View source for 1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada

{{Short description|1948 pogroms in Morocco}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title            = 1948 Oujda and Jerada riots
| location         = [[Oujda]] and [[Jerada]], [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]]
| date             = 7–8 June 1948
| partof           = [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|Jewish exodus from Arab countries]]
| image            = Oujda cimetière juif 001.JPG
| caption          = A photo of the Jewish cemetery in [[Oujda]], taken in 2010.
| target           = [[Moroccan Jews]]
| type             = Violent pogrom, massacre
| fatalities       = 47 Moroccan Jews killed<br>1 Frenchman killed
| injuries         = Many Jews injured
| perpetrators     = [[Moroccans|Moroccan Muslim rioters]]
| motive           = *[[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Israel]]
*[[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
*[[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight]]
}}
Anti-Jewish riots occurred on June 7–8, 1948, in the towns of [[Oujda]] and [[Jerada]], in the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French protectorate]] of [[Morocco]] in response to the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] ensuing the [[Declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel|declaration of the establishment]] of the [[State of israel|State of Israel]] on May 14.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gottreich |first=Emily |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838603601 |title=Jewish Morocco |date=2020 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-849-6 |pages=10|doi=10.5040/9781838603601 |s2cid=213996367 }}</ref> The two towns—located near the border with [[French Algeria|Algeria]]—were departure points for [[Moroccan Jews]] seeking to [[Aliyah|migrate to Israel]]; at the time they were not permitted to do so from within Morocco.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=151}} In the events, 47 [[Jews]] and one [[French people|Frenchman]] were killed, many were injured, and property was damaged.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=151}}
The riots took place a few weeks after a speech in which [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Sultan Mohammed V]], in the context of the recent [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declaration of the State of Israel]] and ongoing [[Nakba]], "affirmed Jews’ traditional protected status in Morocco but also warned them not to demonstrate any solidarity with the Zionist cause."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gottreich|first=Emily|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838603601|title=Jewish Morocco|date=2020|publisher=I.B. Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781838603601 |isbn=978-1-78076-849-6|s2cid=213996367 }}{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|page=151}} In the eyes of many Moroccan Muslims, those emigrating were going to join the forces fighting the Arab armies.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=151}}
French officials argued that the riots were "absolutely localized" to Oujda and Jerada, and that it had been "migration itself—and not widespread anti-Jewish animosity—that had sparked Muslim anger".<ref>{{harvnb|Mandel|2014|p=38}}: "Similarly, [French] officials argued against awarding international refugee status to Moroccan Jews, insisting that the 1948 riots in Oujda and Djérada had been "absolutely localized." It was, they warned, migration itself—and not widespread anti-Jewish animosity—that had sparked Muslim anger."</ref>{{Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}}
==Outbreak==
[[:de:René Brunel|René Brunel]], the French Commissioner for the Oujda region, stated that rioting began when a Jewish barber attempted to cross into Algeria carrying explosives.{{sfn|Mandel|2014|p=28}} Brunel wrote that that atmosphere has "overheated" as a result of "the clandestine passage over the border of a large number of young Zionists from all regions of Morocco trying to get to Palestine via Algeria."{{sfn|Mandel|2014|p=28}} The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|French Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] noted that Jewish emigration from Oujda to Palestine was a significant irritant to the local Muslim population. The ministry noted, "It is characteristic that those in this region near to the Algerian border consider all Jews who depart as combatants for Israel."{{sfn|Mandel|2014|p=28}} [[Alphonse Juin]], Resident General in Morocco, noted that "the clandestine departure of Jews for Palestine ignited the anger already inflamed by professional agitators."{{sfn|Mandel|2014|p=28}}
