View source for 2023 United Kingdom reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete crisis

{{Short description|Building material}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
The '''2023 United Kingdom reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete crisis''' relates to increased safety concerns over [[reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete]], commonly used historically in roofing and wall construction within the public sector, having gained popularity in the mid-1950s as a cheaper and more lightweight alternative to conventional reinforced concrete.
Structural issues involving RAAC began surfacing publicly in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. Concerns were amplified in 2023 following reports of an earlier roofing collapse at a British primary school, which fell without warning in 2018. The material is still present in the UK in public buildings such as schools and hospitals. The material's nature makes it difficult to identify these issues before collapse, leading to the [[Department for Education]] issuing emergency closures to a number of schools due to the risk to pupils.
[[File:Aerated autoclaved concrete - detail.jpg|thumb|Detail of air bubbles in aerated autoclaved concrete component of RAAC, which reduce the material's density. Note, no reinforcing steel is shown.]]
== Background ==
RAAC has been shown to have limited structural [[reinforcement bar]] (rebar) integrity in 40 to 50 year-old RAAC roof panels, which began to be observed in the 1990s.<ref name="LU1">{{Cite news |last=Goodier |first=Chris |date=17 March 2023 |title=Expert explainer: What is Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) and why are people concerned about it? |page= |publisher=Loughborough University |location=Loughborough |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/news-events/news/2023/march/reinforced-autoclaved-aerated--concrete-raac/ |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Children At Risk In Schools Where Concrete Could Collapse. |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-03-16/children-at-risk-in-schools-where-concrete-could-collapse-with-no-warning |date=16 March 2023 |website=Itv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete: estates guidance |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reinforced-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-estates-guidance |date=2023-08-31 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the problem with Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)?|url=https://www.s2e.org.uk/news/what-is-the-problem-with-reinforced-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-raac |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Surveyors to Education |date=8 April 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="lga">{{cite web |title=Information on Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) |url=https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/housing-and-planning/information-reinforced-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-raac |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Local Government Association (UK) |quote=The LGA is advising its members to check as a matter of urgency whether any buildings in their estates have roofs, floors, cladding or walls made of Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC)}}</ref> The material is liable to fail without visible deterioration or warning.<ref name="LU1" /><ref name="lga" /> The material is not the root cause, rather inadequate roof maintenance, which permits water infiltration, and decisions by building owners as to repair or the replacement of existing roofs, which is a part of cost-benefit analysis.<ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |last1=Tagg |first1=Adrian |last2=Purnell |first2=Phil |title=Expert reaction to situation with RAAC in school buildings |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-situation-with-raac-in-school-buildings/ |website=SMC |publisher=The Science Media Centre |access-date=3 September 2023 |location=London |language=English |date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
Professional engineering concern was publicly raised in 1995 about the structural performance of RAAC following inspections of cracked units in British school roofs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Verulam column: Relying on British Standards|author=Victor Whitworth|journal=The Structural Engineer |date=21 February 1995 |volume=73 |issue=4|page=68|url=https://www.istructe.org/journal/volumes/volume-73-(published-in-1995)/issue-4/verulam/}}</ref> Structural deficiencies and signs of corrosion were observed in 1996.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Currie |first1=R. J. |last2=Matthews |first2=S. L. |title=Information Paper 10/96, Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete planks designed before 1980 |date=1996 |publisher=Building Research Establishment |location=Garston, England |isbn=1860811183 |page=8}}</ref> It was then recommended that owners of buildings, including schools, arrange for RAAC roofs to be inspected.<ref name="SCOSS"/> Concern regarding the material was subsequently raised in July 2018, following a roof collapse at Singlewell primary school in [[Gravesend]], Kent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banfield-Nwachi |first=Mabel |date=31 August 2023 |title=What is RAAC and why is it forcing schools to shut buildings? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/aug/31/what-is-raac-reinforced-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-schools-buildings-england-close |access-date=1 September 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RAAC crisis escalates as more than 100 schools told to get out now |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/raac-crisis-escalates-as-more-than-100-schools-told-to-get-out-now |date=1 September 2023 |website=www.theconstructionindex.co.uk }}</ref> In August 2022, the UK [[Government Property Agency (United Kingdom)|Government Property Agency]] stated that "RAAC is now life-expired and liable to collapse".<ref name="LU1"/><ref name=walker>{{cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |last3=Adams |first3=Richard |title=Thousands of pupils may have to start term online as over 100 schools affected by crumble-risk concrete |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/aug/31/thousands-of-pupils-may-have-to-start-term-online-as-over-100-schools-affected-by-crumble-risk-concrete |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=31 August 2023 |date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
In 2023, the UK government raised concerns about the structural integrity of buildings containing RAAC, and ordered remedial action to be taken.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Syal |first1=Rajeev |last2=Hill |first2=Jessica |date=14 June 2023 |title=UK public buildings feared to be at risk of collapse as concrete crumbles |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jun/14/uk-public-buildings-feared-to-be-at-risk-of-collapse-as-concrete-crumbles |access-date=1 September 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
