View source for 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown

{{short description|Longest US federal government shutdown}}
{{For|the shutdown at the beginning of 2018|January 2018 United States federal government shutdown}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{U.S. deficit and debt topics|expanded=issues}}
The United States federal government [[Government shutdowns in the United States|shutdown]] from midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019 (35 days) was the [[List of United States federal funding gaps|longest government shutdown in history]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html|title=Trump signs bill to reopen government and end shutdown|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=January 25, 2019|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126102423/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gates |first1=Guilbert |last2=Zaveri |first2=Mihir |last3=Zraick |first3=Karen |date=January 9, 2019 |title=This Government Shutdown Is One of the Longest Ever |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/09/us/politics/longest-government-shutdown.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109234923/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/09/us/politics/longest-government-shutdown.html |archive-date=January 9, 2019}}</ref> and the second{{efn|Not including the February 2018 funding lapse related to the January 2018 shutdown.}} and final federal government shutdown involving furloughs during the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first presidency of Donald Trump]]. It occurred when the [[115th Congress]] and Trump could not agree on an [[Appropriations bill (United States)|appropriations bill]] to fund the operations of the federal government for the [[2019 United States federal budget|2019 fiscal year]], or a temporary [[continuing resolution]] that would extend the deadline for passing a bill. The [[Antideficiency Act]] prohibits federal departments or agencies from conducting non-essential operations without appropriations legislation in place. As a result, nine [[United States federal executive departments|executive departments]] with around 800,000 employees had to shut down partially or in full, affecting about one-fourth of government activities and causing employees to be furloughed or required to work without being paid.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wamsley|first=Laurel|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/09/683642605/how-is-the-shutdown-affecting-america-let-us-count-the-ways|title=How Is The Shutdown Affecting America? Let Us Count The Ways|date=January 9, 2019|newspaper=[[NPR]]|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118111021/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/09/683642605/how-is-the-shutdown-affecting-america-let-us-count-the-ways|archive-date=January 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Congressional Budget Office]] estimated the shutdown cost the American economy at least $11&nbsp;billion [[USD]], excluding indirect costs that were difficult to quantify.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html|title=Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO|last=Mui|first=Ylan|date=2019-01-28|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128222426/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html|archive-date=January 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The shutdown stemmed from an impasse over Trump's demand for $5.7&nbsp;billion in federal funds for a [[Trump border wall|U.S.–Mexico border wall]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Hirschfeld Davis |first1=Julie |last2=Tackett |first2=Michael |date=January 2, 2019 |title=Trump and Democrats Dig In After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103132317/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html |archive-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Paletta |first1=Damian |last2=Werner |first2=Erica |date=January 2, 2019 |title=Trump falsely claims Mexico is paying for wall, demands taxpayer money for wall in meeting with Democrats |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-falsely-claims-mexico-is-paying-for-wall-demands-taxpayer-money-before-meeting-with-top-democrats/2019/01/02/408bf86e-0e97-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103222654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-falsely-claims-mexico-is-paying-for-wall-demands-taxpayer-money-before-meeting-with-top-democrats/2019/01/02/408bf86e-0e97-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html |archive-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Trump says he could keep shutdown going for months or years |work=[[CNN]] |publisher= |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183234/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html |archive-date=January 4, 2019}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] unanimously passed an appropriations bill without wall funding, and the bill appeared likely to be approved by the Republican-controlled [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and Trump. After Trump faced heavy criticism from some  [[Alternative media (U.S. political right)|right-wing media outlets]] and pundits for appearing to back down on his campaign promise to "[[Build the Wall|build the wall]]", he announced that he would not sign any appropriations bill that did not fund its construction. As a result, the House passed a stopgap bill with funding for the wall, but it was blocked in the Senate by the threat of a Democratic [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibuster]].<ref name=":3" />
In January 2019, representatives elected in the [[2018 United States elections|November 2018 election]] took office, giving the Democrats a majority in the House. The House immediately voted to approve the appropriations bill that had previously passed the Senate unanimously (which included no funding for the wall). For several weeks, Trump continued to maintain that he would veto any bill that did not fund an entire border wall, and Republican [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mitch McConnell]] blocked the Senate from considering any appropriations legislation that Trump would not support, including the bill that had previously passed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Werner |first1=Erica |last2=Paletta |first2=Damian |author-link2=Damian Paletta |last3=Kim |first3=Seung Min |date=January 3, 2019 |title=House Democrats vote to reopen government and deny Trump wall money, defying veto threat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/house-democrats-prepare-vote-to-reopen-government-as-cracks-appear-in-gop-opposition/2019/01/03/24151490-0f96-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114101739/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/house-democrats-prepare-vote-to-reopen-government-as-cracks-appear-in-gop-opposition/2019/01/03/24151490-0f96-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=2023-08-10 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barrett |first1=Ted |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |date=2019-01-10 |title=Mitch McConnell blocks Senate Democrats' move to reopen government |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/senate-blocks-vote-congress-shutdown/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114014224/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/senate-blocks-vote-congress-shutdown/index.html |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Democrats and some Republicans opposed the shutdown and passed multiple bills to reopen the government, arguing that the government shutdown amounted to taking [[civil servant]]s "hostage" and that negotiations could only begin once the government was reopened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/01/trump-ransom-shutdown-do-it-again-hostage-negotiation.html|title=If Trump Gets a Ransom to End the Shutdown, He'll Do It Again and Again|last=Chait|first=Jonathan|date=January 23, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=January 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123213830/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/01/trump-ransom-shutdown-do-it-again-hostage-negotiation.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |author-link=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |date=January 23, 2019 |title=House Democrats Increase Border Offer to $5.7 Billion, if Government Opens |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/politics/government-shutdown-democrats-deal-trump.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123220919/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/us/politics/government-shutdown-democrats-deal-trump.html |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Eli |date=January 20, 2019 |title=Democrats reiterate demand: Reopen the government before negotiations on border security |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/20/politics/democrats-shutdown/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195726/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/20/politics/democrats-shutdown/index.html |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |date=January 7, 2019 |title=National Emergency Powers and Trump's Border Wall, Explained |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/us/politics/trump-national-emergency.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122193600/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/us/politics/trump-national-emergency.html |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
On January 25, 2019, Trump agreed to endorse a stopgap bill to reopen the government for three weeks up until February 15 to allow for negotiations to take place to approve an appropriations bill that both parties could agree on.<ref name="Agrees to reopen without wall">{{Cite web |last1=Kheel |first1=Rebecca |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ellen |date=January 25, 2019 |title=Overnight Defense: Trump agrees to reopen government without wall funding {{!}} Senate approves stopgap spending measure {{!}} Dems ask Armed Services chair to block military funding for wall |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/overnights/427045-overnight-defense-trump-agrees-to-reopen-government-without-wall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061139/https://thehill.com/policy/defense/overnights/427045-overnight-defense-trump-agrees-to-reopen-government-without-wall |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en}}</ref> However, Trump reiterated his demand for the border wall funding and said that he would shut down the government again or declare a national emergency and use military funding to build the wall if Congress did not appropriate the funds by February 15.<ref name="Agrees to reopen without wall" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl Gay |author-link=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |last2=Fandos |first2=Nicholas |author-link2=Nicholas Fandos |last3=Baker |first3=Peter |author-link3=Peter Baker (journalist) |date=January 25, 2019 |title=Trump Agrees to Reopen Government for 3 Weeks in Surprise Retreat From Wall |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/us/politics/trump-shutdown-deal.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125214558/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/us/politics/trump-shutdown-deal.html |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Trump's approval rating dropped during the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bacon |first=Perry Jr |date=2019-01-25 |title=Why Trump Blinked |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/government-shutdown-ends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222071047/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/government-shutdown-ends/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |access-date=2019-01-30 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Peoples |first1=Steve |last2=Swanson |first2=Emily |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Trump's approval rating sinks in new poll as he gets most of blame for shutdown |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-trump-approval-rating-shutdown-blame-poll-20190123-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124082315/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-trump-approval-rating-shutdown-blame-poll-20190123-story.html |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2019 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> A majority of Americans opposed exploitation of the shutdown as a negotiating strategy and held Trump responsible for the shutdown: A CBS News poll found that 71% of Americans considered the border wall "not worth the shutdown"<ref name="Pelosi has edge over Trump on budget">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pelosi-has-edge-over-trump-on-budget-negotiations-says-cbs-news-poll/|title=Pelosi has edge over Trump on budget negotiations, CBS News poll shows|last1=Salvanto|first1=Anthony|last2=De Pinto|first2=Jennifer|date=January 23, 2019|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|access-date=January 23, 2019|last3=Backus|first3=Fred|last4=Khanna|first4=Kabir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123131906/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pelosi-has-edge-over-trump-on-budget-negotiations-says-cbs-news-poll/|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]''/[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] poll found that 53% of Americans blamed Trump and Republicans for the shutdown, compared to 34% who blamed Democrats and 10% who blamed both parties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Axelrod |first=Tal |date=25 January 2019 |title=Poll: Majority of Americans hold Trump and Republicans responsible for shutdown |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/427007-poll-majority-of-americans-hold-trump-and-republicans-responsible-for |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126064107/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/427007-poll-majority-of-americans-hold-trump-and-republicans-responsible-for |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>
On February 15, 2019, Trump declared [[National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States|a national emergency]] to fund the wall and bypass Congress, after being unsatisfied with a [[bipartisan]] border bill that had passed the House and the Senate a day before.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (journalist) |last2=Cochrane |first2=Emily |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |author-link3=Maggie Haberman |date=2019-02-14 |title=Trump Plans National Emergency to Build Border Wall as Congress Passes Spending Bill |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/us/politics/trump-national-emergency-border.html |url-status=live |access-date=2019-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155021/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/us/politics/trump-national-emergency-border.html |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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==Background==
During [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|his 2016 campaign]], then-candidate Trump promised to [[Build the Wall|build a wall]] along the [[Mexico–United States border]] for which Mexico would pay.<ref name="2016-02-25 CNN">{{cite AV media |last1=Blitzer |first1=Wolf |author-link1=Wolf Blitzer |date=February 25, 2016 |title=Donald Trump says he will make Mexico pay for wall |medium=Television production |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yfIxBjOw3o |access-date=January 20, 2019 |location=[[University of Houston]] |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223103418/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yfIxBjOw3o |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[president of Mexico]] rejected the idea of providing any funding for a U.S. border wall. In 2018, Trump requested ${{format price|{{inflation|US|18000000000|2019}}}} in federal funding for some {{convert|700|mi}} of barrier on the border, mostly to replace {{convert|654|mi}} of aging fence built under the [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]]. On December 25, 2018, Trump reversed course, suggesting that he might accept {{convert|500|to|550|mi}} of either mostly refurbished barrier (rather than new barriers in locations that did not previously have them) by November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gillman |first=Todd J. |date=December 25, 2018 |title=Trump moves goalposts on border wall, says 500 miles of replacement fence would be good enough |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2018/12/25/trump-moves-goalposts-border-wall-says-satisfied-even-500-miles-replacement-barrier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229211946/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2018/12/25/trump-moves-goalposts-border-wall-says-satisfied-even-500-miles-replacement-barrier |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2019 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> Trump's proposals and public statements on the wall have shifted widely over time, with varied proposals as to the design, material, length, height, and width of a wall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Gabby |date=2019-01-08 |title=From 'wall' to 'barrier': How Trump's vision for the border keeps changing |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/08/trumps-vision-wall-concrete-steel-changes-1088714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175321/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/08/trumps-vision-wall-concrete-steel-changes-1088714 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>
In September 2018, Congress passed two "[[Omnibus spending bill|minibus]]" appropriations bills for the [[2019 United States federal budget]], which began on October 1, 2018. These bills combined five of the 12 regular appropriations bills covering 77% of federal discretionary funding, and included a [[continuing resolution]] until December 7 for the remaining agencies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/408608-house-passes-854b-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown|title=House passes $854B spending bill to avert shutdown |last=Conradis |first=Brandon |date=September 26, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927010504/https://thehill.com/policy/finance/408608-house-passes-854b-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown |archive-date=September 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 6, Congress passed a second continuing resolution to December 21, to give more time for negotiations on Trump's proposed border wall, which had been delayed due to the [[death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush|funeral of George H. W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/06/pelosi-schumer-trump-wall-funding-1046443|title=Congress averts shutdown, postponing fight over Trump's wall|last1=Bade|first1=Rachael|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|date=December 6, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|url-status=live|access-date=December 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206230057/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/06/pelosi-schumer-trump-wall-funding-1046443|archive-date=December 6, 2018}}</ref>
A [[Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee|Senate Homeland Security]] appropriations bill, negotiated by both parties and reported by the committee to the Senate, provided for ${{format price|{{inflation|US|1600000000|2019}}}} for border security, including funds for "approximately 65 miles of pedestrian fencing along the southwest border in the [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]] Sector".<ref name="McPherson">{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Lindsey |date=2018-12-04 |title=$1.6 Billion for Border Security, Not Just Wall, Could Be Agreed To, Hoyer Says |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2018/12/04/1-6-billion-for-border-security-not-just-wall-could-be-agreed-to-hoyer-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121656/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/1-6-billion-for-border-security-could-probably-be-agreed-upon-hoyer-says |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Roll Call |language=en}}</ref> The bill did not receive a vote on the Senate floor, although [[House Democratic Whip]] [[Steny Hoyer]] indicated that such a proposal could be acceptable to House Democrats.<ref name="McPherson"/> [[Senate Minority Leader]] [[Chuck Schumer]] (D-NY) said the Democratic Party would not support ${{format price|{{inflation|US|5700000000|2018}}}} for the border wall. At a press conference before the government shutdown, he noted "the $1.6 billion for border security negotiated by Democrats and Republicans is our position. We believe that is the right way to go."<ref>{{cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=November 27, 2018 |title=GOP leaders say Trump remains firm on $5 billion wall funding request |work=[[CNN]] |publisher= |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/politics/trump-wall-budget-deal/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133657/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/politics/trump-wall-budget-deal/index.html |archive-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>
===Beginning of shutdown===
[[File:President Trump Meets with the Senate Minority Leader and the House Speaker-Designate.webm|thumb|start=15:32|Donald Trump meets with Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer on December 11, 2018, stating "I will be the one to shut it down."]]
[[File:Muir Beach Overlook (San Francisco), closed for govt shutdown December 2018.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muir Beach]] Overlook in [[San Francisco]], closed for the shutdown in December 2018]]
On December 11, President Trump held a televised meeting with [[Speaker-designate]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] and Senate Minority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] in the [[Oval Office]] and asked them to support an appropriation of $5.7 billion for funding of a border wall along the U.S. southern border with Mexico. They refused, resulting in an argument between Trump and both Congressional leaders. During the contentious discussion, Trump remarked, "I am proud to shut down the government for border security&nbsp;... I will be the one to shut [the government] down. I'm not going to blame you for it&nbsp;... I will take the mantle. I will be the one to shut it down." Schumer replied, "We shouldn't shut down the government over a dispute."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/11/trump-border-wall-congress-budget-1055433|title=Trump says he's 'proud' to shut down government during fight with Pelosi and Schumer|last1=Everett|first1=Burgess|last2=Ferris|first2=Sarah|date=December 11, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|last3=Oprysko|first3=Caitlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073815/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/11/trump-border-wall-congress-budget-1055433|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten days later, Trump blamed Democrats for the impending shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/422457-trump-reverses-says-dems-to-blame-for-shutdown|title=Trump reverses, says Dems to blame for shutdown|first=Ian|last=Swanson|date=December 21, 2018|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113737/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/422457-trump-reverses-says-dems-to-blame-for-shutdown|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Three days later, ''[[Politico]]'' reported that Trump was willing to sign a bill with no funding for a border wall that delayed a government shutdown into 2019 and the new Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/14/trump-border-wall-fight-delay-1064857|title=Trump considers delaying border wall fight until January|last1=Johnson|first1=Eliana|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|date=December 14, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|last3=Bade|first3=Rachael|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074110/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/14/trump-border-wall-fight-delay-1064857|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 18, following a meeting with Trump, Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] said that the government would not shut down on December 22 and that Trump was "flexible" over funding for a border wall. [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] Chairman [[Richard Shelby]] commented that the most likely resolution was a bill that funded the government until early February. Schumer added that his caucus would "very seriously" consider such a bill and Senate Majority Whip [[John Cornyn]] said "I don't know anybody on the Hill that wants a shutdown, and I think all the president's advisers are telling him this would not be good."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/18/white-house-indicates-it-wants-to-avoid-partial-government-shutdown-1067922|title=GOP talks Trump off the shutdown ledge|last1=Ferris|first1=Sarah|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|date=December 18, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|last3=Johnson|first3=Eliana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222200546/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/18/white-house-indicates-it-wants-to-avoid-partial-government-shutdown-1067922|archive-date=December 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
On December 19, the Senate passed a second continuing resolution ({{USBill|115|HR|695}}) that would fund the government until February 8, 2019. Pelosi announced that House Democrats would support the measure, meaning it would overcome opposition from conservative Republicans and pass the House.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Werner |first1=Erica |last2=Kane |first2=Paul |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |date=December 19, 2018 |title=Senate passes bill to keep government open until February, undercutting Trump's drive for border wall funding |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-signals-it-might-accept-a-short-term-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown/2018/12/19/63148a02-0395-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224075508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-signals-it-might-accept-a-short-term-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown/2018/12/19/63148a02-0395-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2018}}</ref> On December 20, following increased criticism from [[Conservative media bias in the United States|conservative media]], pundits, and political figures,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391|title=Conservative media turns on Trump for going wobbly on the wall|last1=Schwartz|first1=Jason|date=December 20, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073946/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388|title=Pressure from base pushed a flustered Trump into shutdown reversal|last1=Johnson|first1=Eliana|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|date=December 20, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221174415/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388|archive-date=December 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump reversed his position and declared that he would not sign any funding bill that did not include border wall funding. The same day, the House passed a continuing resolution that included $5 billion for the wall and $8 billion in disaster aid.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/border-wall-funding-house-1070940|title=House and Senate on collision course as shutdown nears|last1=Ferris|first1=Sarah|last2=Bresnahan|first2=John|date=December 20, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912191840/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/border-wall-funding-house-1070940|archive-date=September 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This bill failed in the Senate.<ref name=":2" /> Trump's changing position caused consternation among Senate Republicans.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/cant-make-this-stuff-up-senate-gop-isnt-sweating-shutdown-1071687|title='Can't make this stuff up': Senate GOP isn't sweating shutdown|last1=Everett|first1=Burgess|date=December 20, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221174431/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/cant-make-this-stuff-up-senate-gop-isnt-sweating-shutdown-1071687|archive-date=December 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Shutdown==
The shutdown started December 22<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Werner |first1=Erica |last2=Paletta |first2=Damian |last3=Wagner |first3=John |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Partial government shutdown assured after lawmakers leave Capitol without budget deal |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-leans-on-mcconnell-to-pass-spending-bill-with-border-funding-in-senate/2018/12/21/31bb453a-0517-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725080853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-leans-on-mcconnell-to-pass-spending-bill-with-border-funding-in-senate/2018/12/21/31bb453a-0517-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html |archive-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> and Trump announced that he would cancel his planned trip to [[Mar-a-Lago]] for Christmas and stay in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/21/trump-mar-a-lago-government-shutdown-2018-1073722|title=Trump to stay in Washington amid shutdown|last1=Restuccia|first1=Andrew|last2=Johnson|first2=Eliana|date=December 21, 2018|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223012819/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/21/trump-mar-a-lago-government-shutdown-2018-1073722|archive-date=December 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The meaning of the term "wall" was expected to be an aspect of the negotiations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/us/politics/government-shutdown-wall.html|title=As Shutdown Continues, Resolution May Depend on Definition of 'Wall'|last1=Cochrane|first1=Emily|date=December 26, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 27, 2018|last2=Medina|first2=Jennifer|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227045629/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/us/politics/government-shutdown-wall.html|archive-date=December 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Legislation ===
====115th Congress====
Congress adjourned on December 22 for the [[Christmas and holiday season]], with many predicting that the shutdown would not be resolved until the start of the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46661612|title=US shutdown looks set to drag through Christmas|date=December 22, 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224043905/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46661612|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Senate reconvened on December 27 for four minutes, with Senator [[Pat Roberts]] (R-KS) presiding over the session. The House briefly reconvened as well, with Majority Whip [[Steve Scalise]] (R-LA) saying that members should not expect any further votes for the rest of 2018. Representative [[Jim McGovern (American politician)|Jim McGovern]] (D-MA) went to the House floor to try to force consideration of a short-term funding bill to end the shutdown that the Senate had already passed, but the Republican Speaker-pro-tem refused to let him speak.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/us/politics/government-shutdown-trump-democrats.html|title=With No Votes Scheduled, a Government Shutdown Will Greet the Democratic House|date=December 27, 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|last2=Edmondson|first2=Catie|access-date=December 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228043013/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/us/politics/government-shutdown-trump-democrats.html|archive-date=December 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Meets With Congressional Leadership (45966024294).jpg|thumb|President Trump meets with Congressional leadership in the White House [[Situation Room]] on January 2, 2019]]
Congress then adjourned again until December 31, 2018, for a ''[[pro forma session|pro forma]]'' session.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-claims-without-evidence-that-most-of-the-people-not-getting-paid-in-partial-government-shutdown-are-democrats/2018/12/27/afbc992a-09cc-11e9-88e3-989a3e456820_story.html|title=Shutdown set to extend into new year after Congress punts on budget, border votes|last1=Werner|first1=Erica|last2=Kane|first2=Paul|date=December 27, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-status=live|access-date=December 27, 2018|last3=Sonmez|first3=Felicia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227183104/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-claims-without-evidence-that-most-of-the-people-not-getting-paid-in-partial-government-shutdown-are-democrats/2018/12/27/afbc992a-09cc-11e9-88e3-989a3e456820_story.html|archive-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref> On January 2, 2019, the last full day of the [[115th United States Congress]], there was a ''pro forma'' session scheduled to last several minutes.