It has also been suggested that the riots were sparked by an [[anti-Zionist]] speech by [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Sultan Mohammed V]] relating to the ongoing [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]],<ref name="Atrakchi">Dalit Atrakchi (2001). "The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism". In Michael M. Laskier and Yaacov Lev. The Divergence of Judaism and Islam. University Press of Florida. p. 163.: "...the riots that broke out on 7 June 1948 in the cities of Oujda and Jerada, close to the border between Morocco and Algeria, which served as a transfer station for Moroccan Jews on their way to Israel.... It is believed that the riots were brought on by the speech given a short while earlier by Sultan Muḥammad Ben-Yussuf, which inveighed against the Zionists and cried for solidarity with the Arabs fighting in Israel. Claims have been made that the French authorities not only knew about these impending events but also goaded and collaborated with the instigators as a provocation against the heads of the Moroccan Independence Party, who could later be blamed for committing murder."</ref> but others suggest that the Sultan's speech was focused on ensuring the protection of the Moroccan Jews.<ref name=Chouraqui>[[André Chouraqui]] (2002), "Between East and West: A History of the Jews of North Africa". {{ISBN|1-59045-118-X}}, "On May 23, 1948, scarcely a week after the proclamation of the State of Israel, the Sultan of Morocco made an appeal to his subjects in which he reminded them of the protection that Morocco had always accorded to the Jews. He asked the Jews to refrain from all Zionist manifestations, and the Moslem population to prevent any disturbance of the peace."{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{pn|date=June 2022}}
The French Commissioner [[:de:René Brunel|Brunels']] actions, or lack therof, to protect the Jews have been criticized especially as the pogroms seemed to have been planned in advance. Here are the accounts of the days leading to the pogrom as captured by the journalist Maurice Carr in 1948: {{quote|"Between May 15, the day on which the State of Israel was proclaimed, and May 30, sixty individual Jews were molested by Arabs in Oujda, and the Moslem population worked up a general anti-Jewish boycott movement. On May 30, a Jewish father denounced his son, who was among a group of 30 young Jews from Western Morocco, who were passing through Oujda with the idea of crossing into Algeria and making their way to Israel. The police gaoled the group, and an Arab mob in Oujda spent the whole day howling insults and finally marched through the Rue de Casablanca and the Rue de Marrakech, throwing stones and smashing Jewish windows. Next morning, the following inscriptions, with skulls and crossbones, appeared on the main public and commercial buildings of Oujda: “Death to the Jews!”; “Death to Obadia!”; “Obadia will be hanged first and the rest will follow!”. Moise Obadia is the president of the Jewish Community of Oujda. He had earlier received anonymous threatening letters. In the early days of June there began a whispering campaign that the Jews were laying in a stock of bombs and hand-grenades. The police investigated and discovered neither bombs nor hand-grenades. A pool of oil in the roadway provoked six solid hours of mob excitement until the police were able to prove to the Moslem crowd that the oil had leaked out of an American car. A Jew carrying two tins of sardines was nearly lynched, and the rumour spread that he had been carrying bombs. A youthful Arab was killed and two of his companions were seriously injured when a 40-pounder shell which they had found blew up. The rumour swept the town that a Jewish member of the Foreign Legion had planted it on top of a 100-franc note to serve as a bait. On June 6, local Arabs and outsiders, among them a contingent of Nationalist Moslem Boy Scouts, began to lay in large stocks of sticks, stones and cans of petrol in disused premises near the Jewish quarters of Oujda. These sticks and stones later served as weapons in the pogrom, and the petrol was used for setting fire to plundered Jewish homes and shops. On June 7, the Jewish Community formally, and with the utmost urgency, warned the local civil, police and military authorities that there was imminent danger of an out-break of anti-Jewish violence. The Jews pleaded for protection and demanded that appropriate security measures be taken. M. [[:de:René Brunel|Brunel]], Chef de Region and a former Vichy official, took no apparent security measures. He merely left town to attend the wedding celebrations of the daughter of a wealthy colonist. .June 8: The army went out on field manoeuvres. From the usual two score policemen on duty at the main Oujda police station, the number was depleted to fewer than 10. Moslem children arriving at school were turned back by their teachers and told to go and play outside the town. Moslem maid-servants working for Jewish employers failed to report for work as usual."}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carr |first=Maurice |date=3 September 1948 |title=The Pogroms of Oujda and Djerada |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/261673179?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FS%2Ftitle%2F1693%2F1948%2F09%2F03%2Fpage%2F29207934%2Farticle%2F261673179 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Sydney Jewish News |page=8}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref>