In May 2023, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, [[Steve Barclay]], confirmed seven hospitals in England, which were constructed largely with RAAC, were not safe to operate beyond 2030.<ref name="Hansard1">{{cite journal |last1=Barclay |first1=Steve |title=New Hospitals |journal=Hansard |date=25 May 2023 |volume=733 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-05-25/debates/e18083c6-d9ba-40ef-ad5f-77a913352782/CommonsChamber#contribution-F1AEB76E-F691-4102-8214-6551529C6D29 |access-date=3 September 2023 |publisher=UK Parliament |location=London |language=English}}</ref> The hospitals were surveyed in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-62040808 |title=Review completed into hospitals at risk of collapse |date=5 July 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> His list included [[Airedale General Hospital]] in West Yorkshire, for which a rebuild was approved that month,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Page |first=Fiona |date=25 May 2023 |title=Green light given for new state-of-the-art Airedale General Hospital |url=https://www.airedale-trust.nhs.uk/green-light-given-for-new-state-of-the-art-airedale-general-hospital/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Airedale NHS Foundation Trust}}</ref> as 83 per cent of the hospital was constructed of RAAC, with the ceiling held up by [[Jack post|props]](Jack Posts) .<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Billington |first=Michael |date=2 June 2023 |title=How 'crumbling' Airedale General Hospital wards are held up by hundreds of props |url=https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2023-06-02/hundreds-of-props-holding-up-wards-at-crumbling-nhs-hospital |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=ITV News}}</ref>
== School closures and spread of concerns ==
In August 2023, more than 100 school buildings in England were ordered to be closed while safety measures were installed,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2023 |title=School buildings in England to shut over concrete safety fears |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66673971 |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete: guidance for responsible bodies and education settings with confirmed RAAC |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reinforced-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-guidance-for-responsible-bodies-and-education-settings-with-confirmed-raac |access-date=1 Sep 2023 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref><ref name="walker" /> after a beam collapsed at a school.<ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Holly |date=1 September 2023 |title=The one beam that has forced over 100 schools to close |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/school-closures-raac-concrete-closed-b2403208.html |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> The figure was later revised to 174.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nathan |last=Standley |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66853196 |title=Raac: Number of English schools with unsafe concrete rises to 174 |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The [[Health and Safety Executive]] warned that RAAC could "collapse with little or no notice".<ref name="wotsit">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-31 |title=What is RAAC concrete and how many schools are affected? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66669239 |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref> Other public buildings such as [[Harrow Crown Court]] (which opened in 1991) and [[Royal & Derngate]] theatre in [[Northampton]] were also closed indefinitely.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Liz |date=25 August 2023 |title=Harrow Crown court closed after dangerous concrete found |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-66613718 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-04 |title=Northampton's Royal and Derngate theatre closed after RAAC found |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-66713205 |access-date=2023-09-05}}</ref> A number of other theatres have subsequently been found to have RAAC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-07 |title=Several theatres shut doors over fears about RAAC concrete |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66738806 |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref> The [[Scottish Government]] subsequently confirmed that RAAC had been found in 35 of Scotland's council-run schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66682341 |title=Concrete-risk wall secured from collapse at Scottish school |work=BBC News |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> This figure was later revised to 40 following continued inspection, with the First Minister, [[Humza Yousaf]], confirming that fire stations and NHS buildings were also affected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66758195 |title=Raac found in schools in 16 Scottish local council areas |date=8 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In Wales, RAAC had been found at four schools by 14 September – two in Anglesey, one in Denbighshire and one in Conwy. One of the Anglesey schools had reopened following inspection, while the other three were closed while they  underwent inspection.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Antonia |last=Matthews |first2=Dafydd |last2=Evans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-66806116|title=Raac: Kinmel Bay and Denbigh schools close over concrete |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
On 3 September, Chancellor [[Jeremy Hunt]] said the UK government would "spend what it takes" to put right defective concrete in schools,<ref>{{cite web|first=Graeme |last=Baker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-66700026 |title=Jeremy Hunt says government will 'spend what it takes' to make schools safe |work=BBC News |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> but conceded that structural problems could be identified in more schools and other public buildings.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alexandra |last=Rogers |url=https://news.sky.com/story/more-schools-and-other-public-buildings-with-structural-problems-could-come-to-light-jeremy-hunt-says-12952714 |title=More schools and other public buildings with structural problems could come to light, Jeremy Hunt says |work=Sky News |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> On the same day, [[Neil Gray]], Scotland's Wellbeing Economy Secretary, said there was no immediate risk to schools in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66700088 |title=No immediate concrete risk to pupils in Scottish schools, says minister |work=BBC News |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>  On 4 September, and after confirming that more schools could be affected, Education Secretary [[Gillian Keegan]] was recorded on camera by [[ITV News]] criticising "others" for being "sat on their arses" while suggesting the UK government should be thanked for their response. She later apologised for her use of language and said her comments were "off the cuff" and "unnecessary".