Philipp Buchner]], German composer (d. [[1669]])
* [[September 12]] – [[Robert Packer (politician, died 1682)|Robert Packer]], English politician (d. [[1682]])
* [[September 20]] – [[Martino Martini]], Italian missionary, cartographer and historian (d. [[1661]])
* [[September 25]] – [[Giles Hungerford]], English politician (d. [[1685]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Daniel Hallé]], French painter (d. [[1675]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Juan Hidalgo de Polanco]], Spanish composer (d. [[1685]])
===October–December===
* [[October 3]] – [[Sigmund von Erlach]], Swiss politician (d. [[1699]])
* [[October 6]] – [[Francesco de' Medici (1614–1634)|Francesco de' Medici]], Tuscan prince (d. [[1634]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Henry More]], English philosopher (d. [[1687]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Thomas Jones (British justice)|Thomas Jones]], English politician and judge (d. [[1692]])
* [[October 20]] ''(bapt.)'' – [[Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont]], Flemish alchemist (d. [[1698]])
* [[November 2]] – [[Philip Dietrich, Count of Waldeck]]-Eisenberg (1640–1645) (d. [[1645]])
* [[November 4]] – [[Alexander Charles Vasa]], 5th son of King [[Sigismund III of Poland]] (d. [[1634]])
* [[November 11]] – [[John Bulkeley (MP)|John Bulkeley]], English politician (d. [[1662]])
* [[November 27]] – [[Fernando de Meneses, 2nd Count of Ericeira]], Portuguese noble (d. [[1699]])
* [[November 30]] – [[William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford]] of England (d. [[1680]])
* [[December 16]] – [[Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg]] (d. [[1674]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Francis Anderson (MP for Newcastle-upon-Tyne)|Francis Anderson]], English politician (d. [[1679]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Béatrix de Cusance]], Frenc-Comtois noble woman (d. [[1663]])
* [[December 31]] – [[Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament]], French nun (d. [[1698]])
===Date unknown===
* [[Franciscus Sylvius]], German scientist (d. [[1672]])
* [[Song Wan (poet)|Song Wan]], [[Qing dynasty]] poet and politician
== Deaths ==
[[File:Maeda Toshinaga.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Maeda Toshinaga]]]]
[[File:Johannes Magirus 26.3.1537-4.7.1614.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johannes Magirus the elder]]]]
[[File:Raja Man Singh the Great , Of Amer.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Man Singh I]]]]
[[File:Lellis2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Camillus de Lellis]]]]
=== January–March ===
* [[January 2]] – [[Serafino Porrecta]], Italian theologian (b. [[1536]])
* [[January 21]] – [[Morosina Morosini-Grimani]], Venetian patrician and dogaressa  (b. [[1545]])
* [[February 5]] – [[Jakob Ebert]], German theologian (b. [[1549]])
* [[February 13]] – [[Thomas Cambell]], Lord Mayor of London (b. [[1536]])
* [[February 23]] – [[Murakoshi Naoyoshi]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1562]])
* [[February 27]] – [[John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton]], England (b. [[1592]])
* [[February 28]] – [[Jean Richardot the Younger]], Belgian politician (b. [[1570]])
* [[March 5]] – [[Thomas Pounde]], English Jesuit lay brother (b. [[1538]])
* [[March 14]] – [[Henrich Smet]], Flemish physician (b. [[1535]])
* [[March 22]] – [[Filippo Salviati]], Italian astronomer (b. [[1582]])
=== April–June ===
* [[April 2]] – [[Henri I de Montmorency]], [[Marshal of France]] (b. [[1534]])
* [[April 7]] – [[El Greco]], or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), [[Crete|Cretian]] painter, sculptor and architect (b. [[1541]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=José Gudiol|author2=El Greco|title=Domenikos Theotokopoulos, El Greco, 1541-1614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbRBAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=978-0-670-29083-3|pages=294–5}}</ref>
* [[April 28]] – [[John Egerton (died 1614)|John Egerton]], English politician (b. [[1551]])
* [[May 3]] – [[Sasbout Vosmeer]], Dutch Apostolic Vicar (b. [[1548]])
* [[June 13]] – [[Sengoku Hidehisa]], Japanese daimyō (b. [[1552]])
* [[June 15]] – [[Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton]], important English aristocrat and courtier (b. [[1540]])
* [[June 17]] – [[William Bathe]], Irish Jesuit priest (b. [[1564]])
* [[June 27]] – [[Maeda Toshinaga]], Japanese daimyō (b. [[1562]])
=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]]
** [[Maximilian of Austria (Bishop)|Maximilian of Austria]], Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (1603–1614) (b. [[1555]])
** [[Isaac Casaubon]], French-born classical scholar (b. [[1559]])
* [[July 4]] – [[Johannes Magirus the elder]], German Lutheran theologian (b. [[1537]])
* [[July 6]]
** [[Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1548]])
** [[Man Singh I]], Rajput Raja of [[Amer, India]] (b. [[1550]])
* [[July 14]] – [[Camillus de Lellis]], Italian saint (b. [[1550]])
* [[July 15]] – [[Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme]], French historian and biographer
* [[July 16]] – [[Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich]], pretender to the Russian throne, son of [[False Dmitry II]] (b. [[1611]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Akizuki Tanenaga]], Japanese samurai (b. [[1567]])
* [[July 28]] – [[Felix Plater]], Swiss physician (b. [[1536]])
* [[July 30]] – [[Walter Cope]], English noble (b. [[1553]])
* [[August 3]] – [[François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], third son of Louis I de Bourbon (b. [[1558]])
* [[August 11]] – [[Lavinia Fontana]], Italian painter (b. [[1552]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Delia Gaze|author2=Maja Mihajlovic|author3=Leanda Shrimpton|title=Dictionary of Women Artists: Introductory surveys ; Artists, A-I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05_v5b_ZcAMC&pg=PA534|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-21-3|pages=534|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 21]] – [[Elizabeth Báthory]], Hungarian noblewoman and purported serial killer (b. [[1560]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Raymond T. McNally|title=Dracula was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of Transylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbInAAAAYAAJ|year=1983|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-045671-6|page=88|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] – [[Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg]], Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg from 1569 until 1614 (b. [[1547]])
* [[September]] – [[Giovanni de Macque]], Dutch composer (b. c. [[1550]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Jerome Gratian]], Spanish Carmelite and writer (b. [[1545]])
=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] – [[Carlo Sellitto]], Italian painter (b. [[1581]])
* [[October 9]] – [[Bonaventura Vulcanius]], Flemish Renaissance humanist (b. [[1538]])
* [[October 15]] – [[Peder Claussøn Friis]], Norwegian clergyman and author (b. [[1545]])
* [[October 26]] – [[Sibylla of Anhalt]], Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593–1608) (b. [[1564]])
* [[November 15]] – [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]], Portuguese ''infanta'' (princess), claimant to the throne following the death of King Henry (b. [[1540]])
* [[November 29]] – [[Mogami Yoshiaki]], Japanese daimyō of the Yamagata domain (b. [[1546]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Maximiliaan de Vriendt]], Dutch new Latin poet and a civic office-holder in the city of Ghent (b. [[1559]])
===Date unknown===
* [[Bartholomäus Scultetus]], mayor of [[Görlitz]] (b. [[1540]])
* [[Ebba Stenbock]], politically active Swedish-Finnish noblewoman
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1614}}
[[Category:1614| ]]