=====House=====
[[116th United States Congress|The new Congress]] was sworn in on January 3, 2019, and one of the first orders of business in the House after electing the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] and swearing in the new members was a continuing resolution to fund the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] until February 8 ({{USBill|116|HJRes|1}}), which passed by a vote of 239–192; and a package combining five appropriation bills funding the rest of the government for the remainder of the fiscal year ({{USBill|116|HR|21}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/new-congress-sworn-in-nancy-pelosi-house-speaker-today-2019-01-03-live-updates/ |title=New Congress: House votes to reopen government but no end in sight to shutdown - live updates |website=[[CBS News]] |date=January 3, 2019 |access-date=January 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103194834/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/new-congress-sworn-in-nancy-pelosi-house-speaker-today-2019-01-03-live-updates/ |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref> passed by a vote of 241–190. The bills contained $1.3 billion of funding for border security, but no additional funding for a border wall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423758-house-passes-legislation-to-re-open-government-despite-trump-opposition|title=House passes legislation to re-open government despite opposition from Trump|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=January 3, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104102040/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423758-house-passes-legislation-to-re-open-government-despite-trump-opposition|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Beginning on January 9, the Democratic-controlled House voted on four appropriations bills individually:
* Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2019 ({{USBill|116|HR|264}}) – bill to restore appropriations to the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury]] (including the [[Internal Revenue Service]]), federal judiciary, District of Columbia, and a number of [[independent agencies]], including the [[Federal Communications Commission]], [[Federal Trade Commission]], [[General Services Administration]], and [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]. The House passed the legislation on January 9, on a 240–188 vote, with every Democrat and eight Republicans voting yes, and all other Republicans voting no.<ref name="KilloughForan">Ashley Killough & Clare Foran, [https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/politics/house-votes-funding-government/index.html House passes bill to reopen IRS and other financial agencies, despite veto threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113175308/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/politics/house-votes-funding-government/index.html |date=January 13, 2019 }}, CNN (January 1, 2009).</ref><ref name="APShutdown">[https://www.apnews.com/b69cd57e7f2641dea2288ebb0582481e The Latest: House passes bill to fund agencies amid shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183455/https://www.apnews.com/b69cd57e7f2641dea2288ebb0582481e |date=January 10, 2019 }}, Associated Press (January 9, 2019).</ref><ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll021.xml Final Vote Results for Roll Call 21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073919/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll021.xml |date=January 10, 2019 }}, Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives (January 9, 2019).</ref>
* Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2019 ({{USBill|116|HR|265}}) – bill to restore appropriations to the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] (including [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]]), the [[Food and Drug Administration]], and related entities. On January 10, the House passed this bill 243–183.<ref name="Killough">Ashley Killough, [https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/house-vote-agriculture-bill-reopen-government/index.html House passes bills to reopen Agriculture, Transportation departments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052313/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/house-vote-agriculture-bill-reopen-government/index.html |date=January 11, 2019 }}, CNN (January 10, 2019).</ref><ref name="DefectionsUp">Lindsey McPherson, [https://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/republican-defections-on-house-spending-bills-tick-up Republican defections on House spending bills to end shutdown tick up] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044248/https://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/republican-defections-on-house-spending-bills-tick-up |date=January 12, 2019 }}, ''Roll Call'' (January 10, 2019).</ref>
* Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2019 ({{USBill|116|HR|267}}) – bill to restore [[United States Department of Transportation|Transportation]] and [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Housing and Urban Development]] (including some federal mortgage programs). On January 10, the House passed this bill 244–180.<ref name="Killough"/><ref name="DefectionsUp"/>
* Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2019 ({{USBill|116|HR|266}}) – bill to restore appropriations to the [[United States Department of the Interior|Interior Department]], [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], and other agencies, including the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. On January 11, ten House Republicans voted with Democrats in a 240–179 vote to end the shutdown of Interior-Environment programs. It was the most recent of a "series of standalone appropriations measures" the House sent to the Senate.<ref>{{Cite news| last1 = McPherson| first1 = Lindsey| title = 10 House Republicans cross aisle to support ending shutdown of Interior-Environment programs| access-date = January 11, 2019| date = January 11, 2019| url = https://www.rollcall.com/news/10-house-republicans-cross-aisle-to-support-ending-shutdown| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190112014142/http://www.rollcall.com/news/10-house-republicans-cross-aisle-to-support-ending-shutdown| archive-date = January 12, 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Killough"/><ref name="DefectionsUp"/>
This strategy has been compared to one used by Republicans during the [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|2013 shutdown]] in the form of a series of [[October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions|fourteen mini-continuing resolutions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/07/gop-support-trump-government-shutdown-1085348|title=House GOP leaders fear support eroding for Trump's shutdown fight|last1=Bresnahan|first1=John|last2=Ferris|first2=Sarah|date=January 7, 2019|website=[[Politico]]|language=en|access-date=January 8, 2019|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215210301/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/07/gop-support-trump-government-shutdown-1085348|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/424066-house-democrats-release-bills-to-end-shutdown|title=House Democrats release bills to end shutdown|last=Balluck|first=Kyle|date=January 6, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145508/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/424066-house-democrats-release-bills-to-end-shutdown|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=====Senate=====
Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] vowed that the Senate would not consider the House bills to reopen the government, indicating that Senate Republicans would not support any bill unless it had Trump's support.<ref name="KilloughForan" /><ref name="APShutdown" /><ref name="DefectionsUp"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/264|title=H.R.264 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2019|last=Quigley|first=Mike|date=January 9, 2019|website=Congress.gov|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133704/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/264|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/house-passes-bill-end-shutdown-senate-unlikely-031300089--business.html|title=House passes bill that would end shutdown, but Senate unlikely to take up|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110151634/https://news.yahoo.com/house-passes-bill-end-shutdown-senate-unlikely-031300089--business.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=years>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46763940|title=Trump ready for US shutdown to last 'for years'|date=January 4, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104174721/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46763940|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/04/mcconnell-government-shutdown-1080027|title=McConnell keeps his head down as government shutdown drags on|date=January 4, 2019|website=[[Politico]]|last1=Bresnahan|first1=John|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104130511/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/04/mcconnell-government-shutdown-1080027|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, McConnell and Senate Republicans came under increased pressure to break the impasse and reopen the government.<ref>Felicia Sonmez & Cat Zakrzewski, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/graham-urges-trump-to-reopen-government-open-for-three-weeks-then-declare-national-emergency-on-border/2019/01/13/3e66ef12-173e-11e9-8813-cb9dec761e73_story.html Pressure on Senate Republicans to break shutdown impasse grows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114150625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/graham-urges-trump-to-reopen-government-open-for-three-weeks-then-declare-national-emergency-on-border/2019/01/13/3e66ef12-173e-11e9-8813-cb9dec761e73_story.html |date=January 14, 2019 }}, [[The Washington Post]] (January 14, 2019).</ref><ref>Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Nicholas Fandos, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/us/politics/mcconnell-senate-republicans-shutdown.html McConnell Faces Pressure From Republicans to Stop Avoiding Shutdown Fight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075719/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/us/politics/mcconnell-senate-republicans-shutdown.html |date=January 15, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 3, 2019).</ref> Three Republican Senators&mdash;[[Susan Collins]] of Maine, [[Lisa Murkowski]] of Alaska, and [[Cory Gardner]] of Colorado&mdash;called for an end to the shutdown. Senators Collins and Gardner said they supported the House's budget bills to end the shutdown.<ref name=years/><ref name="stormsout">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/government-shutdown-trump-senate.html|title=Trump Storms Out of White House Meeting with Democrats on Shutdown|last1=Fandos|first1=Nicholas|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=January 9, 2019|last2=Tackett|first2=Michael|website=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109191003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/government-shutdown-trump-senate.html|archive-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> West Virginia Senator [[Shelley Moore Capito]] said that she could support ending the shutdown provided border wall talks continued.<ref name="stormsout" /> [[Pat Roberts]] of Kansas said that shutdowns "never work" and only turned affected federal workers into "pawns" and that, although the time had not yet come for Senate Republicans to override any possible Trump veto and end the shutdown, "we're getting pretty close."<ref name="stormsout" /> [[Johnny Isakson]] of Georgia echoed that sentiment, saying that support for McConnell's refusal to support bills that do not include funding for a wall would not last indefinitely: "There's a time when that may run out."<ref name="cracks">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/lisa-murkowski-senate-republicans/index.html|title=Cracks emerging among Senate Republicans as Murkowski calls for end to shutdown|last1=Raju|first1=Manu|last2=Foran|first2=Clare|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=January 19, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119115911/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/lisa-murkowski-senate-republicans/index.html|archive-date=January 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On January 16, McConnell again blocked the House appropriation bills to reopen the government from being considered on the Senate floor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/425414-mcconnell-blocks-house-bill-to-reopen-government-for-second-time|title=McConnell blocks House bill to reopen government for second time|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=January 15, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115204045/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/425414-mcconnell-blocks-house-bill-to-reopen-government-for-second-time|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The following day, McConnell blocked consideration of bills to reopen most of the closed government agencies for a third time.<ref>Jordain Carney, [https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/425945-mcconnell-blocks-bill-to-reopen-most-of-government McConnell blocks bill to reopen most of government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102049/https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/425945-mcconnell-blocks-bill-to-reopen-most-of-government |date=January 24, 2019 }}, ''The Hill'' (January 17, 2019).</ref> On January 23, McConnell blocked a bill to reopen most of the government for the fourth time.<ref>Jordain Carney, [https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/426668-mcconnell-blocks-bill-to-reopen-most-of-government McConnell blocks bill to reopen most of government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124044721/https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/426668-mcconnell-blocks-bill-to-reopen-most-of-government |date=January 24, 2019 }}, ''The Hill'' (January 23, 2019).</ref>
On January 22, McConnell stated that the Senate would be voting on two different bills to end the shutdown on January 24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-vote-competing-bills-end-government-shutdown-thursday-n961456|title=Senate to vote on competing bills to end government shutdown Thursday|last1=Shabad|first1=Rebecca|last2=Thorp V|first2=Frank|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123013406/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-vote-competing-bills-end-government-shutdown-thursday-n961456|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The first vote is on a bill to reopen the government which includes Trump's proposal to provide $5.7 billion for a border wall and temporary protections to some immigration classes.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/426469-senate-to-vote-on-dueling-government-funding-bills|title=Senate to vote on dueling government funding bills|last=Carney|first=Jordain|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123121306/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/426469-senate-to-vote-on-dueling-government-funding-bills|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The other bill is a three-week continuing resolution to fund 25% of the government through February 8.<ref name=":10" />
On January 22, Senator [[Mark Warner]] introduced a bill to keep the federal government running in the event of future shutdown events. The bill is called the "Stop Shutdowns Transferring Unnecessary Pain and Inflicting Damage in the Coming Years Act" or the "Stop STUPIDITY Act".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/426459-senate-dem-introduces-stop-stupidity-act-to-end-government-shutdowns|title=Senate Dem introduces 'Stop Stupidity' act to end government shutdowns|last=Anapol|first=Avery|date=January 22, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124000520/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/426459-senate-dem-introduces-stop-stupidity-act-to-end-government-shutdowns|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Late January legislative votes====
On January 24, the Senate held two votes on competing Democratic and Republican proposals to end the shutdown. The Democratic proposal was largely similar to the measure that had previously passed the Senate unanimously in the 115th Congress, and then been passed by the Democratic-controlled House in the 116th Congress. It provided funding for the government with no money for the border wall. The Republican proposal incorporated Trump's proposal, which would fund a border wall; temporarily extend TPS and DACA for three years, but would substantially narrow eligibility for DACA; and make significant legal changes to make it more difficult for persons escaping violence and persecution to be granted [[asylum in the United States]]. Neither proposal was able to attain the 60 votes needed for passage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/us/politics/senate-vote-fails-shutdown.html|title=Two Competing Plans to End Shutdown Fail in the Senate|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirshfeld|date=January 24, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124235217/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/us/politics/senate-vote-fails-shutdown.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Trump plan failed in a 50–47 vote. The Democratic plan failed in a 52–44 vote. Most Republicans voted for Trump's plan and against the Democratic plan. Most Democrats voted for the Democratic plan and against Trump's plan. Republicans [[Tom Cotton]] and [[Mike Lee]] voted against both plans. Democrat [[Joe Manchin]] and Republicans [[Lamar Alexander]], [[Susan Collins]], [[Cory Gardner]], [[Johnny Isakson]], [[Lisa Murkowski]] and [[Mitt Romney]] voted for both plans. Not voting on either were Republicans [[Rand Paul]] and [[Jim Risch]] and Democrat [[Jacky Rosen]]. Republican [[Richard Burr]] voted for Trump's plan and did not vote on the Democratic plan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daniel |first1=Annie |last2=Lee |first2=Jasmine C. |last3=Simon |first3=Sara |title=How Every Senator Voted on Ending the Government Shutdown |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/24/us/politics/government-shutdown-live-vote.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 January 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073541/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/24/us/politics/government-shutdown-live-vote.html |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On January 25, House Democrats prepared a compromise proposal to reopen the government, which would provide $5 billion for border security but no wall construction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/shutdown-2019-senate-vote-could-open-door-further-negotiations/2666281002/|title=Government shutdown 2019: 'A glimmer of hope' that standoff may end|last1=Collins|first1=Michael|date=January 24, 2019|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|last2=Collins|first2=Eliza|last3=Jackson|first3=David|last4=Fritze|first4=John|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125114700/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/shutdown-2019-senate-vote-could-open-door-further-negotiations/2666281002/|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the shutdown [[#Resolution|ended]] the same day.