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-09-04/keegan-recorded-saying-others-have-been-sat-on-their-as-on-raac-crisis |title=Gillian Keegan recorded saying others 'have been sat on their a***s' on school Raac crisis |work=ITV News |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kate |last=Whammel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-66709282 |title=Gillian Keegan apologises for swearing over school concrete crisis |work=BBC News |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> On the same day, the UK government ordered an urgent investigation into court buildings built in the 1990s to determine whether they contained defective concrete.<ref>{{cite web |first=Henry |last=Zeffman |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-66708226 |title=Concrete tests ordered on 1990s court buildings |work=BBC News |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> On 6 September, a team of experts from [[Loughborough University]] recommended safety checks should be carried out on tens of thousands of publicly and privately owned buildings for RAAC.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Pallab |last=Ghosh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66733888 |title=Experts warn RAAC concrete affects thousands of UK buildings |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 7 September, it was reported that a number of theatres had closed temporarily as a precautionary measure after crumbling concrete was found at venues in Dartford, Cardiff, Northampton and Carlisle, and while structural tests were carried out.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ian |last=Youngs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66738806 |title=Several theatres shut doors over fears about Raac concrete |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Buildings at 13 UK universities told the BBC some buildings had been closed as a result of RAAC being discovered on campus,<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aisha |last=Doherty |first2=Vanessa |last2=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66742626 |title=Student unions and lecture halls shut at Raac unis |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> with nine reported to be in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66732152 |title=Nine Scottish universities close buildings over Raac concrete |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 8 September, both [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] and [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] Airports said they were monitoring porous concrete after discovering RAAC in buildings on site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66754328 |title=Heathrow and Gatwick airports have Raac on sites |date=8 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 11 September, it emerged that the reopening of [[Preston Guild Hall]], closed for renovation since 2019, would be delayed while inspections were carried out to see it RAAC was present in its roof panels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-66773315 |title=Preston Guild Hall: Crumbling Raac concrete fears at venue |date=11 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 20 September, Bridgend Indoor Market in the town's Rhiw Shopping Centre was closed with immediate effect after RAAC was discovered in the roof.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Eben |last=Leonard |first2=Jack |last2=Grey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-66870008 |title=Bridgend Indoor Market shuts immediately over concrete concern |date=20 September 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
[[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|In September 2023, RAAC was discovered at the [[Houses of parliament|Houses of Parliament]]]]
On 4 September, [[Jonathan Slater]], a former civil servant, claimed that British Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] reduced the funds available for school repairs during [[Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak|his tenure]] as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Doug |last=Faulkner |first2=Henry |last2=Zeffman |first3=Branwen |last3=Jeffreys |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66705175 |title=School repair budgets cut despite risk warning over concrete - ex-civil servant |work=BBC News |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> On 5 September, a BBC News investigation found that at least 13 schools affected by defective concrete had funding for rebuilding withdrawn in [[United Kingdom government austerity programme#First austerity period (2010–2019)|2010]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Daniel |last=Wainwright |first2=Lucy |last2=Gilder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66723054 |title=13 schools with RAAC had building work scrapped |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> That number was later revised to 17.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Daniel |last=Wainwright |first2=Lucy |last2=Gilder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66723054 |title=Building work was scrapped at 17 schools with RAAC |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 6 September, the [[His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition|Opposition]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] unsuccessfully attempted to force a parliamentary vote that would force the government to publish documents relating to school funding while Sunak was Chancellor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-66669998 |title=Labour move to force school funding documents fails |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
On 12 September 2023, it was reported that RAAC had been discovered in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=Raac discovered in Houses of Parliament but poses 'no immediate risk' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-66780518 |access-date=2023-09-12}}</ref> A parliamentary spokesperson claimed there was no ‘immediate risk’ to life.