View source for 1694 Kaiser

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet     = yes
| name            = 1694 Kaiser
| background      = #D6D6D6
| image           = 001694-asteroid shape model (1694) Kaiser.png
| image_scale      =
| caption         = Shape model of ''Kaiser'' from its [[lightcurve]]
| discovery_ref   = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discovered      = 29 September 1934
| discoverer      = [[Hendrik van Gent|H. van Gent]]
| discovery_site  = [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg Obs.]]<br />{{small|(Leiden Southern Station)}}
| mpc_name        = (1694) Kaiser
| alt_names       = 1934 SB{{·}}1960 SD
| named_after     = {{nowrap|[[Frederik Kaiser]] {{small|(astronomer)}}<ref name="springer" />}}
| mp_category     = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|inner]])}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch           = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty     = 0
| observation_arc = 82.60 yr (30,168 days)
| aphelion        = 3.0137 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion      = 1.7759 AU
| semimajor       = 2.3948 AU
| eccentricity    = 0.2584
| period          = 3.71 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,354 days)
| mean_anomaly    = 125.25[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.2659|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination     = 11.103°
| asc_node        = 13.421°
| arg_peri        = 356.15°
| dimensions      = {{val|13.84|1.27}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|15.678|0.175}} km<ref name="WISE" /><ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />28.42 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| rotation        = {{val|9}} [[Hour|h]]{{efn|name=lcdb}}<br />{{val|13.02|0.01}} h<ref name="Warner-2013d" /><br />{{val|13.23|0.02}} h<ref name="Warner-2006k" />
| albedo          = 0.057 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.1659|0.0088}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.166|0.009}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|0.241|0.046}}<ref name="AKARI" />
| spectral_type   = [[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] = 0.735<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|U–B]] = 0.415<ref name="jpldata" /><br />[[Tholen classification|Tholen]] = GC<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[C-type asteroid|C]]<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude   = 11.46<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" />
}}
'''1694 Kaiser''' ([[Minor planet provisional designation|''prov. designation'']]: {{mp|1934 SB}}) is a carbonaceous [[background asteroid]] from the inner regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer [[Hendrik van Gent]] at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the [[Union Observatory|Johannesburg Observatory]] in South Africa.<ref name="MPC-Kaiser" /> It is named for Dutch astronomer [[Frederik Kaiser]].<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Kaiser'' is a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid of the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]] when applying the [[hierarchical clustering method]] to its [[proper orbital elements]]. It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|inner]] main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.26 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 11[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].of 1.8–3.0&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3.71 years (1,354 days). Its [[orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] orbit of 0.26 is [[orbital inclination|inclined]] by 11 degrees towards the plane of the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> ''Kaiser''{{'}}s [[observation arc]] begins with its official discovery observation, as no [[precoveries]] were taken, and no prior identifications were made.<ref name="MPC-Kaiser" />
== Naming ==
This asteroid was named in honor of Dutch astronomer [[Frederik Kaiser]] (1808–1872), the director of the [[Leiden Observatory]] from 1837 to 1872. He founded the new Leiden Observatory and stimulated Dutch astronomical research. Frederick Kaiser is also honored by the [[Kaiser (lunar crater)|lunar]] and [[Kaiser (crater)|Martian]] craters ''Kaiser''.<ref name="springer" /> Originally, the asteroid was erroneously named ''Kapteyn'' (MPC 2822), and only later it was noticed that the Duch astronomer [[Jacobus Kapteyn]] was already honored by the minor planet [[818&nbsp;Kapteynia]]. The official {{MoMP|1694|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 15 July 1968 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 2883}}).<ref name="DoMP-Circular-dates" />
== Physical parameters ==
=== Spectral type ===
On the [[Tholen classification|Tholen]] taxonomy, the carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]] is classified as a rare GC-type, an intermediate to the [[G-type asteroid]]s.<ref name="jpldata" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the survey the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari]] satellite, and NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission, ''Kaiser'' measures 13.84 and 15.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.241 and 0.166, respectively.<ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="Masiero-2011" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 28.42 kilometers, with an [[absolute magnitude]] of 11.46<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Rotation period ===
Two rotational [[lightcurve]]s for ''Kaiser'' were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer [[Brian D. Warner]] at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado ''(see video in {{section link||External links}})''. The lightcurves from January 2006 and November 2012, gave a [[rotation period]] of 13.02 and 13.23 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.32 and 0.13 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]], respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3/2+]]}}).<ref name="Warner-2013d" /><ref name="Warner-2006k" />
== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=lcdb|CALL (2011web) gives a rotation period of 9 hours. Summary figures at {{URL|1=http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1694%7CKaiser|2=LCDB Data for (1694) Kaiser}}}}
}} <!-- end of notelist -->
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type       = 2017-05-04 last obs.