=== Negotiations ===
On January 4, after the new Congress was sworn-in and Pelosi regained the speakership, she and Schumer, as well as congressional Republican leadership met with Trump at the White House.<ref name=years/><ref name="KarniHaberman">Annie Karni & Maggie Haberman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/trump-shutdown-border-wall.html President Trump Rejects Proposal to Temporarily Reopen the Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114220614/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/trump-shutdown-border-wall.html |date=January 14, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 14, 2019).</ref> Pelosi and Schumer argued that the shutdown needed to end and reported that Trump refused. They said that Trump threatened to "keep the government closed for a very long period of time. Months or even years."<ref name=years/> Later that day, Trump admitted to "absolutely" making that threat, adding, "I'm very proud of doing what I'm doing."<ref name=years/> Trump then said that he was considering declaring a [[National Emergencies Act|national emergency]] to use [[United states military budget|military funding]] for the wall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html|title=Trump says he could keep shutdown going for months or years|date=January 4, 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183234/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/trump-border-wall-national-emergency-declaration/index.html|title=Trump says he is considering using emergency powers to build wall|date=January 4, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105012715/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/trump-border-wall-national-emergency-declaration/index.html|archive-date=January 5, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 6, 2019}}</ref> At the meeting, Trump reprimanded his acting chief of staff [[Mick Mulvaney]] for attempting to propose a compromise between Trump's $5.7 billion demand for a border wall and the Democrats' proposal of $1.3 billion for border security.<ref name="KarniHaberman"/>
[[File:President Trump Addresses the Nation.webm|thumb|President Trump addressing the nation on January 8, 2019]]
Trump [[January 2019 Oval Office address|addressed the nation from the Oval Office at 9 p.m. EST on January 8]], in a nationally televised address broadcast on both network and cable television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/shutdown-negotiations-reach-standstill-trump-continues-floating-national/story?id=60211952|title=Trump to visit border, make prime-time speech in PR blitz for border wall|date=January 7, 2019|access-date=January 8, 2019|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108002414/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/shutdown-negotiations-reach-standstill-trump-continues-floating-national/story?id=60211952|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/major-networks-will-carry-democratic-response-trump-immigration-speech-n956051|title=Major networks will carry Democratic response to Trump immigration speech|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=January 8, 2019|agency=[[NBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108141105/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/major-networks-will-carry-democratic-response-trump-immigration-speech-n956051|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In his speech, Trump asserted that there was a "growing humanitarian and security crisis" on the Mexico–United States border that could only be solved by appropriating $5.7 billion for construction of a steel wall.<ref name="TwoSpeeches">Philip Rucker & Felicia Sonmez, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declares-a-growing-humanitarian-crisis-at-the-border-in-demand-for-wall-funding-to-end-shutdown/2019/01/08/bdd2767e-1368-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html Trump calls wall only solution to 'growing humanitarian crisis' at border] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110012534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declares-a-growing-humanitarian-crisis-at-the-border-in-demand-for-wall-funding-to-end-shutdown/2019/01/08/bdd2767e-1368-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html |date=January 10, 2019 }}, [[The Washington Post]] (January 8, 2019).</ref> Trump did not make any new proposals in his speech to break the impasse.<ref name="TwoSpeeches" /> Immediately after Trump's speech, Schumer and Pelosi delivered a response on behalf of the Democrats, in which they demanded an end to the shutdown and said: "President Trump must stop holding the American people hostage, must stop manufacturing a crisis and must reopen the government."<ref name="TwoSpeeches" />
==== January 9 meeting ====
Trump met with congressional leadership again on January 9, in a meeting lasting 14 minutes.<ref name="BBCWalkout">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46818218|title=Trump walks out of shutdown talks with a 'bye-bye'|date=January 9, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=January 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109212049/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46818218|archive-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump asked Pelosi, "Will you agree to my wall?" and when she replied that she would not, Trump said "bye-bye" and walked out of the meeting, later declaring it "a total waste of time".<ref name="BBCWalkout"/> Schumer accused Trump of throwing a "temper tantrum" and slamming his hands on the table.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |title=Analysis {{!}} What really happened in the White House Situation Room? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/15/what-really-happened-white-house-situation-room/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 16, 2019 |language=en |date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/15/what-really-happened-white-house-situation-room/ |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump rebuked Schumer's comments on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/424679-trump-cryin-chuck-schumer-lied-about-temper-tantrum|title=Trump: 'Cryin Chuck' Schumer lied about 'temper tantrum'|last=Burke|first=Michael|date=January 10, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184006/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/424679-trump-cryin-chuck-schumer-lied-about-temper-tantrum|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] and House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]] said that Trump remained calm and never raised his voice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/424616-pence-says-trump-passed-out-candy-and-didnt-raise-his-voice-in|title=Pence says Trump 'passed out candy' and didn't raise his voice in shutdown meeting|first=John|last=Bowden|date=January 9, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111033157/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/424616-pence-says-trump-passed-out-candy-and-didnt-raise-his-voice-in|archive-date=January 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 10, Pelosi described the preceding day's meeting with Trump as "a setup" staged by White House aides so that Trump could walk out of the meeting. Pelosi described Trump as "un-presidential"; accused him of "exploiting this situation in a way that enhances his power"; and said: "I don't think he really wants a solution. I think he loves the distraction."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/government-shutdown-january-2019/h_45b552c2b58ef0f3937077da6135c6c5|title=Pelosi: Yesterday's White House meeting was staged so Trump "could walk out"|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 10, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110191317/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/government-shutdown-january-2019/h_45b552c2b58ef0f3937077da6135c6c5|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
After Trump walked out of the January 9 meeting with congressional Democratic leaders, no further negotiations were conducted.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite news|first1=David|last1=Jackson|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/14/government-shutdown-donald-trump-says-he-rejected-plan-reopen/2568085002/|title=President Trump says he rejected plan to reopen the government to negotiate border wall|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=January 14, 2019|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114214808/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/14/government-shutdown-donald-trump-says-he-rejected-plan-reopen/2568085002/|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Several Republican senators met in the office of South Carolina Senator [[Lindsey Graham]], a close Trump ally, after the meeting to discuss a compromise to end the shutdown. They discussed agreeing to Trump's demand for border wall funding and offering the Democrats help for [[DREAM Act|Dreamers]], refugee protections and extensions to [[H-2B visa]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/09/politics/immigration-deal-wall-fight-republican-senators/index.html|title=Facing gridlock, GOP senators seek big immigration deal to end shutdown|publisher=[[CNN]]|last=Raju|first=Manu|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118070013/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/09/politics/immigration-deal-wall-fight-republican-senators/index.html|archive-date=January 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 13, Graham proposed that Trump agree to a congressional vote to reopen the government pending the resumption of negotiations. Graham suggested that if Trump and congressional Democrats did not come to an agreement at that time, Trump could declare a national emergency. Trump rejected this proposal the next day.<ref name="KarniHaberman" />
==== Trump's proposal ====
[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks on the Humanitarian Crisis on Our Southern Border and the S January 19 2019.webm|thumb|left|President Trump announced a proposal to end the shutdown from the White House Diplomatic Reception Room on January 19, 2019.]]
[[File:Selected Unauthorized Immigration Statistics.png|thumb|Border statistics: Both the population of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. and southwestern border apprehensions have declined significantly over the past decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/BSMR_OIS_2016.pdf|title=Department of Homeland Security-Border Security Metrics Report-May 2018|website=Dhs.gov|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014103016/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/BSMR_OIS_2016.pdf|archive-date=October 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2018/11/27/u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-total-dips-to-lowest-level-in-a-decade/|title=U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Total Lowest in a Decade &#124; Pew Research Center|date=November 27, 2018|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128224440/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2018/11/27/u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-total-dips-to-lowest-level-in-a-decade/|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
On January 19, Trump proposed a temporary extension of the two programs that protect about 700,000 immigrants from deportation&mdash;[[Temporary Protected Status]] (TPS) and [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] (DACA)&mdash;in exchange for funding for the border wall.<ref name="KarniStolberg">{{cite news|author=Annie Karni & Sheryl Gay Stolberg|title=Trump Offers Temporary Protections for 'Dreamers' in Exchange for Wall Funding|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/us/politics/trump-proposal-daca-wall.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 19, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124054601/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/us/politics/trump-proposal-daca-wall.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The protections would be temporary, with no path to citizenship.<ref name="KarniStolberg"/> Trump had previously revoked TPS for people from a number of Latin American and African countries, and taken steps to rescind DACA.<ref name="KarniStolberg"/> In his remarks at the White House, Trump referred to a "barrier" rather than a "wall" and indicated that he aimed to erect "steel barriers in high priority locations" rather than "a 2,000-mile concrete structure from sea to sea".<ref name="KarniStolberg"/>
In addition to funding a border wall, the 1,300-page Republican bill released after Trump made his proposal would make major changes to U.S. immigration policy (which were not included in Trump's public announcement).<ref name="Rose">Joel Rose, [https://www.npr.org/2019/01/22/687516967/the-border-wall-isnt-the-only-reason-democrats-oppose-plan-to-end-the-shutdown The Border Wall Isn't The Only Reason Democrats Oppose Plan To End The Shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124022904/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/22/687516967/the-border-wall-isnt-the-only-reason-democrats-oppose-plan-to-end-the-shutdown |date=January 24, 2019 }}, NPR (January 22, 2019).</ref><ref name="Hesson">Ted Hesson, [https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/22/republican-spending-bill-asylum-restrictions-1103837 Republicans load spending bill with hard-line measures targeting asylum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130918/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/22/republican-spending-bill-asylum-restrictions-1103837 |date=January 25, 2019 }}, ''Politico'' (January 22, 2019).</ref> The legislation would severely restrict the ability of children from Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador to apply for asylum in the United States.<ref name="Rose"/> Specifically, participation in the [[Central American Minors Program]] would be subject to an annual cap<ref name="Hesson"/> and migrant children would be barred from applying for asylum in person at the border, and only migrant children with a "qualified" parent in the U.S. would be eligible to apply.<ref name="Rose"/> The bill would also create a new, more burdensome application process for TPS holders, and would exclude TPS holders from Sudan, Somalia, and Yemen.<ref name="Rose"/> The [[American Immigration Lawyers Association]] government relations director said that the proposal "would categorically block tens of thousands of children from ever applying for asylum", while a [[Cato Institute]] immigration analyst wrote that the proposal would not extend DACA, but rather replace it with "a totally different program that will exclude untold thousands of Dreamers who would have been eligible under DACA".<ref name="Rose"/>
Democrats rejected Trump's proposal. In a speech on the Senate floor, Minority Leader Chuck Schumer said: "The president's proposal is one-sided, harshly partisan and was made in bad faith. The asylum changes are a [[Poison pill amendment|poison pill]], if there ever was one."<ref name="Rose"/> House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said extending the DACA proposal temporarily was "unacceptable" and a "non-starter" because it did not "represent a good faith effort to restore certainty to people's lives". Analysts pointed out that Trump had previously rejected a deal that would have provided funding for the border wall in exchange for further protection for DACA recipients. Conversely, Republicans reacted positively to Trump's proposal, and Mitch McConnell said he would bring it to a vote in the Senate.<ref name="CollinsUSAToday">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Michael |title='It's anyone's guess what happens next': Democrats shoot down Trump's plan to end shutdown |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/19/government-shutdown-trumps-offer-lead-deal-democrats/2625162002/ |access-date=January 19, 2019 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120002842/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/19/government-shutdown-trumps-offer-lead-deal-democrats/2625162002/ |archive-date=January 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Related disputes ===
====Trump's threat to declare national emergency====
[[File:President Trump Delivers a Statement Upon Departure January 14, 2019.webm|thumb|left|start=08:49|President Trump states on January 14, 2019, "I'm not looking to call a national emergency [...] I have the absolute legal right to call it but I'm not looking to do that because this is too simple."]]
During the shutdown, on January 8 in a press conference, a reporter asked Trump if he was considering declaring a [[National Emergencies Act|national emergency]], to which Trump replied, "I have the absolute right to do national emergency if I want" and suggested that he could declare an emergency.<ref>Michael Tackett, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/trump-wall-national-emergency.html Trump Again Warns He May Declare National Emergency to Build Wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110010501/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/trump-wall-national-emergency.html |date=January 10, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 9, 2019).</ref> After this, Trump repeatedly threatened to declare a national emergency to unilaterally order wall construction without congressional authorization.<ref name="SavageCost">Charlie Savage, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/donald-trump-national-emergency.html Trump's Emergency Powers Threat Could End Shutdown Crisis, but at What Cost?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111122818/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/us/politics/donald-trump-national-emergency.html |date=January 11, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 9, 2018).</ref><ref name="TackettStormAid">Michael Tackett & Julie Hirschfeld Davis, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/us/politics/border-wall-government-shutdown.html White House Considers Using Storm Aid Funds as a Way to Pay for the Border Wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111122812/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/us/politics/border-wall-government-shutdown.html |date=January 11, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 10, 2018).</ref> Some of Trump's advisors, including his son-in-law [[Jared Kushner]], reportedly attempted to dissuade him from doing so.<ref name="TackettStormAid"/> Administration officials considered diverting hurricane-relief and wildfire-relief funds from a $13.9 billion February 2018 emergency supplemental appropriations bill (for disaster relief in Puerto Rico, Florida, Texas and California, among other places) in order to fund a wall, and directed the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] to look into this possibility.<ref name="TackettStormAid"/><ref>Jordyn Phelps, Luis Martinez, Benjamin Siegel, [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-heads-texas-part-public-relations-campaign-border/story?id=60272294 Trump directs Army Corps of Engineers to find money to help fund border wall: Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112004534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-heads-texas-part-public-relations-campaign-border/story?id=60272294 |date=January 12, 2019 }}, ABC News (January 10, 2019).</ref><ref name="KubeAinsley">Courtney Kube & Julia Ainsley, [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/trump-could-take-billions-disaster-areas-fund-wall-n957281 Trump could take billions from disaster areas to fund wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112004308/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/trump-could-take-billions-disaster-areas-fund-wall-n957281 |date=January 12, 2019 }}, NBC News (January 10, 2019).</ref>
An attempt by Trump to invoke emergency powers would almost certainly have prompted a lengthy legal challenge in court.<ref name="SavageCost"/> Democrats responded that Trump lacked the authority to declare a national emergency; Representative [[Adam Schiff]] called it a "non-starter" and said that "if [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] couldn't [[Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer|nationalize the steel industry during wartime]], this President doesn't have the power to declare an emergency and build a multibillion dollar wall on the border."<ref>Eli Watkins, Manu Raju and Elizabeth Landers, [https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/06/politics/adam-schiff-trump-wall-cnntv/index.html Trump: 'May declare a national emergency' to build wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107010127/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/06/politics/adam-schiff-trump-wall-cnntv/index.html |date=January 7, 2019 }}, CNN (January 7, 2019).</ref> Democratic Representative [[Nydia Velázquez]] said the notion of redirecting disaster-relief funds to a border wall was "beyond appalling".<ref name="KubeAinsley"/> Presidents have declared emergencies in the past, but none has "involved funding a policy goal after failing to win congressional approval".<ref name="SavageCost"/> [[Yale Law School]] professor [[Bruce Ackerman]] wrote that the declaration of a national emergency to build a wall as Trump suggested would be unconstitutional and illegal.<ref>Bruce Ackerman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/opinion/no-trump-cannot-declare-an-emergency-to-build-his-wall.html No, Trump Cannot Declare an 'Emergency' to Build His Wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117115338/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/opinion/no-trump-cannot-declare-an-emergency-to-build-his-wall.html |date=January 17, 2019 }}, [[The New York Times]] (January 5, 2019).</ref> Other scholars, such as Elizabeth Goitein of the [[Brennan Center for Justice]], believed that Trump could make a colorable argument that diverting military-construction appropriations for border-wall construction was legal, but that doing so would be an [[abuse of power]].<ref name="SavageCost"/> Law professor Ilya Somin stated that in the unlikely case that Trump succeeded in using the emergency powers in this way, it would set a dangerous precedent, which Republicans would come to regret next time the president was a Democrat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/01/21/donald-trump-border-wall-emergency-property-rights-military-funds-column/2607164002/|title=Donald Trump can call a 'national emergency,' but that doesn't mean he can build the wall|website=[[USA Today]]|language=en|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125001953/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/01/21/donald-trump-border-wall-emergency-property-rights-military-funds-column/2607164002/|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On January 11, Trump—while maintaining he has the authority to do so anytime—said he was not in any rush to declare a national emergency to secure wall funding, saying he would rather see Congress "do its job" and that the Democrats "should come back and vote".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 11, 2019|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shutdown-trump/trump-says-not-in-a-rush-to-declare-emergency-in-border-wall-fight-idUSKCN1P52AI|title=Trump says not in a rush to declare emergency in border wall fight|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114085314/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shutdown-trump/trump-says-not-in-a-rush-to-declare-emergency-in-border-wall-fight-idUSKCN1P52AI|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day he again threatened to use emergency powers if Democrats did not "come to their senses".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 12, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/12/trump-tweets-fbi-russia-new-york-times-james-comey|title=Trump vents fury over Russia stories and again threatens national emergency|access-date=January 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114063911/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/12/trump-tweets-fbi-russia-new-york-times-james-comey|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== State of the Union Address ====
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On January 16, Pelosi sent a letter to Trump that indicated [[United States Capitol#House Chamber|the House]] would be unavailable for the [[2019 State of the Union Address]] that was scheduled for January 29. Pelosi wrote, "Sadly, given the security concerns and unless government reopens this week, I suggest that we work together to determine another suitable date after government has reopened for this address or for you to consider delivering your State of the Union address in writing to the Congress on Jan. 29."<ref name="DavisFandos">{{cite news|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|last1=Davis|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fandos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/us/politics/pelosi-state-of-the-union-trump.html|title=Pelosi Asks Trump to Reschedule State of the Union Amid Shutdown|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116170534/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/us/politics/pelosi-state-of-the-union-trump.html|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>  The delivery of the [[State of the Union]] address had been delayed or substantially changed on only two occasions since 1913.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Amy B.|last1=Wang|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/01/16/will-state-union-be-postponed-that-hasnt-happened-since-challenger-disaster/|title=Will the State of the Union be postponed? That hasn't happened since the Challenger disaster.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117011911/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/01/16/will-state-union-be-postponed-that-hasnt-happened-since-challenger-disaster/|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DavisFandos2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/us/politics/pelosi-state-of-the-union-trump.html|title=Pelosi Asks Trump to Reschedule State of the Union Amid Shutdown|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|date=January 16, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 16, 2019|last2=Fandos|first2=Nicholas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116170534/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/us/politics/pelosi-state-of-the-union-trump.html|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>  In a letter sent to the Speaker the next day, Trump said she would not be allowed to take [[military transport aircraft]] on scheduled visits to Brussels, Egypt, and Afghanistan.  Trump replied, "We will reschedule this seven-day excursion when the shutdown is over."  Pelosi and a congressional delegation had planned on visiting [[United States military deployments|overseas American military personnel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/us/politics/trump-pelosi-letter-trip.html|title=Trump Hits Back at Pelosi, Threatening Her Trip to See Troops|last=Karno|first=Annie|date=January 17, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=January 17, 2019|access-date=January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117205533/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/us/politics/trump-pelosi-letter-trip.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Trump later stated he would look for an alternative, but then retracted that statement in a pair of tweets announcing that he would wait until the end of the shutdown to give the address in the House Chamber.<ref name="HabermanStolbergDavis"/><ref>{{cite tweet|user=realDonaldTrump|number=1088288311922307072|author-link=Donald Trump|date=January 23, 2019|title=As the Shutdown was going on, Nancy Pelosi asked me to give the State of the Union Address. I agreed. She then changed her mind because of the Shutdown, suggesting a later date. This is her prerogative - I will do the Address when the Shutdown is over. I am not looking for an....}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=realDonaldTrump|number=1088289916826648577|author-link=Donald Trump|date=January 23, 2019|title=....alternative venue for the SOTU Address because there is no venue that can compete with the history, tradition and importance of the House Chamber. I look forward to giving a "great" State of the Union Address in the near future!}}</ref>
=== Resolution ===
[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks Regarding the Shutdown.webm|thumb|left|President Trump announced a 3-week agreement to end the shutdown from the [[White House Rose Garden]] on January 25, 2019.]]