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Media |first=P. A. |date=2023-09-11 |title=Collapse-risk concrete found in Houses of Parliament |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/sep/11/collapse-risk-concrete-found-in-houses-of-parliament |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 3 October, [[Aberdeen City Council]] said that RAAC was likely to have been used in hundreds of properties in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-66995642 |title=Council suspects RAAC was used in hundreds of Aberdeen homes |date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[Sheffield City Council]] announced that 40,000 properties would be examined for possible RAAC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=Sheffield Raac review to examine 40,000 properties over concrete fears |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-67158260 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref> On 19 October, the UK government published an updated list of 214 schools and colleges in England affected by reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Louise |last=Parry |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-67158499 |title=More schools in the East of England added to government Raac list |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> This included a number in the [[East of England]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=More schools in the East of England added to government Raac list |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-67158499 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref> Three more schools in [[Surrey]] were added to the list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=Crumbling concrete: Raac found in three more Surrey schools |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-surrey-67181154 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref> RAAC was discovered in a further 18 hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Crumbling concrete: Raac found in 18 more hospitals in England |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-67168228 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref>
On 29 November, the first case of RAAC to be discovered in Northern Ireland was found at a South Belfast primary school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67567330 |title=Crumbling concrete: First case of Raac found in Northern Ireland |date=29 November 2023 |accessdate=29 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 29 February 2024, it was reported that [[Aberdeen City Council]] were in the process of rehoming tenants in around 500 properties following the discovery of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete in some of the buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-68435223 |title=Hundreds to be rehomed in Aberdeen over RAAC fears |date=29 February 2024 |accessdate=29 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 11 March, the occupants of around forty houses in [[Hirwaun]], South Wales, managed by Trivallis Housing Association, were advised to evacuate the properties following the discovery of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Iolo |last=Cheung |first2=Oliver |last2=Slow |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-68538721 |title=Hirwaun: People urged to evacuate 44 homes after Raac found |date=11 March 2024 |accessdate=11 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
==Repairs==
On 8 February 2024, the UK government confirmed that more than 100 school buildings containing reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete would be rebuilt or refurbished.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vanessa |last=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-68244022 |title=Raac: More than 100 school buildings will be rebuilt or refurbished |date=8 February 2024 |accessdate=8 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 21 August, [[Aberdeen City Council]] announced that several hundred properties in Aberdeen affected by Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete would be demolished and rebuilt at a cost of £150m.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ken |last=Banks |first2=Phil |last2=McDonald |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgm7wmvky4ro |title=Hundreds of Aberdeen RAAC homes to be demolished and rebuilt |date=21 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=21 August 2024}}</ref>
==Legacy==
On 3 January 2024, a [[BBC News]] article reported that students at schools affected by reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete had been forced to change the subjects they were studying at [[GCSE]] because they did not have access to facilities such as laboratories or design and technology rooms. The article said that some students were concerned about poor exam results as they had been required to change subjects at the eleventh hour.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Hazel |last=Shearing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-67781489 |title=Students at Raac schools fear they are 'kissing top grades goodbye' |date=3 January 2024 |accessdate=3 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
On 11 January 2024 [[York Museums Trust]] supplied a report to [[York City Council]] on the discovery of RAAC in the [[York Castle Museum]]. It is one of three museums in the UK with RAAC and the only [[listed building]]. YMT reported that the closure to the Castle Museum because of RAAC during 2023 resulted in a loss of earnings of over £400,000 and forced the Trust to use £80,000 from their financial reserves to cover the cost of repairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/24245313.york-castle-museum-asks-help-raac-discovery/ |title=York Castle Museum asks for more help after RAAC discovery |work=York Press |date=11 April 2024 |accessdate=12 April 2024}}</ref>
On 2 May 2024, BBC News reported that RAAC built [[Council house|council homes]] had been sold by the government under the [[Right to Buy|Right To Buy]] scheme, after the 1995 industry assessment of its hazards, with no warning to the buyers. Some even as recently as 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=My house is worthless because of RAAC concrete |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ej0017ez5o |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Alkali–silica reaction|Concrete cancer]]
* [[Reinforced concrete structures durability]]
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<!--
<ref name="vanBoggelen">{{cite web |last1=van Boggelen |first1=Willem |title=History of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete The short story of a long lasting building material |url=https://www.arataumodular.com/app/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/History-Of-Autoclaved-Aerated-Concrete-The-Short-Story-Of-a-Long-Lasting-Building-Material.pdf |publisher=ARATAU |access-date=1 September 2023 |page=8 |date=April 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="aircrete">{{cite web|title=History of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete|url=https://www.aircrete.com/aircrete-news/history-of-autoclaved-aerated-concrete-2/|first=|last=|publisher=AIRCRETE EUROPE|location=Oldenzaal|date=2018-09-26|access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref>
-->
<ref name="SCOSS">{{cite book |last1=SCOSS |title=Twelfth Report of The Standing Committee on Structural Safety, Structural Safety 1997–99 |date=1999 |publisher=SETO |location=London |pages=32–33 |url=https://www.cross-safety.org/sites/default/files/1999-01/scoss-review-1997-99.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
}}
==External links==
* {{cite AV media| title=School closures: BBC correspondent explains why this concrete is dangerous|type=Video, 50 seconds| website=BBC News | date=1 September 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-66689463}} A short video explaining and demonstrating how RAAC degrades.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cdn42nmd5yvt BBC News topic: RAAC concrete in schools]
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