View source for 2.5D (visual perception)

{{Other uses|2.5D (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Faisal Mosque Parallax 2.5D.webm|thumb|right|300px|A 2.5d image]]
'''2.5D''' is an effect in visual perception. It is the construction of an apparently three-dimensional environment from 2D retinal projections.<ref name="MacEachren">{{Cite book|last=MacEachren|first=Alan M.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/698536855|title=How maps work : representation, visualization, and design|date=2008|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-57230-040-8|pages=355–458|chapter=GVIS Facilitating Visual Thinking|oclc=698536855|author-link=Alan MacEachren}}</ref><ref name="Watt and Rogers">Watt, R.J. and B.J. Rogers. "Human Vision and Cognitive Science." In Cognitive Psychology Research Directions in Cognitive Science: European Perspectives Vol. 1, edited by Alan Baddeley and Niels Ole Bernsen, 10–12. East Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.</ref><ref name="Wood et al.">{{Cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Jo|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/988646788|title=Exploring geovisualization|last2=Kirschenbauer|first2=Sabine|last3=Dollner|first3=Jurgen|last4=Lopes|first4=Adriano|last5=Bodum|first5=Lars|date=2005|publisher=International Cartographic Association/Elsevier|isbn=0-08-044531-4|editor-link1=Jason Dykes|chapter=Using 3D in Visualization|oclc=988646788|editor-link2=Alan M. MacEachren|editor-link3=Menno-Jan Kraak}}</ref> While the result is technically 2D, it allows for the illusion of depth. It is easier for the eye to discern the distance between two items than the depth of a single object in the view field.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Read | first1 = JCA | last2 = Phillipson | first2 = GP | last3 = Serrano-Pedraza | first3 = I | last4 = Milner | first4 = AD | last5 = Parker | first5 = AJ | year = 2010 | title = Stereoscopic Vision on the Absence of the Lateral Occipital Cortex | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 9| page = e12608 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0012608 | pmid = 20830303 | pmc = 2935377 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...512608R | doi-access = free }}</ref> Computers can use 2.5D to make images of human faces look lifelike.<ref name="IEEE Comput. Soc. Press">{{Cite book|last1=Kang|first1=C.-Y.|last2=Chen|first2=Y.-S.|last3=Hsu|first3=W.-H.|title=Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |chapter=Mapping a lifelike 2.5 D human face via an automatic approach |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.1993.341061|year=1993|pages=611–612|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc. Press|doi=10.1109/cvpr.1993.341061|isbn=0-8186-3880-X|s2cid=10957251}}</ref>
Perception of the physical environment is limited because of visual and cognitive issues. The visual problem is the lack of objects in [[three-dimensional space]] to be imaged with the same projection, while the cognitive problem is that the perception of an object depends on the observer.<ref name="Watt and Rogers" /> [[David Marr (neuroscientist)|David Marr]] found that 2.5D has visual projection constraints that exist because "parts of images are always (deformed) discontinuities in luminance".<ref name="Watt and Rogers" /> Therefore, in reality, the observer does not see all of the surroundings but constructs a viewer-centred three-dimensional view.