On January 25, Trump announced his support for a three-week funding measure that would reopen the government until February 15. The deal, which also moved forward with long-term Department of Homeland Security funding, did not include funds for a wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmfe.org/trump-says-he-will-sign-short-term-deal-to-reopen-government-after-35-day-shutdown/96359|title=Trump Says He Will Sign Short-Term Deal To Reopen Government After 35-Day Shutdown|last=Babcock|first=Jenny|date=January 25, 2019|work=[[WMFE-FM|90.7 WMFE]]|language=en-US|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000751/http://www.wmfe.org/trump-says-he-will-sign-short-term-deal-to-reopen-government-after-35-day-shutdown/96359|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As expected, the agreement provided federal employees with back pay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/427004-trump-agrees-to-end-shutdown|title=Trump agrees to end shutdown without wall funding|last=Swanson|first=Ian|date=January 25, 2019|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125193625/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/427004-trump-agrees-to-end-shutdown|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the Senate and House of Representatives passed the funding measure by [[voice vote]], sending the resolution to the President's desk.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Carney | first1=Jordain | title=Congress votes to reopen government after Trump agrees to end shutdown | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/427041-senate-votes-to-reopen-government-after-trump-agrees-to-end-shutdown | date=January 25, 2019 | work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] | access-date=January 25, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126062240/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/427041-senate-votes-to-reopen-government-after-trump-agrees-to-end-shutdown | archive-date=January 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Trump signed the bill the same day, ending the shutdown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gambino |first1=Lauren |title=Trump signs bill to end shutdown and temporarily reopen government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats |access-date=January 25, 2019 |date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125203948/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Later in January, Republican senators voted unanimously against a bill to provide back pay to federal contractors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/01/29/gop-rejects-bill-to-give-back-pay-to-federal-contractors-wants-to-repeal-estate-tax-instead/|title=GOP rejects bill to give back pay to federal contractors, wants to repeal estate tax instead|date=2019-01-29|website=[[Salon.com|Salon]]|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201054601/https://www.salon.com/2019/01/29/gop-rejects-bill-to-give-back-pay-to-federal-contractors-wants-to-repeal-estate-tax-instead/|archive-date=February 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
Without legislation enacted by February 15, a new partial shutdown would have begun, three weeks after the last ended.<ref name=borderSecurity2019 >{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/10/693135144/border-security-funding-talks-stalled-government-shutdown-looms|title=Border Security Funding Talks Stalled, Government Shutdown Looms|website=[[NPR]]|last=Van Sant|date=February 10, 2019|first=Shannon|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310113928/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/10/693135144/border-security-funding-talks-stalled-government-shutdown-looms|archive-date=March 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A bipartisan group of senators and representatives reached an agreement "in principle" on February 11,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/11/politics/shutdown-negotiations-agreement-reached-congress-border-security/|title=Negotiators say they reached an agreement in principle to avert shutdown|first1=Ted|last1=Barrett|first2=Phil|last2=Mattingly|first3=Manu|last3=Raju|first4=Ashley|last4=Killough|first5=Clare|last5=Foran|first6=Kaitlan|last6=Collins|website=[[CNN]]|date=February 12, 2019|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311191646/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/11/politics/shutdown-negotiations-agreement-reached-congress-border-security/index.html|archive-date=March 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> but Trump did not say whether he would sign it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-meets-with-cabinet-after-pushing-border-wall-at-first-campaign-rally-today-watch-live-stream-2019-02-12/|title=Trump "very likely" to sign funding deal if it reaches his desk, official says|date=February 12, 2019|website=[[CBS News]]|access-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> Included was $1.375 billion for 55 miles of steel border fencing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koaa.com/news/2019/02/12/shutdown-deal-includes-money-for-border-fencing-but-no-concrete-wall/|title=Shutdown deal includes money for steel border fencing, but no concrete wall|date=February 12, 2019|website=KOAA|agency=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213153833/https://koaa.com/news/2019/02/12/shutdown-deal-includes-money-for-border-fencing-but-no-concrete-wall/|archive-date=February 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Agreement in principle">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/11/government-shutdown-lawmakers-scramble-deal-deadline-looms/2838302002/|title=Government shutdown: Lawmakers reach agreement 'in principle' to avoid shutdown as Friday deadline looms|last1=Collins|first1=Eliza|last2=Fritze|first2=John|last3=Collins|first3=Michael|work=[[USA Today]]|date=February 11, 2019|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> On February 13, it was reported that, against the wishes of Democratic leaders and many Republicans, Trump was blocking the provision of back pay to federal contractors who were still out of pocket from the shutdown.<ref name="stillblocking">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/trump-blocking-contractor-back-pay-gov-t-funding-deal-lawmaker-n971226|title=Trump blocking contractor back pay in gov't funding deal, lawmaker says|website=[[NBC News]]|access-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305110550/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/trump-blocking-contractor-back-pay-gov-t-funding-deal-lawmaker-n971226|archive-date=March 5, 2019|url-status=live|first1=Frank|last1=Thorp V|first2=Alex|last2=Moe|first3=Dartunorro|last3=Clark|date=February 13, 2019 }}</ref> Both houses passed the bill February 14 with enough votes to [[Veto#Constitutional procedure|override a veto]] if that happened.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/34dde5f8a2404e039d6fe819136e92f5|title=Congress OKs border deal; Trump will sign, declare emergency|last1=Fram|first1=Alan|last2=Lucey|first2=Catherine|last3=Taylor|first3=Andrew|work=[[Associated Press|AP News]]|date=February 14, 2019|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref>
On February 15, at the [[White House Rose Garden]], Trump announced that he had signed the spending bill to keep the government open.<ref name="Wagner">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-border-emergency-the-president-plans-a-10-am-announcement-in-the-rose-garden/2019/02/15/f0310e62-3110-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html|title=Trump declares national emergency on southern border in bid to build wall|first1=Damian|last1=Paletta|first2=Mike|last2=DeBonis|first3=John|last3=Wagner|date=February 16, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-border-emergency-the-president-plans-a-10-am-announcement-in-the-rose-garden/2019/02/15/f0310e62-3110-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html|archive-date=January 27, 2021|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Pramuk">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html|title=Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight|first1=Jacob|last1=Pramuk|first2=Christina|last2=Wilkie|date=February 15, 2019|access-date=April 12, 2021|work=[[CNBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155429/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html|archive-date=February 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{USPL|116|6|Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019}}</ref> He also declared a [[National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States|national emergency]], hoping to get access to $8 billion to use for border security.<ref name="Wagner" /><ref name="Pramuk" />
== Effects ==
Agencies funded by two "minibus" appropriations bills passed in September 2018 were not affected by the shutdown.<ref name=":2" /> About 380,000 federal employees were furloughed, and an additional 420,000 employees for the affected agencies were expected to work with their pay delayed until the end of the shutdown, totaling 800,000 workers affected out of 2.1 million civilian non-postal federal employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/28/politics/shutdown-second-week/index.html|title=Federal employees prepare for a long shutdown|last1=Kaufman|first1=Ellie|last2=Murphy|first2=Paul P.|date=January 2, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120093552/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/28/politics/shutdown-second-week/index.html|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As only about a quarter of the government was shut down, many people who are not federal employees did not fully realize the effects of the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/11/business/federal-shutdown-divide.html|title=Federal Shutdown's Uneven Toll: Some Americans Are Devastated, Others Oblivious|last1=Bosman|first1=Julie|date=January 11, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 13, 2019|last2=Cohen|first2=Patricia|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Turkewitz|first3=Julie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113011834/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/11/business/federal-shutdown-divide.html|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Agencies ===
{{Anchor|Agencies}} According to {{USBill|115|HR|5895}} and {{USBill|115|HR|6157}}, these were the affected agencies:
{{div col}}
* [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]
* [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]
* [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]
* Most of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]]
* [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]]
* [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]]
* [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Department of Housing and Urban Development]]
* [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]
* Some [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] agencies
** ''[[Food and Drug Administration]]''
** ''[[Indian Health Service]]''
** ''[[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]]''
** ''[[Superfund Research Program]]''
* [[Executive Office of the President]]
* Most [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent agencies]]
* [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Judicial Branch]]
{{div col end}}
Unaffected agencies include, according to {{USBill|115|HR|5895}} and {{USBill|115|HR|6157}}:
{{div col}}
* [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]
* [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]]
* Most of the Department of Health and Human Services<ref>{{cite web |title=FY 2019 HHS Contingency Staffing Plan for Operations |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy-2019-hhs-contingency-staffing-plan/index.html |website=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources |access-date=December 22, 2018 |date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222001146/https://www.hhs.gov/about/budget/fy-2019-hhs-contingency-staffing-plan/index.html |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
* [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]
* [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]]
* [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]]
* Some Department of the Interior agencies
** ''[[Bureau of Reclamation]]''
** ''[[Central Utah Project]]''
* [[Government of the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]]<ref name=dc/> (excluding [[Government of the District of Columbia#Judiciary|courts]])<ref name=dc2/>
* [[United States Congress|Legislative Branch]]
* [[Social Security Administration]]
* [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]
* [[Appalachian Regional Commission]]
* [[Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board]]
* [[Delta Regional Authority]]
* [[Denali Commission]]
* [[Northern Border Regional Commission]]
* [[Southeast Crescent Regional Commission]]
* [[Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board]]
* [[American Battle Monuments Commission]]
* [[U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims]]
* Cemeterial Expenses of the Army, including [[Arlington National Cemetery]] and [[Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery]]
* [[Armed Forces Retirement Home]]
* Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System Fund
* Intelligence Community Management Account
* [[Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled]]
* [[Corporation for National and Community Service]]
* [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]
* [[Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)|Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service]]
* [[Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission]]
* [[Institute of Museum and Library Services]]
* Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission
* [[Medicare Payment Advisory Commission]]
* [[National Council on Disability]]
* [[National Labor Relations Board]]
* [[National Mediation Board]]
* [[Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission]]
* [[Railroad Retirement Board]]
{{div col end}}
=== On federal employees ===
[[File:Sample-letters-for-creditors-and-mortgage-companies.pdf|thumb|left|upright|A sample letter provided by the [[Office of Personnel Management]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/furlough-guidance/sample-letters-for-creditors-and-mortgage-companies.doc|title=Sample letters for creditors and mortgage companies|website=Opm.gov|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101095711/https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/furlough-guidance/sample-letters-for-creditors-and-mortgage-companies.doc|archive-date=January 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Jobs affected included staff throughout the United States, not just DC area employees. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents, [[Federal Bureau of Prisons|federal corrections]] officers, [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] inspectors, [[NASA]] employees, [[Transportation Security Administration|TSA]] staff, [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] staff and [[CBP Office of Field Operations|CBP]] officers, [[United States Census Bureau|census]] staff, [[National Park Service]] staff, members of the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]], and [[Federal Aviation Administration]] [[air traffic controller]]s either worked without pay or were furloughed,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/01/11/world/americas/11reuters-usa-shutdown-bill.html|title=U.S. House Passes Bill to Reopen Some Agencies Shut Down in Wall Fight|date=January 11, 2019|access-date=January 12, 2019|website=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195158/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/01/11/world/americas/11reuters-usa-shutdown-bill.html|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with increasing numbers of unpaid essential employees failing to show up for work.
On January 11, 800,000 workers for agencies shutdown or furloughed missed their first paycheck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/federal-workers-miss-first-paycheck-shutdown-poised-become-longest-u-n957651|title=Federal workers miss first paycheck as shutdown poised to become longest in U.S. history|website=[[NBC News]]|date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112025923/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/federal-workers-miss-first-paycheck-shutdown-poised-become-longest-u-n957651|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Federal workers normally receive pay on [[Federal holidays of the United States|federal holidays]], which include [[Christmas]], [[New Year's Day]] and potentially [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]]. The shutdown affected the employees' entitlement to paid holidays due to the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2018/12/pay-shutdown-procedures-complicated-impending-holidays/153757/|title=Pay, Shutdown Procedures Complicated by Impending Holidays|website=Government Executive|date=December 21, 2018 |access-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182215/https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2018/12/pay-shutdown-procedures-complicated-impending-holidays/153757/|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Unemployment benefits in the United States|Unemployment assistance]] to federal workers furloughed under the government shutdown varied by locality. Only non-reporting workers were eligible for assistance, whereas furloughed workers who still reported to work were not. Workers who received unemployment assistance were required pay it back after the shut down ended and they received backpay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankrate.com/personal-finance/government-shutdown-unemployment/|title=Federal Workers Affected By Government Shutdown Turn To Unemployment Benefits &#124; Bankrate.com|website=Bankrate|access-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112211037/https://www.bankrate.com/personal-finance/government-shutdown-unemployment/|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Some furloughed workers sought other employment opportunities while they were idled. However, external employment must meet agency-specific ethics guidelines, and mandatory reviews of external employment were also curtailed as most ethics officials were also furloughed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doi.gov/shutdown/ethics|title=Ethics Considerations, Including Outside Employment, During a Furlough|date=February 8, 2018|website=Doi.gov|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109165051/https://www.doi.gov/shutdown/ethics|archive-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nextgov.com/cio-briefing/2019/01/moonlighting-feds-could-be-risking-their-jobs/154107/|title=Moonlighting Feds Could Be Risking Their Jobs|website=Nextgov.com|date=January 11, 2019 |language=en|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013422/https://www.nextgov.com/cio-briefing/2019/01/moonlighting-feds-could-be-risking-their-jobs/154107/|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Federal employees were not able to use vacation or sick leave during the shutdown so scheduled holiday vacation time either became unpaid if the worker was deemed non-essential or was cancelled if the worker was deemed essential. In many cases unused leave over a certain threshold expired at year-end, but employees who had leave scheduled in advance of the shutdown did not have "use or lose" leave balances deducted from their accrued leave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2019/01/feds-impacted-shutdown-can-roll-over-use-or-lose-leave-opm-clarifies/154080/|title=Feds Impacted by Shutdown Can Roll Over 'Use-or-Lose' Leave, OPM Clarifies|website=Government Executive|date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013302/https://www.govexec.com/pay-benefits/2019/01/feds-impacted-shutdown-can-roll-over-use-or-lose-leave-opm-clarifies/154080/|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fedsmith.com/2019/01/10/use-lose-leave-partial-shutdown/|title=Use-or-Lose Leave and the Partial Shutdown|date=January 10, 2019|website=FedSmith.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116172700/https://www.fedsmith.com/2019/01/10/use-lose-leave-partial-shutdown/|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Many furloughed employees took to [[crowd-funding]] campaigns to raise cash to replace missed paychecks, but these types of solicitations also run afoul of government ethics rules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/furloughed-federal-workers-crowdfunding-government-shutdown-mortgage-gofundme-1285852|title=Furloughed federal workers resort to crowdfunding as government shutdown drags on: "My mortgage is due"|first=Christina|last=Zhao|date=January 9, 2019|website=[[Newsweek]]|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182325/https://www.newsweek.com/furloughed-federal-workers-crowdfunding-government-shutdown-mortgage-gofundme-1285852|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-shutdown/2019/01/feds-gofundme-campaigns-open-a-minefield-of-ethical-questions-during-shutdown/|title=Feds' GoFundMe campaigns open a 'minefield' of ethical questions during shutdown|date=January 8, 2019|website=Federal News Network|language=en-US|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013304/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/government-shutdown/2019/01/feds-gofundme-campaigns-open-a-minefield-of-ethical-questions-during-shutdown/|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:397140587-Managing-Furlough.pdf|alt=|thumb|upright|Furlough Tip Sheet Provided by the [[United States Coast Guard]]]]
As furloughed federal workers and their families shared stories of their hardships, such as not being able to meet rent or mortgage payments and missed bills, the hashtag "#ShutdownStories" went viral on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw793y/government-workers-are-sharing-their-shutdownstories-on-social-media-theyre-grim|title=Government workers are sharing their #shutdownstories on social media. They're grim.|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|last=Lubben|first=Alex|date=December 27, 2018|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228010751/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw793y/government-workers-are-sharing-their-shutdownstories-on-social-media-theyre-grim|archive-date=December 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/federal-employees-affected-by-the-government-shutdown-are-using-the-twitter-hashtag-supernumbershutdownstories-to-share-their-hardships/ar-BBRoU8o|title=Federal employees affected by the government shutdown are using the Twitter hashtag #ShutdownStories to share their hardships|publisher=MSN Business Insider|last=Alfaro|first=Mariana|date=December 25, 2018|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030135/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/federal-employees-affected-by-the-government-shutdown-are-using-the-twitter-hashtag-supernumbershutdownstories-to-share-their-hardships/ar-BBRoU8o|archive-date=December 30, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The federal government's [[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]] (OPM) responded by publishing sample letters that employees could send to their creditors. One read, in part, "I am a Federal employee who has recently been furloughed due to a lack of funding of my agency. Because of this, my income has been severely cut and I am unable to pay the entire cost of my mortgage, along with my other expenses." Other federal workers reached out to other news outlets to share stories about having to stretch their budgets and the impact of the shutdown on their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a25847792/government-shutdown-affecting-workers-single-mom-personal-story/|title=My Family Is Surviving on Canned Spaghetti Because of the Government Shutdown|first=Taylor|last=Andrews|date=January 11, 2019|website=Cosmopolitan|language=en-US|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112000622/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a25847792/government-shutdown-affecting-workers-single-mom-personal-story/|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being unable to meet rent or pay bills, many federal workers around the country were unable to pay for groceries and turned to [[food bank]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ebbs |first1=Stephanie |title=Unpaid federal workers get help from food banks during government shutdown |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/unpaid-federal-workers-food-banks-government-shutdown/story?id=60374327 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115162333/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/unpaid-federal-workers-food-banks-government-shutdown/story?id=60374327 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> One federal prison guard in Louisiana attempted suicide after posting about the financial pressures of the shutdown on Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/24/688372788/how-the-government-shutdown-is-affecting-this-louisiana-town|title=How The Government Shutdown Is Affecting This Louisiana Town|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126020422/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/24/688372788/how-the-government-shutdown-is-affecting-this-louisiana-town|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The OPM also suggested that employees who had landlords write: "I would like to discuss with you the possibility of trading my services to perform maintenance (e.g. painting, carpentry work) in exchange for partial rent payments" and suggested those who lacked funds to pay bills should hire personal attorneys to assist them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/government-shutdown-when-trump-federal-employees-pay-work-landlord-rent-a8702081.html|title=Trump admin suggests federal employees paint landlords' properties during shutdown to afford rent|work=[[The Independent]]|last=Harvard|first=Sarah|date=December 28, 2018|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229000400/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/government-shutdown-when-trump-federal-employees-pay-work-landlord-rent-a8702081.html|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/800-000-government-workers-may-need-financial-assistance-shutdown-continues-n952416|title=800,000 government workers may need financial assistance as shutdown continues|work=[[NBC News]]|last=Madani|first=Doha|date=December 27, 2018|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229050843/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/800-000-government-workers-may-need-financial-assistance-shutdown-continues-n952416|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Other organizations also posted advice on how to "find supplemental income"; the Coast Guard suggested that Coast Guard members "have a garage sale, offer to watch children, walk pets or house sit" while furloughed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://6abc.com/5053473/|title=Coast Guard shutdown tip sheet suggests holding garage sale|date=January 11, 2019|publisher=[[WPVI-TV]]|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044311/https://6abc.com/5053473/|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On January 4, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that because the shutdown was triggered by the failure to enact spending bills that continued a federal government pay freeze, hundreds of senior Trump administration political appointees would receive a roughly $10,000 pay raise the following day. White House press secretary [[Sarah Sanders]] said the pending pay raise was an "unnecessary byproduct of the shutdown".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/04/while-federal-workers-go-without-pay-senior-trump-administration-officials-are-poised-get-raises/|title=While federal workers go without pay, senior Trump administration officials are poised to get $10,000 raises|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105021828/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/04/while-federal-workers-go-without-pay-senior-trump-administration-officials-are-poised-get-raises/|archive-date=January 5, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref>
On January 10, the Senate approved by unanimous consent a bill (S.24, the [[Government Employee Fair Treatment Act|Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019]]) providing that furloughed federal employees would receive back pay for the period of the furlough once appropriations were restored; the bill was approved the next day by the House on a vote of 411–7.<ref>Eric Yoder, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/11/congress-approves-back-pay-eventually-for-furloughed-federal-employees/ Congress approves back pay — eventually — for furloughed federal employees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023251/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/11/congress-approves-back-pay-eventually-for-furloughed-federal-employees/ |date=January 15, 2019 }}, [[The Washington Post]] (January 11, 2018).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fedsmith.com/2019/01/10/senate-passes-bill-pay-federal-employees-shutdown/ |title=Senate Passes Bill to Pay Federal Employees After Shutdown |last=Smith |first=Ian |date=January 10, 2019 |website=FedSmith.com |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115145922/https://www.fedsmith.com/2019/01/10/senate-passes-bill-pay-federal-employees-shutdown/ |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Trump signed the bill into law on January 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/16/politics/trump-signs-backpay-bill-government-shutdown/index.html|title=Trump signs law ensuring shutdown pay for government workers|first=Maegan|last=Vazquez|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118191126/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/16/politics/trump-signs-backpay-bill-government-shutdown/index.html|archive-date=January 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== On Native Americans ===