|title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1694 Kaiser (1934 SB)
|url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001694
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154343/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001694
|archive-date = 20 December 2016
|publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 1 July 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1694) Kaiser
|last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher  = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page       = 135
|date       = 2007
|isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi       = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1695 |chapter       = (1694) Kaiser }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Kaiser">{{cite web
|title      = 1694 Kaiser (1934 SB)
|work       = Minor Planet Center
|url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1694
|access-date = 17 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="DoMP-Circular-dates">{{cite book
|title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)
|chapter    = Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs
|last       = Schmadel |first=Lutz D.
|publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|page       = 221
|isbn       = 978-3-642-01964-7
|doi        = 10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title      = LCDB Data for (1694) Kaiser
|publisher  = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url        = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1694%7CKaiser
|access-date = 17 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1     = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2     = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3     = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4     = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5     = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6     = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7     = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8     = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9     = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10    = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11    = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12    = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13    = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date       = October 2011
|title      = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal    = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume     = 63
|issue      = 5
|pages      = 1117–1138
|bibcode    = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi        = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1694 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1     = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2     = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3     = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4     = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5     = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6     = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7     = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8     = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9     = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10    = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11    = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12    = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13    = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date       = November 2011
|title      = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume     = 741
|issue      = 2
|page       = 25
|bibcode    = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv      = 1109.6407}}</ref>
<ref name="Warner-2006k">{{Cite journal
|author     = Warner, Brian D.
|date       = September 2006
|title      = Asteroid lightcurve analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory - late 2005 and early 2006
|url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2006MPBu...33...58W
|journal    = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume     = 33
|issue      = 3
|pages      = 58–62
|issn       = 1052-8091
|bibcode    = 2006MPBu...33...58W
|access-date= 17 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Warner-2013d">{{Cite journal
|author     = Warner, Brian D.
|date       = April 2013
|title      = Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: 2012 September - 2013 January
|url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2013MPBu...40...71W
|journal    = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume     = 40
|issue      = 2
|pages      = 71–80
|issn       = 1052-8091
|bibcode    = 2013MPBu...40...71W
|access-date= 17 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1     = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2     = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3     = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4     = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5     = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6     = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7     = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8     = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9     = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10    = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11    = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12    = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13    = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14    = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15    = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16    = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17    = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18    = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date       = November 2011
|title      = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
|journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume     = 741
|issue      = 2
|page       = 20
|bibcode    = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv      = 1109.4096
|access-date= 17 December 2016}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=3Kn3s98KRYw|title=The Palmer Divide Observatory: ''Tour given by Brian Warner''}} {{small|(time 4:03 min.)}}
* [http://www.minorplanetobserver.com/pdolc/A1694_2012.HTM Lightcurve plot of 1694 Kaiser], Palmer Divide Observatory, ''[[Brian D. Warner|B. D. Warner]]'' (2012)
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1694}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1693 Hertzsprung |number=1694 |1695 Walbeck}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|001694]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Hendrik van Gent]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:GC-type asteroids (Tholen)|001694]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1934|19340929]]