== Blur perception ==
A primary aspect of the human visual system is blur perception. Blur perception plays a key role in focusing on near or far objects. Retinal focus patterns are critical in blur perception as these patterns are composed of distal and proximal retinal defocus. Depending on the object's distance and motion from the observer, these patterns contain a balance and an imbalance of focus in both directions.<ref name="Ciuffreda">{{cite journal|last1=Ciuffreda|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Wang|first2=Bin|last3=Vasudevan|first3=Balamurali|date=April 2007|title=Conceptual model of human blur perception|journal=Vision Research|volume=47|issue=9|pages=1245–1252|doi=10.1016/j.visres.2006.12.001|pmid=17223154|s2cid=10320448|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Human blur perceptions involve blur detection and blur discrimination. Blur goes across the central and peripheral retina. The model has a changing nature and a model of blur perception is in [[Dioptrics|dioptric]] space while in near viewing. The model can have suggestions according to depth perception and accommodating control.<ref name="Ciuffreda" />
== Digital synthesis ==
The 2.5D range data is obtained by a [[range imaging]] system, and the 2D colour image is taken by a regular camera. These two data sets are processed individually and then combined. Human face output can be lifelike and be manipulated by computer graphics tools. In [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]], this tool can provide complete facial details.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chii-Yuan|first=Kang|date=January 1, 1994|title=Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face|url=http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/02628856/v12i0001/5_aatmal2hf.xml|journal=Image and Vision Computing|volume=12|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5}}</ref> Three different approaches are used in colour edge detection:
* Analyze each colour independently and then combine them;
* Analyze the '[[luminance]] channel' and use the [[chrominance]] channels to aid other decisions;
* Treat the colour image as a vector field, and use derivatives of the vector field as the colour gradient.
2.5D ([[visual perception]]) offers an automatic approach to making human face models. It analyzes a range data set and a color perception image. The sources are analyzed separately to identify the anatomical sites of features, craft the geometry of the face and produce a volumetric facial model.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5 | volume=12 | title=Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face | journal=Image and Vision Computing | pages=5–14| year=1994 | last1=Chii-Yuan | first1=Kang | last2=Yung-Sheng | first2=Chen | last3=Wen-Hsing | first3=Hsu }}</ref> The two methods of feature localization are a deformable template and chromatic edge detection.<ref>Automatic identification of human faces by the 3-D shape of surfaces – using vertices of B spline surface Syst. & Computers in Japan, v.Vol 22 (No 7), p. 96, 1991, Abe T et al.</ref>
The range imaging system contains benefits such as having problems become avoided through contact measurement. This would be easier to keep and is much safer and other advantages also include how it is needless to calibrate when measuring an object of similarity, and enabling the machine to be appropriate for facial range data measurement.<ref name="IEEE Comput. Soc. Press"/>
2.5D datasets can be conveniently represented in a framework of boxels (axis-aligned, non-overlapping boxes). They can be used to directly represent objects in the scene or as [[bounding volume]]s. [[Leonidas J. Guibas]] and Yuan Yao's work showed that axis-aligned disjoint rectangles can be ordered into four orders so that any ray meets them in one of the four orders. This is applicable to boxels and has shown that four different partitionings of the boxels into ordered sequences of disjoint sets exist. These are called antichains and enable boxels in one antichain to occlude boxels in subsequent antichains. The expected runtime for the antichain partitioning is O(n log n), where n is the number of boxels. This partitioning can be used for the efficient implementation of virtual drive-throughs and ray tracing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Nir|last2=Gordon|first2=Dan|date=November 2008|title=The BOXEL framework for 2.5D data with applications to virtual drivethroughs and ray tracing|doi-access=free|journal=[[Computational Geometry (journal)|Computational Geometry]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=167–187|doi=10.1016/j.comgeo.2007.09.003|issn=0925-7721}}</ref>
A person's perception of a visual representation involves three successive stages
* The 2D representation component yields an approximate description.
* The 2.5D representation component adds visuospatial properties to the object's surface.
* The 3D representation component adds depth and volume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouaziz|first1=Serge|last2=Magnan|first2=Annie|date=January 2007|title=Contribution of the visual perception and graphic production systems to the copying of complex geometrical drawings: A developmental study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.10.002|journal=Cognitive Development|volume=22|issue=1|pages=5–15|doi=10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.10.002|issn=0885-2014}}</ref>
== Applications ==
Uses for a human face model include medicine, identification, computer animation, and intelligent coding.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kang|first1=C. Y.|last2=Chen|first2=Y. S.|last3=Hsu|first3=W. H.|year=1994|title=Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5d human face .|journal=Image and Vision Computing|volume=12|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1016/0262-8856(94)90051-5}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Visual perception}}
[[Category:Visual perception]]
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