[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes were not paid for [[Native American treaties|treaties]] negotiated with the United States government.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/us/native-american-government-shutdown.html|title=Shutdown Leaves Food, Medicine and Pay in Doubt in Indian Country|last1=Smith|first1=Mitch|date=January 1, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 23, 2019|last2=Turkewitz|first2=Julie|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123141049/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/us/native-american-government-shutdown.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> These treaties specified that the federal government must provide funding for health clinics, employee salaries, education, infrastructure and other services, which were not paid during the shutdown.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/government-and-politics/4560228-shutdown-hitting-reservations-harder-most-places|title=Shutdown hitting reservations harder than most places|last=Ramstad|first=Evan|date=January 21, 2019|website=Duluth News Tribune|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223556/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/government-and-politics/4560228-shutdown-hitting-reservations-harder-most-places|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Native lands are "owned, managed and maintained by the federal government".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://carolinianuncg.com/2019/01/23/native-americans-and-the-government-shutdown-the-governments-legacy-of-broken-promises/|title=Native Americans and the Government Shutdown: The government's legacy of broken promises|last=Avent|first=Quashon|date=January 23, 2019|website=THE CAROLINIAN|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041746/https://carolinianuncg.com/2019/01/23/native-americans-and-the-government-shutdown-the-governments-legacy-of-broken-promises/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Native Americans who receive a [[per capita]] check for profits  from oil and gas sales from tribal land did not receive check for the month of February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/13/684994779/government-shutdown-hits-native-american-tribes-in-wyoming|title=Government Shutdown Impacts Native American Tribes In Wyoming|last=Edwards|first=Melodie|date=January 13, 2019|newspaper=[[NPR]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124224538/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/13/684994779/government-shutdown-hits-native-american-tribes-in-wyoming|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Roads were not plowed on tribal land, and some areas received significant snowfall. This caused people of the [[Navajo Nation]] to become trapped inside their homes.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.colorlines.com/articles/what-government-shutdown-means-native-americans|title=What the Government Shutdown Means for Native Americans|last=Byrd|first=Ayana|date=January 2, 2019|website=ColorLines|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041712/https://www.colorlines.com/articles/what-government-shutdown-means-native-americans|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Food services, which fed 90,000 Native Americans in 2017, were halted.<ref name=":13" />
Native American communities had a high percentage of individuals who worked for the federal government and lost income during the shutdown.<ref name=":12" /> In North and South Dakota, one of the largest employers is the [[Indian Health Service]].<ref name=":12" /> The [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]] tribe reported an economic loss of nearly $100,000 daily in funds that the federal government was supposed to provide as a treaty obligation.<ref name=":14" />
The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA) was closed for the shutdown.<ref name=":12" /> However, 60 percent of the [[Indian Health Service]] (IHS) continued to work without pay.<ref name=":14" /> IHS provides care for 2.2 million Native Americans and on January 23, began to deny care that was not considered "life threatening".<ref name=":14" /> The [[Bureau of Indian Education]] was able to stay open because it was funded on a different schedule.<ref name=":12" /> Unlike other government shutdowns, there was little outreach from the Trump Administration to Native Americans and the [[Ojibwe|Chippewa tribe]] in Michigan was given a 24-hour notice that the shutdown would take place and affect the tribe.<ref name=":14" />
=== On the military ===
The only military branch that was affected by the shutdown was the Coast Guard because it was part of the Department of Homeland Security, while the [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] were all funded through the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. Officials were able to fund payment on December 31, 2018, but were not able to do so for the paychecks of January 15 and 30, 2019, along with the pay and benefits for civilian workers and retirees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/current-former-coast-guard-commandants-criticize-government-shutdown-2019-1|title=The only military branch affected by the government shutdown is about to miss its 2nd paycheck, and its leaders are sounding off|last=Woody|first=Christopher|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041645/https://www.businessinsider.com/current-former-coast-guard-commandants-criticize-government-shutdown-2019-1|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During the shutdown, the Coast Guard continued to engage in patrolling the American coastline and carrying out overseas missions in locations such as the [[Persian Gulf]] along with the Navy and in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/coast-guard-deployed-middle-east-pacific-pay-government/story?id=60566995|title=Coast Guard deployed in Middle East, Pacific without pay during government shutdown|last=McLaughlin|first=Elizabeth|date=January 23, 2019|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041753/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/coast-guard-deployed-middle-east-pacific-pay-government/story?id=60566995|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other issues arose in the payment processes for Coast Guard members [[Tricare]] Health and Dental Program payments, although the individuals were still covered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.com/military-report/how-government-shutdown-impacts-tricare.html|title=How the Government Shutdown Impacts Tricare|date=January 21, 2019|website=Military.com|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041919/https://www.military.com/military-report/how-government-shutdown-impacts-tricare.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Military schools, such as the [[United States Coast Guard Academy|Coast Guard Academy]] and the [[National War College]], lost funding due to the shutdown and the schools had to work to find funds to pay professors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2019/01/23/shutdown-hits-some-students-and-faculty-at-two-military-educational-institutions/|title=Shutdown hits two military educational institutions|last=Mulaikal|first=Nirmal|date=January 23, 2019|website=Military Times|language=en-US|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041442/https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2019/01/23/shutdown-hits-some-students-and-faculty-at-two-military-educational-institutions/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Although the Department of Defense was not shut down, the February 4, 2019, date for release of the Pentagon's 2020 budget was delayed by at least one month.<ref name=budgetControlAct >{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/shutdown-snarls-dods-2020-budget-when-congress-will-see-it/|title=Shutdown Snarls DoD's 2020 Budget; When Will Congress See It?|date=January 25, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126083546/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/shutdown-snarls-dods-2020-budget-when-congress-will-see-it/|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This had repercussions on the interim period which is usually used by Pentagon planners for adjustments before the 2020 fiscal year which will begin in October 2019. The White House Office of Management and Budget, which oversees the Pentagon request, was shut down when the Pentagon budget arrived in December, and remained inactive, so no work was done on the budget.<ref name=budgetControlAct />
On February 25, 2019, the Pentagon's counter-drug (interdiction) funding has up to $85 million not yet obligated, but that money was planned for the known corridors in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]], and [[El Centro, California|El Centro]] for border fencing, lighting, and road projects,<ref name=ep,tu,yu,ec >{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/pentagon-25-billion-border-security/story?id=61237719|title=How the Pentagon will find $2.5 billion for border security|date=February 28, 2019|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311201333/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/pentagon-25-billion-border-security/story?id=61237719|archive-date=March 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> so any funds which might possibly be intended for additional projects elsewhere along the border must be obligated by September 30, 2019, in order not to affect the known corridors. Otherwise appropriations above the $85 million not yet obligated for additional interdiction border projects will have to be approved by additional Congressional appropriations, to reach the $2 billion target.<ref name=ep,tu,yu,ec />
===Economic impact===
[[File:Congressional Budget Office report 2019-01-28 - The Effects of the Partial Shutdown Ending in January 2019.pdf|thumb|The [[Congressional Budget Office]] estimated the total cost of the shutdown to be $11 billion.]]
A January 28, 2019 [[Congressional Budget Office]] report estimated that the 35-day partial government shutdown cost the American economy at least $11 billion, including $3 billion in permanent losses; the CBO estimate excluded indirect costs that were difficult to quantify.<ref name=":7" /> The furloughing of 145,000 federal workers and 112,500 federal contractors in the [[Washington Metropolitan Area]] cost the regional economy $119 million each day, or 7.3% of the region's total output.<ref name=McCartney>{{cite news |last1=McCartney |first1=Robert |title=Discord hits D.C. hard |work=[[Express (Washington, D.C. newspaper)|Express]] |date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> That reduced GDP by over $2.8 billion in the Washington DC area alone.<ref name=McCartney /> The shutdown also had a noticeable impact on hunger in the national capital region: [[food pantries]] in Washington DC and Northern Virginia reported an increase of around 10% in the number of people coming to pick up groceries, with most of that increase coming from federal workers and contractors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Ian |title=As Shutdown Continues, Thousands Of Federal Workers Visit D.C.-Area Pop-Up Food Banks |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/13/684824384/as-shutdown-continues-thousands-of-federal-workers-visit-d-c-area-pop-up-food-ba |access-date=January 15, 2019 |work=[[NPR]]|date=January 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075244/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/13/684824384/as-shutdown-continues-thousands-of-federal-workers-visit-d-c-area-pop-up-food-ba |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Fitch Ratings]] warned that an extended shutdown might lead to a downgrade in the U.S.'s Triple-A [[credit rating]] if lawmakers were unable to pass a budget or manage the [[United States debt ceiling|debt ceiling]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/09/fitch-warns-an-extended-shutdown-could-hurt-us-credit-rating/|title=Fitch warns an extended shutdown could hurt the U.S. credit rating|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119030628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/09/fitch-warns-an-extended-shutdown-could-hurt-us-credit-rating/|archive-date=January 19, 2019|url-status=live|url-access=limited|first=Taylor|last=Telford|date=January 9, 2019}}</ref> That in turn would make borrowing more costly for companies and American households, because it is the benchmark for many other lines of credit.<ref name="washingtonpost.com" /> The only time the U.S. credit rating has been downgraded by S&P was during the [[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com" />
Some economists believed that an extended shutdown would weaken [[consumer confidence]] and heighten the risk of pushing the U.S. economy into a [[recession]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Ben |title=Shutdown raises the risk of recession |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/16/shutdown-raises-risk-recession-1102370 |access-date=January 17, 2019 |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116172056/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/16/shutdown-raises-risk-recession-1102370 |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 800,000 federal government employees and some 4 million federal contractors, the shutdown directly affected nearly 3% of the [[Labor force in the United States|labor force of the United States]]; in a typical recession, unemployment increases 2–4%. The reduction in spending by those households combined with the reduction of government services could have [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] results similar to a typical recession.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Noah |title=The Economy Can't Shrug Off the Shutdown Forever |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-01-16/u-s-government-shutdown-increases-risk-of-recession |access-date=January 17, 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=January 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122731/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-01-16/u-s-government-shutdown-increases-risk-of-recession |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The shutdown had an adverse effect on the budgets of state and local governments, as states covered some federal services (particularly the most vulnerable) during the shutdown.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Liz |last=Farmer |url=https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-trump-2019-federal-government-shutdown-state-local.html |title=The Federal Shutdown's Impact on States and Localities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102234742/http://www.governing.com/topics/finance/gov-trump-2019-federal-government-shutdown-state-local.html |archive-date=January 2, 2019 |magazine=Governing |date=January 2, 2019 |access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Reid |last=Wilson |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/425756-states-scramble-to-fill-void-left-by-federal-shutdown |title=States scramble to fill void left by federal shutdown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117140059/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/425756-states-scramble-to-fill-void-left-by-federal-shutdown |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=January 17, 2019}}</ref>
By mid-January 2019, the White House [[Council of Economic Advisors]] estimated that each week of the shutdown reduced GDP growth by 0.1 percentage points, the equivalent of 1.2 points per quarter. CEA chairman Kevin Hassett later acknowledged that GDP growth could decline to zero in the first quarter of 2019 if the shutdown lasted the entire quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/15/white-house-doubles-its-estimate-of-shutdown-impact-on-gdp.html|title=White House doubles its estimate of shutdown impact on GDP|website=[[CNBC]]|date=January 15, 2019|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010414/https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/15/white-house-doubles-its-estimate-of-shutdown-impact-on-gdp.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/us/politics/government-shutdown-economy.html|title=Shutdown's Economic Damage Starts to Pile Up, Threatening an End to Growth|first=Jim|last=Tankersley|date=January 15, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116012510/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/us/politics/government-shutdown-economy.html|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/01/23/kevin-hassett-shutdown-economic-growth.cnn-business|title=Hassett: Shutdown could mean zero growth this quarter|website=[[CNN]]|date=January 23, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126010400/https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/01/23/kevin-hassett-shutdown-economic-growth.cnn-business|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Taxes ====
As tax season began in the United States on January 28, some 46,000 [[Internal Revenue Service]] workers were called back to work to ensure tax refunds and returns were not affected by the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46789762|title=US tax refunds 'to be issued despite government shutdown'|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=April 13, 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125051942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46789762|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The recalled workers allowed the department to continue operations that were automatic and those deemed necessary for the safety of human life or protection of government property, such as processing electronic returns, returns with payments, mailing tax forms, appeals, criminal law enforcement investigations and technical support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/17/18187166/government-shutdown-tax-refunds-returns-2019|title=Will the government shutdown affect tax refunds and returns? Maybe not.|last=Lopez|first=German|date=January 17, 2019|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020359/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/17/18187166/government-shutdown-tax-refunds-returns-2019|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Food stamps, inspections, and school lunches===
[[File:USDA under shutdown Jan 13 2019.jpg|thumb|USDA's website during the shutdown as of January 13, 2019]]
During the shutdown, 95% of federal staff for the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]'s [[Food and Nutrition Service]]s were furloughed.<ref name="RefundStamps">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/millions-face-delayed-tax-refunds-cuts-to-food-aid-as-white-house-scrambles-to-deal-with-shutdown/2019/01/04/b5b58616-0fa3-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html|title=Millions face delayed tax refunds, cuts to food stamps as White House scrambles to deal with shutdown's consequences|author=Damian Paletta & Erica Werner|date=January 4, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105034649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/millions-face-delayed-tax-refunds-cuts-to-food-aid-as-white-house-scrambles-to-deal-with-shutdown/2019/01/04/b5b58616-0fa3-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html|archive-date=January 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]] (SNAP), the food-stamp program, could be funded through a $3 billion contingency fund appropriated by Congress in 2018; if the shutdown had continued through March 2019, those funds would have been exhausted, leaving some 38 million Americans without food stamps and endangering [[food security]].<ref name="RefundStamps"/><ref name="Segers">{{cite web|last=Segers|first=Grace|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/government-shutdown-affect-snap-food-stamps-wic-millions-could-face-severe-cuts-in-2019-funding-usda/|title=Millions could face severe cuts to food stamps due to government shutdown|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=January 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107034113/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/government-shutdown-affect-snap-food-stamps-wic-millions-could-face-severe-cuts-in-2019-funding-usda/|archive-date=January 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Concerns were raised that continuation of the shutdown could delay the issuance of some $140 billion in [[tax refund]]s from the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS).<ref name="RefundStamps"/>
The [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) oversees most of the food supply in the U.S. In early January, Dr. [[Scott Gottlieb]], the [[FDA commissioner]], reported that the FDA suspended [[Food safety#Regulations by jurisdiction and agency#United States|food inspections]]. He noted that inspection of foreign food was continuing as "almost normal", because they are considered vital.<ref name="nbcnews1">[https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/government-shutdown-stops-fda-food-safety-inspections-n956716  "Government shutdown stops FDA food safety inspections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112200323/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/government-shutdown-stops-fda-food-safety-inspections-n956716 |date=January 12, 2019 }} NBC News, January 9, 2019</ref>  Around January 14, "high-risk" food inspections resumed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/living/food-drink/article224893895.html|title=Is the FDA inspecting food during the shutdown? Here's what the commissioner says|last=Neal|first=David J.|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071552/https://www.miamiherald.com/living/food-drink/article224893895.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As of January 22, 2019, 46 percent of the FDA were working, though 20 percent of them were working without pay.<ref name=":6" /> During the shutdown, two new recalls for contamination with ''[[Listeria]]'' or ''[[Salmonella]]'' took place.<ref name=":6" /> [[Consumer organization|Consumer advocacy groups]] advised of food safety issues during the shutdown.<ref name="Foods you should avoid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/health/shutdown-fda-food-inspections-risk/index.html|title=Are there foods you should avoid during the government shutdown?|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Debra|last2=Scutti|first2=Susan|date=January 16, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121172824/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/health/shutdown-fda-food-inspections-risk/index.html|archive-date=January 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Food safety attorney, [[William Marler|Bill Marler]], advocated against eating "fresh, uncooked products on the market place".<ref name="Foods you should avoid" /> Because there was a shortage of FDA inspectors, many imported perishable items, such as produce or flowers, were at risk of spoilage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article224745985.html|title=The next possible victims of the shutdown: Your food, flowers and toys|last=Wile|first=Rob|date=January 20, 2019|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071616/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article224745985.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Meat and some egg products are inspected by the USDA's [[Food Safety and Inspection Service]]. Federal legislation required those inspectors to remain working without pay.<ref name="nbcnews1" />
School administrations raised concern about how to feed children who purchase food at the schools for lunch, as funding concerns caused some districts to conserve food and funding. Many limited the amount or variation of foods available for the children to purchase, and alerted parents to the concerns and the limited availability of some of the items.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/government-shutdown-schools-children-lunches-gdp-slow-2019-1|title=SHUTDOWN DAY 31: Schools worry they won't be able to feed kids; White House thinks GDP growth could fall another 0.13 points this week|last=Baker|first=Sinead|date=January 21, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123210502/https://www.businessinsider.com/government-shutdown-schools-children-lunches-gdp-slow-2019-1|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Most schools affected were in high-poverty areas, and depended on federally funded lunch programs, such as the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) a [[Federal grants in the United States|federal grant]] established by the [[Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010]] and operated through the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]]. Some 22 million students in nearly 100,000 schools received school meals through that operation.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5507461/school-lunch-funding-trump-government-shutdown/|title='We're in Uncharted Waters.' Schools Brace for Budget Problems if Shutdown Continues|last=Reilly|first=Katie|date=January 19, 2019|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122145148/http://time.com/5507461/school-lunch-funding-trump-government-shutdown/|archive-date=January 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
===National parks and capital museums===
[[File:I didn't get to go to Fort Point (31538293877).jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Point, San Francisco]] under shutdown]]
[[File:A sorry state of affairs (32717426758).jpg|thumb|[[Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge]] under shutdown on January 3]]
As with the January 2018 shutdown, [[National Park Service|national parks]] were expected to be open to the extent practical, though there would be no staff and buildings would be closed. The shutdown affected national parks unevenly, some were accessible with bare-bones staffing levels, some operated with money from states or charitable groups, and others were locked off. Diane Regas, president and chief executive of the [[Trust For Public Land|Trust for Public Land]], called upon Trump to close all national parks to protect the public: by the third week of the shutdown, three people had died in national parks.<ref name="Fears">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/04/three-dead-national-parks-shutdown-wears/ |title=Darryl Fears (4 January 2019) Three dead in national parks as shutdown wears on |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105075755/https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/04/three-dead-national-parks-shutdown-wears/ |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref> This number was reported as being within 'usual' levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/07/us/national-parks-deaths-trnd/index.html|title=7 people have died in national parks since the shutdown began. But that's not unusual.|first=Eric|last=Levenson|website=[[CNN]] |date=2019-01-07|access-date=January 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184528/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/07/us/national-parks-deaths-trnd/index.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Yosemite National Park]], on January 4, 2019, a death from a fall went unreported for a week.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/national-park-death-government-shutdown_us_5c2fb9abe4b073352832b05b|title=Death At National Park Unreported For Week Amid Government Shutdown: Report|last=Blumberg|first=Antonia|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2019|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011947/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/national-park-death-government-shutdown_us_5c2fb9abe4b073352832b05b|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/overflowing-garbage-feces-on-roads-prompt-yosemite-national-park-officials-to-close-some-campgrounds|title=Overflowing garbage, feces on roads prompt Yosemite National Park officials to close some campgrounds|last=Joyce|first=Kathleen|date=January 1, 2019|publisher=[[Fox News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102135510/https://www.foxnews.com/us/overflowing-garbage-feces-on-roads-prompt-yosemite-national-park-officials-to-close-some-campgrounds|archive-date=January 2, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref><ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/overflowing-trash-toilets-safety-concerns-national-parks-face/story?id=60105575|title=National parks face overflowing trash, toilets in second week of shutdown|date=January 2, 2019|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102133609/https://abcnews.go.com/US/overflowing-trash-toilets-safety-concerns-national-parks-face/story?id=60105575|archive-date=January 2, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
By January 1, 2019, the problems of neglected trash pileup, overflowing public toilets, and access to first aid were repeated across the Park system.<ref name="abcnews" /> Health and safety concerns were raised, with concerns by scientists that the expansive amount of garbage and human waste could impact [[Water quality|water]] and [[soil quality]], or cause damage to animals in the parks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iflscience.com/environment/national-parks-could-take-years-to-recover-from-the-government-shutdown/|title=National Parks Could Take Years To Recover From The Government Shutdown|last=Hale|first=Tom|date=January 21, 2019|website=IFLScience|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123212116/https://www.iflscience.com/environment/national-parks-could-take-years-to-recover-from-the-government-shutdown/|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other issues that arose due to the shutdown included illegal campsites, protected agriculture being damaged, damaging of government property and trespassing on foot and by vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/11/us/california-joshua-trees-cut-down-during-shutdown-trnd/index.html|title=National park visitors cut down protected Joshua trees during partial government shutdown|last=Diaz|first=Andrea|date=January 12, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102039/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/11/us/california-joshua-trees-cut-down-during-shutdown-trnd/index.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=parkRepairs />
==== Closures or limited access ====
[[New York (state)|New York]] kept the [[Statue of Liberty]] and [[Ellis Island]] open,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/hours.htm|title=Operating Hours & Seasons - Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101075946/https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/hours.htm|archive-date=January 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> as it did during the January 2018 shutdown.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Ameena |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/1/22/16917980/government-shutdown-2018-statue-of-liberty-open |title=Amy Plitt (22 January 2018) Statue of Liberty will remain open during government shutdown |publisher=Ny.curbed.com |date=January 22, 2018 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051343/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/1/22/16917980/government-shutdown-2018-statue-of-liberty-open |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Arizona and Utah were able to keep [[Grand Canyon National Park]], [[Zion National Park]], [[Arches National Park]], and [[Bryce Canyon National Park]] open and provided services including public restrooms, shuttles and trash collection. Utah's funding included visitor centers.