==Riots==
The riots began in Oujda, which was at the time the main transit hub for Jewish emigration out of Morocco because of its proximity to the Algerian border (Algeria was at the time administered as part of [[Metropolitan France]]),<ref name=Atrakchi/> in which five Jews were killed and 30 injured in the space of three hours before the army arrived. The riots in the neighbouring mining town of Jerada were even more violent, with 39 deaths.<ref>[[André Chouraqui]] (2002), "Between East and West: A History of the Jews of North Africa". {{ISBN|1-59045-118-X}}, "Finally, on June 7, the crowd, sparked off by a minor incident, poured into the Jewish quarter. In the three hours that passed before the army could control the mob, five people (including one Frenchman) had been killed, thirty had been severely injured, shops and homes had been sacked. The same night an even more serious riot occurred in the neighboring mining town of Djérada where the Jewish population, consisting of about a hundred souls, had been surrounded by an uncontrollable mob and attacked with outrageous savagery. Neither children nor old men were spared; thirty-nine Jews lost their lives, thirty were severely injured and others less severely so."{{pn|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{pn|date=June 2022}}
==Aftermath==
At the time, Morocco was a [[French protectorate in Morocco|protectorate of France]], and the French commissioner for Oujda, René Brunel, blamed the violence on the Jews for leaving through Oujda and for sympathizing with the Zionist movement.<ref name="Haaretz">{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=David B. |title=This Day in Jewish History / Anti-Jewish Rioting in Morocco Leaves 44 Dead |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-44-dead-after-anti-jewish-rioting-in-morocco-1.5251018 |website=Haaretz |accessdate=6 May 2020 |language=en |date=8 June 2014}}</ref> The French League for Human Rights and Citizenship blamed the French colonial authorities for their relaxed control in the area. A French military court tried 35 people for their involvement in the pogrom. Two people were sentenced to death, another two to life imprisonment, and the remaining 31 convicts to lesser prison terms.<ref name="Haaretz"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=תקרית פטי ז'אן – י.צור |url=https://moreshet-morocco.com/category/%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a4%d7%98%d7%99-%d7%96%d7%90%d7%9f-%d7%99-%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%a8/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=מורשת יהדות מרוקו |language=he-IL}}</ref>
As an Arab Muslim national identity became the vehicle of the anti-colonial resistance in Morocco, the violence in Oujda and Jerada demonstrated how Jews, particularly after the establishment of the State of Israel, were becoming excluded from [[Moroccan nationalism]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=151}} While Morocco's [[Berbers|Amazigh populations]] could belong as [[Islam|Muslims]], Jews were increasingly excluded from the Moroccan nation.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=151-152}}
The emigration of Jews from Morocco to Israel quickly became a flood after the incident: 18,000 Moroccan Jews left for Israel the following year, and 110,000 out of a total of 250,000 Jews in Morocco left between 1948 and 1956.<ref name="Haaretz"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*"North African Jewry in the twentieth century: the Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria", by Michael M. Laskier, ''Chapter 7: The Israeli-Directed Self-Defense Underground and "Operation Yakhin"''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qV67-V0kiREC&dq=north+african+jewry+in+the+twentieth+century&pg=PA1]
==External links==
*{{citation|title=Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict|last=Mandel|first=Maud|author-link=Maud Mandel|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1400848584}}
*[http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/oujdaDjeradaSrchFrm.html Victims of Riots in Oujda and Jérada, June 7 and 8, 1948]
{{Jews and Judaism in Morocco}}
{{Anti-Jewish pogroms during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War}}
{{Massacres of Jews}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oujda and Jerada pogrom}}
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:1948 riots]]
[[Category:1948 in Judaism]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 in Morocco]]
[[Category:June 1948 events in Africa]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Morocco]]
[[Category:Jewish Moroccan history]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in North Africa]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Morocco]]
[[Category:Jerada Province|Anti-Jewish Riots]]
[[Category:Oujda|Anti-Jewish Riots]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Massacres in Morocco]]
[[Category:Massacres in the Arab–Israeli conflict]]