The sites closed outright in the southwest alone included [[Bandelier National Monument]] and [[Valles Caldera National Preserve]] in northern [[New Mexico]], [[White Sands National Park|White Sands National Monument]] in southern New Mexico, [[Petrified Forest National Park]] in northern Arizona and [[Casa Grande Ruins National Monument]] in south-central Arizona.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/shutdown-national-christmas-tree_us_5c220d03e4b0407e907e0dd4|title=Shutdown Takes The Twinkle Out Of National Christmas Tree|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 25, 2018|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130626/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/shutdown-national-christmas-tree_us_5c220d03e4b0407e907e0dd4|archive-date=December 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Access to major parts of Sequoia and Kings Canyon parks were closed,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 1, 2019 |title=Federal shutdown closes major portions of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks}}</ref> and at [[Joshua Tree National Park]], the administration policy of leaving parks open to visitors despite the staff furloughs resulted in park damage,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/shutdown-nightmare-park-bathrooms-overflowing-human-waste-vandals-causing-damage-n953406|title=Shutdown nightmare: Park bathrooms overflowing with human waste, vandals causing damage, fighting over campsites|work=[[NBC News]]|date=January 2, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102064739/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/shutdown-nightmare-park-bathrooms-overflowing-human-waste-vandals-causing-damage-n953406|archive-date=January 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> including the toppling of protected trees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/joshua-trees-shutdown_us_5c39adb0e4b0922a21d527cb|title=Vandals Topple Joshua Trees Amid Shutdown, Igniting Outrage|first=Amy|last=Russo|date=January 12, 2019|access-date=January 13, 2019|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113012215/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/joshua-trees-shutdown_us_5c39adb0e4b0922a21d527cb|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=300years >{{cite web|url=https://www.modbee.com/news/state/california/article225206060.html|title=Joshua Tree may not recover from 35-day shutdown for 300 years, former ranger says|website=modbee|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203145602/https://www.modbee.com/news/state/california/article225206060.html|archive-date=February 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Texas, [[Big Bend National Park]] had no visitor services, such as restrooms. Some trailheads were closed. Regulations continued to be enforced, as the park remained open. Visitors were reminded to remove their own trash and toilet paper.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/government-shutdown.htm Government Shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101220745/https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/government-shutdown.htm |date=January 1, 2019 }}, Big Bend National Park</ref><ref name="abcnews" /> [[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]] remained open but no NPS services were available at the [[San Antonio Missions National Historical Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/saan/index.htm|title=San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126171048/https://www.nps.gov/saan/index.htm|archive-date=November 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Channel Islands National Park]] remained open to public access, although services normally provided by the national park service were instead provided by Island Packers Cruises, the company normally in charge of ferries to the islands.<ref name="channelislandsshutdown">{{cite news |last1=Carlson |first1=Cheri |title=What shutdown means for Channel Islands National Park |url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2018/12/22/what-shutdown-means-channel-islands-national-park/2399830002/ |access-date=January 13, 2019 |work=Ventura County Star |date=December 22, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223155406/https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2018/12/22/what-shutdown-means-channel-islands-national-park/2399830002/ |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=parkRepairs >{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/national-parks-rush-repair-damage-shutdown-60781429|title=National parks rush to repair damage after shutdown|date=February 1, 2019|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303022252/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/national-parks-rush-repair-damage-shutdown-60781429|archive-date=March 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:NARA shutdown message January 14, 2019.jpg|thumb|[[National Archives and Records Administration]] website shutdown message]]
The [[National Archives and Records Administration]] closed immediately on December 22, 2018.<ref name="wapogog">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/the-smithsonian-and-the-national-gallery-held-on-as-long-as-they-could-theyre-closed/2019/01/01/ff06f66e-0d3d-11e9-84fc-d58c33d6c8c7_story.html|title=The Smithsonian and the National Gallery held on as long as they could. They're closing.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102160856/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/the-smithsonian-and-the-national-gallery-held-on-as-long-as-they-could-theyre-closed/2019/01/01/ff06f66e-0d3d-11e9-84fc-d58c33d6c8c7_story.html|archive-date=January 2, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> The [[Library of Congress]], the [[U.S. Botanic Garden]], the [[United States Capitol Visitor Center|Capitol Visitor Center]], and the [[U.S. Capitol Building]] remained open as they were funded by the 2019 Legislative Branch appropriations bill.<ref name="wapogog" /> The [[Smithsonian Institution]] operated on "prior-year funds" through January 1, 2019. On January 2, 2019, the Smithsonian Institution initiated an orderly shutdown of all its facilities, including 19 museums in Washington, D.C., and New York City, the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoo]], and the [[Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/smithsonian-museums-and-national-zoo-close-180971127/|title=Smithsonian Museums and the National Zoo Close for the U.S. Government Shutdown|last=Py-Lieberman|first=Beth|website=Smithsonian|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110223/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/smithsonian-museums-and-national-zoo-close-180971127/|archive-date=January 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/what-would-happen-if-the-government-shut-down-late-paychecks-closed-museums-and-more/2018/12/21/79c982a2-053e-11e9-b6a9-0aa5c2fcc9e4_story.html|title=What will happen if the government shuts down: Late paychecks, closed museums and more|last1=Berman|first1=Mark|last2=Rein|first2=Lisa|date=December 21, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221231411/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/what-would-happen-if-the-government-shut-down-late-paychecks-closed-museums-and-more/2018/12/21/79c982a2-053e-11e9-b6a9-0aa5c2fcc9e4_story.html|archive-date=December 21, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> The following day, the [[National Gallery of Art]] was closed.<ref>Andrew Russeth, [http://www.artnews.com/2019/01/03/national-gallery-art-latest-victim-u-s-government-shutdown-closes-public/ National Gallery of Art Closes to the Public, Latest Victim of U.S. Government Shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210632/http://www.artnews.com/2019/01/03/national-gallery-art-latest-victim-u-s-government-shutdown-closes-public/|date=January 3, 2019}}, ''ARTnews'' (January 3, 2019).</ref> The National Zoo also closed on January 3, 2019.<ref name="3Jan2019NationalMall" /> Tourism attendance on the [[National Mall]] was affected.<ref name="3Jan2019NationalMall">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/god-people-national-mall-scene-symbol-shutdowns-impact/story?id=60118435|title='Oh my God, there's no people': National Mall scene a symbol of shutdown's impact|last=Haslett|first=Cheyenne|date=January 3, 2019|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103131337/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/god-people-national-mall-scene-symbol-shutdowns-impact/story?id=60118435|archive-date=January 3, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> On January 5, 2019, acting Interior Secretary [[David Bernhardt]] directed the diversion of fee revenue defined by the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act to be used to fund minimal maintenance activities so as to preserve access to highly visited parks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/06/park-service-takes-extraordinary-step-dipping-into-entrance-fees-bolster-operations-popular-sites/|title=park-service-takes-extraordinary-step-dipping-into-entrance-fees-bolster-operations-popular-sites|date=January 6, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113005122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/06/park-service-takes-extraordinary-step-dipping-into-entrance-fees-bolster-operations-popular-sites/|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Airspace and aviation workers ===
[[File:TSA Shutdown Message Jan 21 2019.jpg|thumb|left|TSA shutdown message as of January 21, 2019]]
According to a January 12, 2019, article in ''[[The Economist]]'', on January 11, the [[Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) was unable to pay its workers who had not been paid since December 22; 55% more of them called in sick than in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2019/01/12/how-americas-government-shutdown-is-affecting-flyers|title=How America's government shutdown is affecting flyers|date=January 12, 2019|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=January 12, 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112133340/https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2019/01/12/how-americas-government-shutdown-is-affecting-flyers|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
As the air traffic controllers were deemed essential employees, they were required to work without pay. The [[National Air Traffic Controllers Association]], the union that represents air traffic controllers, filed a lawsuit against the federal government for the shutdown on January 11, 2019,<ref>NATCA v. USA, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, No. 1:19-cv-00062</ref> claiming that requiring 16,000 air traffic controllers to work without being paid violated their constitutional rights and federal minimum wage law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shutdown-lawsuit-idUSKCN1P524Z|title=Air traffic controllers' union sues over unpaid work during...|date=January 11, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 14, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114061047/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-shutdown-lawsuit-idUSKCN1P524Z|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> That was the third lawsuit filed against the federal government since the beginning of the shutdown.
Airline and aircraft safety inspectors, on the other hand, were deemed nonessential and furloughed. A news report on January 12, 2019, stated that the Federal Aviation Administration had returned 500 furloughed safety inspectors back to work and would return more to work in the following weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/washington-dc/articles/2019-01-12/faa-bringing-back-safety-inspectors-sidelined-by-shutdown|title=FAA Bringing Back Safety Inspectors Sidelined by Shutdown|last=The Associated Press|date=January 12, 2019|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=January 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153214/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/washington-dc/articles/2019-01-12/faa-bringing-back-safety-inspectors-sidelined-by-shutdown|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
As the airline and aircraft safety inspectors were furloughed, the certification process of the [[Airbus A220]] in the US was stalled. [[Delta Air Lines]] was forced to delay the launch of the new aircraft, and to use other models of aircraft to serve those routes that was supposed to be served with A220.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-delta-airbus-idUSKCN1PJ271|title=Delta postpones Airbus A220 launch due to U.S. government shutdown|date=2019-01-25|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-01-27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127232553/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-delta-airbus-idUSKCN1PJ271|archive-date=January 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many TSA employees also called out sick, most of them because they were trying to find other jobs that would provide immediate paychecks.<ref name="CNN TSA SICK">{{cite news |last1=Marsh |first1=Rene |title=First on CNN: Hundreds of TSA screeners, working without pay, calling out sick at major airports |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-tsa-screening/index.html |access-date=January 18, 2019 |agency=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=January 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117192646/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-tsa-screening/index.html |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The shutdown initially prevented the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] from assisting the Mexican government's investigation of the [[2018 Puebla helicopter crash]] that killed a state governor and senator; an exception allowed the NTSB to assist with the Mexican government in the investigation along with the [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/12/mexico-solicita-apoyo-internacional-desplome-martha-erika-alonso/|title=Ante negativa de EU, México busca a Canadá y Europa para investigar accidente de Martha Erika|date=December 25, 2018|work=Animal Político|access-date=December 26, 2018|trans-title=After being turned down by the US, Mexico looks to Canada and Europe to investigate Martha Erika accident|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104104512/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/12/mexico-solicita-apoyo-internacional-desplome-martha-erika-alonso/|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/12/canada-investiga-accidente-puebla-martha-erika-moreno-valle/|title=Peritos canadienses inician investigación de accidente en Puebla|date=December 28, 2018|website=Animal Político|language=es-ES|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229124007/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2018/12/canada-investiga-accidente-puebla-martha-erika-moreno-valle/|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The NTSB also had to delay several investigations until the government reopened and only continued investigations into accidents that were considered the most serious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/shutdown-impact-fbi-pay-ntsb-accident-investigations|title=Shutdown impact: FBI pay, NTSB accident investigations|date=January 10, 2019|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|language=en-us|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111042916/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/shutdown-impact-fbi-pay-ntsb-accident-investigations|archive-date=January 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Issues in receiving certification and oversight from the FAA led to a month-long delay in the commencement of passenger service at [[Paine Field]] in [[Everett, Washington]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mutzabaugh |first=Ben |date=January 22, 2019 |title=It's official: Debut of Paine Field passenger flights delayed by federal shutdown |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2019/01/22/paine-field-everett-flights-officially-delayed-government-shutdown/2647918002/ |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123213313/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2019/01/22/paine-field-everett-flights-officially-delayed-government-shutdown/2647918002/ |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
As the shutdown continued into its fourth week, the unions representing airline pilots, flight attendants and air traffic controllers issued a statement asserting, "we cannot even calculate the level of risk currently at play" because of the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-sparks-safety-concerns-among-aviation-workers.html|title=Government shutdown sparks safety concerns among aviation workers|first=Leslie|last=Josephs|date=January 24, 2019|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130923/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-sparks-safety-concerns-among-aviation-workers.html|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== On airports ====
Some airports such as the [[Philadelphia International Airport]], launched food and item donations for federal employees who were affected by the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://6abc.com/5100976/|title=Airport collecting donations for federal workers during shutdown|date=January 22, 2019|website=6abc Philadelphia|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223541/https://6abc.com/5100976/|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other airports such as the [[Miami International Airport]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article224260800.html|title=As shutdown keeps TSA screeners home, Miami's airport is closing off a terminal|last=Juste|first=Carl|date=January 10, 2019|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202233925/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article224260800.html|archive-date=February 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|George Bush International Airport]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/terminal-houston-airport-closed-amid-government-shutdown-n958246|title=Terminal at Houston airport closed amid government shutdown|last=Stelloh|first=Tim|date=January 14, 2019|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122131915/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/terminal-houston-airport-closed-amid-government-shutdown-n958246|archive-date=January 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> closed down [[Airport terminal|terminals]] in order to spread out the TSA workers that were available.
On January 25, flights destined for [[LaGuardia Airport]] in [[New York City|New York]] were halted to a groundstop by [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials due to staffing shortages directly as a result of the shutdown. As a result, several flights to and from neighboring airports in the Northeast, specifically [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]] and [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]], suffered significant delays of their own.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Andy |title=FAA Halts Some Flights to LaGuardia Airport, Citing Staffing Shortage |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/laguardia-flights-shutdown-faa-staffing_us_5c4b2462e4b0287e5b89f431 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |agency=[[HuffPost]]|date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126012114/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/laguardia-flights-shutdown-faa-staffing_us_5c4b2462e4b0287e5b89f431 |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Ray |title=Flights delayed at major Northeast US airports because of staffing, FAA says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/25/us/air-traffic-controller-shortage-faa/index.html |access-date=January 25, 2019 |agency=[[CNN]]|date=January 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125152459/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/25/us/air-traffic-controller-shortage-faa/index.html |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after that, appropriations passed and the government reopened.
The shutdown delayed software updates to the [[Boeing 737 MAX]] airplane which may have caused the crash of [[Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-to-make-key-change-in-max-cockpit-software-11552413489|title=Boeing to Make Key Change in 737 MAX Cockpit Software|last1=Tangel|first1=Andrew|date=2019-03-12|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-03-28|last2=Pasztor|first2=Andy|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316223424/https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-to-make-key-change-in-max-cockpit-software-11552413489|archive-date=March 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Judiciary and law enforcement ===
During the shutdown, court-appointed private lawyers who represent indigent defendants worked without pay.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/us/politics/courts-money-government-shutdown.html|title=Federal Courts, Running Out of Money, Brace for Shutdown's Pain|first=Thomas|last=Kaplan|date=January 18, 2019|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174913/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/us/politics/courts-money-government-shutdown.html|archive-date=January 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Federal Judiciary]] initially had a goal of sustaining paid operations through January 18, 2019.<ref name="judiciary">{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2019/01/07/judiciary-operating-limited-funds-during-shutdown|title=(January 7, 2019) Judiciary Operating on Limited Funds During Shutdown|website=Uscourts.gov|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116134331/https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2019/01/07/judiciary-operating-limited-funds-during-shutdown|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It said it would run out of money to sustain court operations no earlier than January 25, but perhaps as late as February 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.com/2019/01/18/shutdown-meltdown-what-it-means-for-law-firms-and-the-courts/|title=Shutdown Meltdown: What It Means for Law Firms and the Courts|first1=Vanessa|last1=Blum|first2=Leigh Jones|last2=January 18|first3=2019 at 01:38|last3=PM|website=Law.com|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174305/https://www.law.com/2019/01/18/shutdown-meltdown-what-it-means-for-law-firms-and-the-courts/|archive-date=January 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> Failing funding, the Judiciary would operate under the terms of the [[Antideficiency Act]].<ref name="judiciary" /> This Act does not allow federal agencies to expend federal funds before an appropriation, nor to accept any voluntary services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/legal/appropriations-law-decisions/resources|title=Antideficiency Act Resources|website=Gao.gov|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095025/https://www.gao.gov/legal/appropriations-law-decisions/resources|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The judiciary had 33,000 employees nationwide.<ref name="auto2"/> Under the Constitution, Supreme Court Justices, appeals court judges and district judges would continue to be paid.<ref name="auto2"/>
The shutdown caused many delays and disruptions in cases. Budgets were watched carefully to be able to pay [[Public defender (United States)|public defenders]], [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]], informants, and travel costs to interview victims and witnesses. Staffing issues also brought about concerns and constraints with prisons lacking the staff to safely hold attorney-client visits, and caused a delay in [[Bail|bail hearings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/23/687949428/justice-delayed-is-justice-denied-as-government-shutdown-affects-federal-courts|title='Justice Delayed Is Justice Denied' As Government Shutdown Affects Federal Courts|last=Considered|first=All Things|date=January 23, 2019|website=[[NPR]]|language=en|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124144419/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/23/687949428/justice-delayed-is-justice-denied-as-government-shutdown-affects-federal-courts|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Investigation and enforcement ====
[[File:FBI Director- I'm about as angry as I've been in a long, long time.webm|thumb|right|Video released by the FBI for FBI staff, released on January 25, 2019. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]
Agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) revealed in a report released on January 22, 2019, by the FBI Agents Association, that several different investigations were compromised by the shutdown.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/22/politics/fbi-operations-shutdown-report/index.html|title=FBI agents detail damage to counterterror, MS-13 probes, in anonymous report|last1=Shortell|first1=David|last2=Schneider|first2=Jessica|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123013014/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/22/politics/fbi-operations-shutdown-report/index.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/22/government-shutdown-puts-children-in-jeopardy-fbi-agents.html|title=Government shutdown puts children in jeopardy: FBI agents|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124032402/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/22/government-shutdown-puts-children-in-jeopardy-fbi-agents.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The report was called "Voices from the Field" and was 72 pages long.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/fbi-agents-say-shutdown-hampering-counterterrorism-sex-trafficking-probes-n961371|title=FBI agents say shutdown is hampering criminal investigations|last=Schapiro|first=Rich|date=January 22, 2019|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123013449/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/fbi-agents-say-shutdown-hampering-counterterrorism-sex-trafficking-probes-n961371|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> FBI agents were unable to pay [[Informant|Confidential Human Sources]] which risks losing that informant permanently.<ref name=":8" /> Some FBI divisions no longer have Spanish-speaking staff on hand and could not work with informants who only speak Spanish.<ref name=":8" /> Some agents reported that they did not have the funds to assist in joint operations with local law enforcement.<ref name=":9" />
Federal law enforcement agencies working on Native American land worked without pay through the shutdown.<ref name=":13" />
==== Homeland security ====
The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) was forced to cancel a trip to the United States/Mexico border in early January due to the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/dhs-cancels-border-facilities-visits-because-of-shutdown-over-border|title=DHS Cancels Border Facilities Visits Because of Shutdown|last=Banco|first=Erin|date=January 8, 2019|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111123049/https://www.thedailybeast.com/dhs-cancels-border-facilities-visits-because-of-shutdown-over-border|archive-date=January 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> DHS was also unable to inspect [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration Customs Enforcement]] (ICE) facilities during the shutdown to ensure that immigrants were being held in facilities appropriately.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/politics/homeland-security-dhs-shutdown/index.html|title=What isn't getting done at DHS during the partial government shutdown|last=Sands|first=Geneva|date=January 15, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102110/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/politics/homeland-security-dhs-shutdown/index.html|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During the shutdown, the federal government's [[e-Verify]] system—a system for employers to check the eligibility of their employees to work in the United States—was halted.<ref>Scott Wong, [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423613-shutdown-halts-e-verify-checks-on-capitol-hill Shutdown halts E-Verify checks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103131227/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423613-shutdown-halts-e-verify-checks-on-capitol-hill|date=January 3, 2019}}, ''The Hill'' (January 2, 2019).</ref><ref>Robert Y. Maples, [https://www.natlawreview.com/article/e-verify-and-government-shutdown E-Verify and the Government Shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103220523/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/e-verify-and-government-shutdown|date=January 3, 2019}}, ''National Law Review'' (January 3, 2019).</ref>
During the shutdown, a wave of [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) attacks on government sites was detected by Homeland Security. The attacks were serious because these Internet sites could be hijacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/01/multiple-us-gov-domains-hit-in-serious-dns-hijacking-wave-dhs-warns/|title=DHS: Multiple US gov domains hit in serious DNS hijacking wave|first=Dan|last=Goodin|date=January 25, 2019|website=Ars Technica|access-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126044603/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/01/multiple-us-gov-domains-hit-in-serious-dns-hijacking-wave-dhs-warns/|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Other agencies ===
[[File:NTSB shut down Screen Shot 2018-12-26 at 10.24.59 AM (45560010335).png|thumb|left|[[NTSB]] site shutdown message]][[File:PUBLIC NOTICE from FCC during 2019 shutdown DA-19-10A1.pdf|thumb|right|upright|Public notice from the FCC published on January 2, 2019, regarding effects of shutdown on FCC operations]]
Official websites for agencies were rendered insecure or inaccessible through the shutdown, as the expired [[digital certificates]] were not renewed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46836905|title=US shutdown leaves websites insecure|date=January 11, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=January 11, 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116112850/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46836905|archive-date=January 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 23, DHS asked all government agencies to secure their [[Domain Name System|DNS records]]; however, many agencies were not able to respond quickly to this request.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/23/18194281/government-shutdown-us-federal-websites-homeland-security-hackers|title=Amid shutdown, agencies scramble to secure federal websites|last=Brandom|first=Russell|date=January 23, 2019|website=The Verge|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102121/https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/23/18194281/government-shutdown-us-federal-websites-homeland-security-hackers|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Executive and legislative affairs of the [[Government of the District of Columbia|local government]] of the District of Columbia continued operating through the shutdown, due to a provision previously enacted as part of the [[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017]].<ref name="dc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/d-c-stays-open-time-around-even-federal-government-shuts|title=D.C. Stays Open This Time Around — Even If Federal Government Shuts Down|last=Connolly|first=Griffin|date=January 19, 2018|work=Roll Call|access-date=January 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119221754/https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/d-c-stays-open-time-around-even-federal-government-shuts|archive-date=January 19, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The District's local court system, including the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]] and the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]], are part of the federal judiciary. Thus, they were partially shut down, preventing District residents from accessing services such as marriage licensing.<ref name="dc2">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/marriage-license-dc-government-shutdown-weddings|title=This Couple Was Turned Away From Getting Their Marriage License In DC During The Government Shutdown|website=BuzzFeed News|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102234609/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/marriage-license-dc-government-shutdown-weddings|archive-date=January 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The District of Columbia government said it would take over trash collection and snow plowing operations for National Park Service facilities in Washington.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2018/12/dc-to-remain-open-during-government-shutdown/|title=DC to remain open during government shutdown|date=December 23, 2018|publisher=WTOP|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130025/https://wtop.com/dc/2018/12/dc-to-remain-open-during-government-shutdown/|archive-date=December 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
The shutdown also interfered with the response to the [[2018 Sunda Strait tsunami]], as the [[Embassy of the United States, Jakarta|U.S. Embassy in Jakarta]]'s Twitter account was unable to tweet updates, and the [[United States Geological Survey]] was unable to provide data on the tsunami.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/12/26/ways-us-government-shutdown-affects-rest-world/|title=3 ways a U.S. government shutdown affects the rest of the world|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=December 26, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-status=live|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226202522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/12/26/ways-us-government-shutdown-affects-rest-world/|archive-date=December 26, 2018}}</ref> The American weather model, the [[Global Forecast System|GFS]], suffered a significant drop in forecast quality when a data format change during the shutdown prevented certain weather data from being recognized by the GFS, and the shutdown prevented the bug from being corrected. <!-- https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/01/07/national-weather-service-is-open-your-forecast-is-worse-because-shutdown/ -->
By mid-day Thursday, January 3, 2019, the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] had suspended operations. FCC Chairman [[Ajit Pai]] canceled his trip to the [[Consumer Electronics Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.slashdot.org/story/18/12/31/2113223/fcc-to-suspend-most-operations-thursday-if-the-partial-government-shutdown-continues?sbsrc=md|title=FCC To Suspend Most Operations Thursday if the Partial Government Shutdown Continues - Slashdot|website=news.slashdot.org|date=December 31, 2018 |access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110311/https://news.slashdot.org/story/18/12/31/2113223/fcc-to-suspend-most-operations-thursday-if-the-partial-government-shutdown-continues?sbsrc=md|archive-date=January 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The FTC also suspended certain online operations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190102041616/https://www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov/ Federal Trade Commission Complaint Assistant] Archived version of page version retrieved as of January 1, 2018, 22:17 CST.</ref> The EPA and Department of Energy's [[Energy Star]] website was not available for the duration of the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energystar.gov/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101024254/https://www.energystar.gov/|title=ENERGY STAR {{!}} The simple choice for energy efficiency.|archive-date=January 1, 2019|publisher=Energy Star|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
Makers of alcoholic beverages were unable to receive approval from the [[Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau]] for new labels and recipes during the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/570231/craft-beer-latest-government-shutdown-casualty|title=Craft Beer is the Latest Casualty of the Government Shutdown|last=Rossen|first=Jake|date=January 9, 2019|website=Mental Floss|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102059/http://mentalfloss.com/article/570231/craft-beer-latest-government-shutdown-casualty|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Based on the recalculation of their operating reserves, the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) would have had to cease patent operations in the second week of February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uspto.gov/uspto-operating-status|title=USPTO operating status|first=Office of the Chief Communications|last=Officer|website=Uspto.gov|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000946/https://www.uspto.gov/uspto-operating-status|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A cadre of personnel was allocated to continue receiving patent applications, receive payments, and maintain the IT infrastructure.<ref name="pto">{{cite web|date=2019-01-24|title=U.S. Patent Operations May Shut Down in Second Week of February|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-24/u-s-patent-operations-may-shut-down-in-second-week-of-february|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920225506/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-24/u-s-patent-operations-may-shut-down-in-second-week-of-february|archive-date=September 20, 2019|access-date=January 22, 2020|website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> Even though the USPTO is self-funded, a Congressional appropriation is required to permit the USPTO to spend money. The pipeline of patent applications at the time took 15.8 months for a response from an examiner.<ref name=pto />
The Smithsonian Institution shortened to two days and downscaled its scheduled ten-day 2019 [[Smithsonian Folklife Festival|Folklife Festival]] on the National Mall because of the shutdown's effects. [[Sabrina Lynn Motley|Sabrina Motley]], the director of the festival, said that initially, crucial funding for the June—July event arrived later than expected, slowing preparations. Motley stated: "The government opened back up, but it took a while for systems to come back online. ... We looked at our production schedule, and it became clear we would need more time than we had."<ref>{{cite news|first=Peggy|last=McGlone|date=2019-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701152917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-cancels-this-summers-folklife-festival-will-replace-it-with-two-day-event/2019/03/14/a85725c6-4697-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html|archive-date=2019-07-01|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-cancels-this-summers-folklife-festival-will-replace-it-with-two-day-event/2019/03/14/a85725c6-4697-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html?utm_term=.678a8416b095|title=Smithsonian shrinks this summer's Folklife Festival from 10 days to two|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
===White House===
[[File:President_Trump_Welcomes_the_Clemson_Tigers_(46700883852).jpg|thumb|Clemson Tigers dinner spread]]
The White House residence staff who stage public receptions were among those furloughed, with a minimal staff continuing to work unpaid for the first family. In the midst of the shutdown Trump invited the [[Clemson Tigers football team]] to a White House dinner reception on January 14 in recognition of their [[2019 College Football Playoff National Championship|College Football Playoff National Championship]] win.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bromberg|first=Nick|title=President Trump says Clemson will visit White House Monday, likely during government shutdown|work=Yahoo! Sports|date=January 11, 2019|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/president-trump-says-clemson-will-visit-white-house-monday-likely-government-shutdown-233102090.html|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref> On the morning of the reception Trump announced that he intended to serve fast food hamburgers and pizza to the team, a remark that some commentators interpreted as a joke.<ref>{{cite news|last=McQade|first=Dan|title=President Trump: I'm Going To Serve Fast Food Burgers And Pizza To The Clemson Football Team|work=Deadspin|date=January 14, 2019|url=https://deadspin.com/president-trump-i-m-going-to-serve-fast-food-burgers-a-1831735037|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref> That evening Trump welcomed the team in the [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]] with a buffet of fast food and pizza from McDonald's, Wendy's and other restaurant chains, which he stated that he had paid for personally.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Kaitlan|last2=Stark|first2=Liz|title=Trump personally paying for Clemson's fast-food White House meals|date=January 15, 2019|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/14/politics/donald-trump-clemson-food/index.html|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref> Trump served fast food to other visiting athletes later that year, after the shutdown had ended.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schad|first=Tom|title=President Donald Trump serves fast food to another title team, North Dakota State, the FCS champions|work=USA Today|date=March 4, 2019|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2019/03/04/donald-trump-north-dakota-state-fast-food-white-house/3056111002/|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Sam|title=Baylor women's basketball team visits Donald Trump at White House, becomes latest NCAA champion served fast food|work=Yahoo! Sports|date=April 29, 2019|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/baylor-womens-basketball-becomes-latest-ncaa-champion-to-be-served-fast-food-at-white-house-210621409.html|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>
== Reactions ==
===Protests and lawsuits===
[[File:-StoptheShutdown Rally - Washington, DC (45969451204).jpg|thumb|upright|[[American Federation of Government Employees]] protest on January 10 in D.C.]]
[[File:Union Activists Rally in Dallas to End the Shutdown (39739874633).jpg|thumb|upright|Union members protest in Dallas on January 10]]
[[File:Union Activists Rally in McAllen, TX to End the Shutdown (45979464394).jpg|thumb|upright|Union members rally in McAllen, Texas, on January 11]]
On January 10, the [[American Federation of Government Employees]], along with several other unions, announced plans to protest the government shutdown at 1:00pm EST in Washington, DC. Leaders of the [[National Federation of Federal Employees]] stated they had hoped that bringing federal workers to the President's doorstep would show him that it was the individual workers that the shutdown was hurting the most. President Trump had left to visit the US–Mexican border in Texas earlier in the day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/federal-workers-to-demand-end-to-government-shutdown-at-white-house-protest/2019/01/10/330d1c4e-144c-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html|title='Pay the workers, furlough Trump': Federal workers rally at White House for end to shutdown|last=Lang|first=Marissa|date=January 10, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110191710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/federal-workers-to-demand-end-to-government-shutdown-at-white-house-protest/2019/01/10/330d1c4e-144c-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Similar protests took place in [[Philadelphia]] and [[St. Louis]], among other cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/how-to-protest-this-government-shutdown-thats-hurting-so-many-people-15730573|title=5 Concrete Things You Can Do To Protest This Ongoing Government Shutdown|last1=Kasana|first1=Mehreen|work=Bustle|access-date=January 10, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110093835/https://www.bustle.com/p/how-to-protest-this-government-shutdown-thats-hurting-so-many-people-15730573|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 15, representatives for [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]], [[Disabled American Veterans]], and [[Vietnam Veterans of America]] along with others called for an end to shutdown, but avoided placing any blame on political parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/veterans-groups-avoid-politics-call-shutdown-end/story?id=60391768|title=Veterans groups avoid politics and call for shutdown to end|date=January 15, 2019|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125065855/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/veterans-groups-avoid-politics-call-shutdown-end/story?id=60391768|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shortly after the protests, the American Federation of Government Employees sued the Trump administration to challenge the arrangements for work without pay during the shutdown. A similar suit was raised and won during the [[United States federal government shutdown of 2013|2013 Federal Government shutdown.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/charlestiefer/2019/01/13/the-lawsuit-challenging-trumps-shutdown-delayed-payment-arrangements-should-win/|title=The Lawsuit Challenging Trump's Shutdown Delayed Payment Arrangements Should Win|last=Tiefer|first=Charles|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113194748/https://www.forbes.com/sites/charlestiefer/2019/01/13/the-lawsuit-challenging-trumps-shutdown-delayed-payment-arrangements-should-win/|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Air Traffic Controllers Association]] also sued the Trump administration, as the shutdown allegedly violated the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|Fair Labor Standards Act]] by failing to pay the workers at least a [[minimum wage]] during the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/11/air-traffic-controllers-sue-trump-administration-over-government-shutdown/|title=Air traffic controllers sue Trump administration over government shutdown|last=Brown|first=Ruth|date=January 11, 2019|website=[[New York Post]]|language=en|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113160054/https://nypost.com/2019/01/11/air-traffic-controllers-sue-trump-administration-over-government-shutdown/|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2023}}
===Members of Congress donating or refusing salary===
As the salaries for members of Congress are written into permanent law and not funded through annual appropriations, the government shutdown did not affect their salaries. Senators and Representatives were still paid their biweekly salaries of $6,700 towards at least $174,000 a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al.com/news/2019/01/is-congress-paid-during-a-government-shutdown-what-about-the-president.html|title=Is Congress paid during a government shutdown? What about the president?|last=Gore|first=Leada|date=January 11, 2019|website=al.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112024736/https://www.al.com//news/2019/01/is-congress-paid-during-a-government-shutdown-what-about-the-president.html|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Senators and Representatives said they would donate or refuse their salary during the shutdown. Texas Congressman [[Dan Crenshaw]] stated that he would refuse his salary,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/424020-here-are-the-lawmakers-who-will-forfeit-their-salaries-during-the-shutdown|title=Here are the lawmakers who will forfeit their salaries during the shutdown|last=Alexrod|first=Tal|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=January 5, 2019 |access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075704/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/424020-here-are-the-lawmakers-who-will-forfeit-their-salaries-during-the-shutdown|url-status=live}}</ref> Senator [[Catherine Cortez Masto]] indicated she would donate hers to a Nevada charity,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/politics/dem-senator-vows-to-donate-salary-for-each-day-of-government-shutdown/ar-BBRilN5?li=BBnb7Kz|title=Dem senator vows to donate salary for each day of government shutdown|last=Gstalter|first=Morgan|date=December 22, 2018|publisher=MSN|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104123944/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/politics/dem-senator-vows-to-donate-salary-for-each-day-of-government-shutdown/ar-BBRilN5?li=BBnb7Kz|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Senator [[Mazie Hirono]] said she would donate her salary to Hawaii food banks,<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/senator-mazie-hirono-donates-salary-help-federal-employees-hawaii-amid-unfair-completely-unnecessary-government-shutdown-200847077.html|title=Sen. Mazie Hirono donates salary to help federal employees in Hawaii amid 'unfair, completely unnecessary' government shutdown|last=Cachero|first=Paulina|date=December 28, 2018|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229045940/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/senator-mazie-hirono-donates-salary-help-federal-employees-hawaii-amid-unfair-completely-unnecessary-government-shutdown-200847077.html|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> Massachusetts Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] said she would give hers to refugee non-profit [[HIAS]],<ref name="auto1" /> New York Congressman [[Max Rose (politician)|Max Rose]] stated that he would give his salary to charity<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/423352-incoming-dem-lawmaker-to-donate-pay-during-shutdown|title=Incoming Dem lawmaker to donate pay during shutdown|last=Jagoda|first=Naomi|date=December 31, 2018|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101001247/https://thehill.com/policy/finance/423352-incoming-dem-lawmaker-to-donate-pay-during-shutdown|archive-date=January 1, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> and outgoing Senator [[Heidi Heitkamp]] of North Dakota pledged hers to charity, along with her Republican colleague [[John Hoeven]].<ref name="donated">{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-salary-mazie-hirono-earns-during-the-government-shutdown-will-be-donated-to-a-good-cause-15574462|title=The Salary Mazie Hirono Earns During The Government Shutdown Will Be Donated To A Good Cause|last=Hunter-Hart|first=Monica|date=December 30, 2018|publisher=Bustle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229120157/https://www.bustle.com/p/the-salary-mazie-hirono-earns-during-the-government-shutdown-will-be-donated-to-a-good-cause-15574462|archive-date=December 29, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] senator [[Kevin Cramer]], who defeated Heidi Heitkamp in the [[2018 United States elections|2018 midterm elections]], refused to donate his salary, calling the move "gimmicky".<ref name="donated" /> Representative [[Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician)|Brian Fitzpatrick]] urged all members of Congress to decline their paychecks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/congress-members-no-pay-shutdown/index.html|title=More than 100 members of Congress reject pay during shutdown|last=Kelly|first=Caroline|website=[[CNN]]|date=January 9, 2019 |access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210552/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/congress-members-no-pay-shutdown/index.html|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He said, "If you're in Congress, don't just delay your pay -- forfeit it, write a check back to the US Treasury. Then you'll feel the pain of federal workers."<ref name=":5" />
By January 17, 2019, 102 members of Congress—20 Senators and 82 Representatives— chose to decline their paychecks or were donating their paychecks to charity.<ref name=":5" />
=== Aid for federal employees ===
During the shutdown, many federal workers used [[food bank]]s and [[Food bank|food pantries]] in order to feed themselves and their families.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-government-shutdown-food-pantries-20190122-story.html|title=Federal employees turn to food pantries during government shutdown: 'After a while you have to let that pride go'|last=Elejalde-Ruiz|first=Alexia|website=Chicago Tribune|date=January 22, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123053350/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-government-shutdown-food-pantries-20190122-story.html|archive-date=January 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Many food pantries waived certain restrictions in order to help government workers have access to food.<ref name=":16" /> During the shutdown, the Salvation Army Emergency Disasters Services program provided meals for federal workers.<ref name=":16" /> Chef [[José Andrés|Jose Andres]] created the #ChefsForFeds program to feed federal workers in Washington, D.C. and by January 21, made announcements to expand the program nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delish.com/food-news/a25982000/chef-jose-andres-chefsforfeds-expands-nationwide/|title=Chef Jose Andres Is Expanding His Program To Feed Workers Impacted By The Shutdown|last=Ramsey|first=Lindsey|date=January 21, 2019|website=Delish|language=en-US|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041726/https://www.delish.com/food-news/a25982000/chef-jose-andres-chefsforfeds-expands-nationwide/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some states such as [[California]], offered furloughed employees [[unemployment benefits]], although the Trump administration allegedly told states that they could not do so with federal funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/18/686468742/defying-trump-administration-calif-offers-federal-workers-unemployment-benefits|title=Defying Trump Administration, Calif. Offers Federal Workers Unemployment Benefits|last=Adler|first=Ben|date=January 18, 2019|website=[[NPR]]|language=en|access-date=January 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120105926/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/18/686468742/defying-trump-administration-calif-offers-federal-workers-unemployment-benefits|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Organizations such as [[State attorney general|state Attorney Generals offices]], and credit card companies posted statements to their websites to offer a means to help to consolidate debt, meet mortgages or other payments such as [[Child support in the United States|child support]] or tuition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbsaustin.com/news/local/federal-workers-still-required-to-make-child-support-payments-despite-government-shutdown|title=Federal workers still required to make child support payments despite government shutdown|last=Benitez|first=Clara|date=January 18, 2019|website=KEYE|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203315/https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/federal-workers-still-required-to-make-child-support-payments-despite-government-shutdown|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An employment law firm offered ''pro bono'' legal advice to furloughed federal employees.<ref name="Raasch">{{cite web | last=Raasch | first=Chuck | title=Raasch: At least the government shutdown is proving Tocqueville right | website=stltoday.com | date=January 22, 2019 | url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/gateway-to-dc/raasch-at-least-the-government-shutdown-is-proving-tocqueville-right/article_af6276dd-1d16-587a-bab4-c80db7d12a36.html | access-date=15 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219205158/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/gateway-to-dc/raasch-at-least-the-government-shutdown-is-proving-tocqueville-right/article_af6276dd-1d16-587a-bab4-c80db7d12a36.html | archive-date=February 19, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> School districts opened up free or reduced lunch options for children of federal employees, and looked into other options to aid parents amid concerns that financial stress at home would adversely affect families and children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.local10.com/news/florida/miami-dade/miami-dade-public-schools-pledge-to-help-federal-workers-amid-shutdown|title=Miami-Dade, Broward schools pledge to help federal workers amid shutdown|last=Swift|first=Tim|date=January 23, 2019|website=WPLG|language=en-US|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152222/https://www.local10.com/news/florida/miami-dade/miami-dade-public-schools-pledge-to-help-federal-workers-amid-shutdown|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Every mainline denomination in America has contributed to efforts to provide relief. One Baptist church emptied its entire disaster fund to aid federal employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/religion-notes-baptist-church-empties-disaster-fund-to-help-furloughed-workers/|title=Religion Notes: Baptist church empties disaster fund to help furloughed workers|date=January 22, 2019|website=Baptist News Global|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152226/https://baptistnews.com/article/religion-notes-baptist-church-empties-disaster-fund-to-help-furloughed-workers/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Statements by Trump administration officials and family members===
On January 24, [[Secretary of Commerce]] [[Wilbur Ross]] downplayed the financial difficulties faced by the 800,000 federal workers affected by the shutdown, stating that they should borrow money to "tide them over" until the shutdown ends. Critics and Democrats criticized the statement as inappropriate, noting that Ross' own [[net worth]] is estimated at almost $700 million, accusing him of being out of touch with the workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/24/688189978/commerce-secretary-wilbur-ross-downplayed-shutdown-hardships-dems-raged|title=Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross Downplayed Shutdown Hardships. Dems Raged|website=[[NPR]]|date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124205317/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/24/688189978/commerce-secretary-wilbur-ross-downplayed-shutdown-hardships-dems-raged|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live|last1=Horsley |first1=Scott }}</ref> Ross also said that he "did not understand" why people who were not getting paid due to the shutdown were visiting [[food bank]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/us/politics/democrats-shutdown.html|title=A 'Let Them Eat Cake' Shutdown? Democrats Make the Most of an Administration's Missteps|first=Katie|last=Rogers|date=January 24, 2019|access-date=January 25, 2019|website=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125103421/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/us/politics/democrats-shutdown.html|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> When asked about Ross' statement, Trump suggested that grocery stores will "work along" with the government by voluntarily extending credit to those who are out of funds to buy food.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/trump-shutdown-federal-government-store-credit-13559731.php|title=President Donald Trump does not appear to understand how grocery stores work|first=Chris|last=Preovolos|date=January 24, 2019|website=SFGate|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125033634/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/trump-shutdown-federal-government-store-credit-13559731.php|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-2019-trump-says-grocery-stores-help-federal-employees/2672936002/|title=Trump: Local businesses such as grocery stores will 'work along' with feds during shutdown|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125115521/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-2019-trump-says-grocery-stores-help-federal-employees/2672936002/|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] director [[Larry Kudlow]] characterized the shutdown as a "glitch" and suggested that federal workers who were required to work without pay were "volunteering" to work for their love of the country and "presumably their allegiance to President Trump".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://politi.co/2FVYyeB|title=Trump aides set off furor with out-of-touch shutdown remarks|first=Matthew|last=Choi|website=[[Politico]]|date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215210324/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/24/ross-government-shutdown-food-banks-1122842|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/kudlow-fed-workers-are-volunteering-some-feel-allegiance-trump|title=Kudlow: Fed workers are 'volunteering,' some feel 'allegiance' to Trump|date=January 24, 2019|website=[[MSNBC]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125131050/http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/kudlow-fed-workers-are-volunteering-some-feel-allegiance-trump|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In a video message to staff, FBI director [[Christopher A. Wray|Christopher Wray]] stated, "Making some people stay home when they don’t want to, and making others show up without pay, it’s mind-boggling, it’s shortsighted and it’s unfair. It takes a lot to get me angry, but I’m about as angry as I’ve been in a long, long time."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-director-blasts-mind-boggling-shutdown-impact-in-message-to-unpaid-employees/2019/01/25/5e032b10-20cb-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html|title=FBI director blasts 'mind-boggling' shutdown impact in message to unpaid employees|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126012715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-director-blasts-mind-boggling-shutdown-impact-in-message-to-unpaid-employees/2019/01/25/5e032b10-20cb-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Lara Trump]], a daughter-in-law of the President, drew outrage after an interview in which she stated that while "It's not fair to you..." the shutdown was "...a little bit of pain, but it's going to be for the future of our country, and their children and their grandchildren and generations after them will thank them for their sacrifice right now."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/lara-trump-blames-media-after-criticism-over-little-bit-of-pain-comments-about-unpaid-federal-workers/|title=Lara Trump blames media after criticism over 'little bit of pain' comments about unpaid federal workers|last=Bever|first=Lindsey|date=January 24, 2019|website=[[The Seattle Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126001206/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/lara-trump-blames-media-after-criticism-over-little-bit-of-pain-comments-about-unpaid-federal-workers/|archive-date=January 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her comments drew criticism by politicians, celebrities, and the general public who felt the advisor and spokeswoman for the [[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|Trump 2020 campaign]] was out of touch, however Lara Trump later claimed the comments were taken out of context.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/lara-trump-sparks-fury-by-talking-federal-workers-need-to-sacrifice-during-shutdown|title=Lara Trump sparks fury, 'Marie Antoinette' comparisons for saying federal workers need to 'sacrifice' during shutdown|last=Ross {{!}}|first=Martha|date=January 23, 2019|website=Marin Independent Journal|language=en-US|access-date=January 25, 2019|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215210324/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/01/23/lara-trump-sparks-fury-by-talking-federal-workers-need-to-sacrifice-during-shutdown/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Public opinion ===
{{Main|Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration}}
In January 2019, a [[CNN]] poll conducted by SSRS found that 56% of the responding public opposed a wall while 39% favored it, and 45% viewed the situation at the border as a crisis. The numbers were similar to the poll in December 2018 yet a later poll by ABC News showed that as the partial shutdown entered its fourth week support for building a wall was increasing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/13/politics/cnn-poll-shutdown-trump/index.html|title=CNN Poll: Trump bears most blame for shutdown|last=Agiesta|first=Jennifer|date=January 13, 2019|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114013650/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/13/politics/cnn-poll-shutdown-trump/index.html|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/beta-story-container/Politics/trump-gop-blamed-shutdown-crisis-fewer-oppose-wall/story?id=60337670|title=Trump, GOP blamed for shutdown; no crisis seen but fewer oppose wall (POLL)|last=Sinozich|first=Sofi|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=January 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424163316/https://abcnews.go.com/beta-story-container/Politics/trump-gop-blamed-shutdown-crisis-fewer-oppose-wall/story?id=60337670|archive-date=April 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A poll done through [[YouGov]] between December 23–25, 2018, reported that 51% of respondents thought Trump deserved "a lot" of the blame, 44% thought congressional Democrats and 39% thought congressional Republicans.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-public-blamed-trump-for-the-shutdown-but-that-may-be-changing/|title=The Public Blamed Trump For The Shutdown — But That May Be Changing|last=Rakich|first=Nathaniel|date=January 4, 2019|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|language=en-US|access-date=January 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113021013/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-public-blamed-trump-for-the-shutdown-but-that-may-be-changing/|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar results were reported by a December 21–25 survey done by [[Reuters]] and [[Ipsos]] in which 47% of respondents said that the shutdown was the President's fault and 33% blamed Congressional Democrats.<ref name=":1"/>
Over the course of the shutdown, Trump's approval rating marginally declined while his disapproval rating marginally increased.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-shutdown-is-hurting-trumps-approval-rating-but-will-it-hurt-him-in-2020/|title=The Shutdown Is Hurting Trump's Approval Rating. But Will It Hurt Him in 2020?|last=Silver|first=Nate|date=January 17, 2019|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|language=en-US|access-date=January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117025813/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-shutdown-is-hurting-trumps-approval-rating-but-will-it-hurt-him-in-2020/|archive-date=January 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> His net approval rating was by the middle of January 2019 at its lowest point since February 2018.<ref name=":4" /> On December 27, 2018, it was reported that Trump's approval rating of registered voters was at 39%, with 56% disapproval. Broken down the rating was split across party lines, with Republicans reporting an 80% approval rate while Democrats and independents reported a 90% and 57% disapproval rating, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/12/27/18157448/government-shutdown-trump-poll-approval|title=Trump's approval rating drops to Charlottesville levels during shutdown|last=Golshan|first=Tara|date=December 27, 2018|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153201/https://www.vox.com/2018/12/27/18157448/government-shutdown-trump-poll-approval|archive-date=January 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The poll was conducted through [[Morning Consult]] between December 21–23. The poll also reported that 43% of respondents blamed Trump for the shutdown, with 31% blaming congressional Democrats and 7% congressional Republicans.<ref name=":1"/> Another poll through ''[[The New York Times]]'' Upshot/[[Siena College]] reported that 89% of voters' views on Trump and the wall were aligned, suggesting that support for the wall was a function of support for Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/12/upshot/trump-border-wall-polls.html|title=As Trump Sticks With His Wall, His Ratings Stay Stuck in Place|last=Cohn|first=Nate|date=January 12, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 13, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112233057/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/12/upshot/trump-border-wall-polls.html|archive-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
''[[The Washington Post]]''–[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] poll published on January 13, 2019, found that a larger number of Americans blamed Trump and congressional Republicans than congressional Democrats for the shutdown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/americans-blame-trump-and-gop-much-more-than-democrats-for-shutdown-post-abc-poll-finds/2019/01/12/9c89aff2-16a9-11e9-90a8-136fa44b80ba_story.html|title=Americans blame Trump and GOP much more than Democrats for shutdown, Post-ABC poll finds|date=January 13, 2019|last1=Clement|first1=Scott|last2=Balz|first2=Dan|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023355/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/americans-blame-trump-and-gop-much-more-than-democrats-for-shutdown-post-abc-poll-finds/2019/01/12/9c89aff2-16a9-11e9-90a8-136fa44b80ba_story.html|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[PBS NewsHour]]''–[[Marist Poll|Marist]] poll found that on January 15, 2019, a majority of Americans thought that President Trump was to blame for the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/majority-of-americans-blame-trump-for-the-shutdown|title=Majority of Americans blame Trump for the shutdown|date=January 15, 2019|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115215915/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/majority-of-americans-blame-trump-for-the-shutdown|archive-date=January 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A January 2019 poll conducted by telephone for [[CBS News]] found that 70% of Americans polled did not want a government shutdown over the issue of building a border wall;<ref name="Pelosi has edge over Trump on budget"/> 66% believed that Trump should agree to a budget without wall funding.<ref name="Pelosi has edge over Trump on budget" />
==See also==
{{commons category|United States federal government shutdown of 2018–2019}}
*[[First presidency of Donald Trump]]
*[[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{U.S. government shutdowns}}
{{Donald Trump}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:United States federal government shutdown of 2018-2019}}
[[Category:115th United States Congress]]
[[Category:116th United States Congress]]
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]
[[Category:2019 in American politics]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:December 2018 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Government finances in the United States]]
[[Category:Government shutdowns in the United States]]
[[Category:January 2019 events in the United States]]
[[Category:2018 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:2019 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:First presidency of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Trump administration controversies]]
[[Category:Nancy Pelosi]]
[[Category:Kevin McCarthy]]
[[Category:Paul Ryan]]
[[Category:Mitch McConnell]]
[[Category:Chuck Schumer]]