View source for 2024 BX1

{{short description|2024 meteoroid}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2024 BX|1}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Coord|52|37|15|N|12|45|40|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = {{mp|2024 BX|1}}
| background = #FFC2E0
| image = Ribbeck Meteorit.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = A fragment of 2024 BX1
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object"/><ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/>
| discoverer = [[Krisztián Sárneczky]]
| discovery_site = [[Piszkéstető Station|Piszkéstető Stn.]]
| discovered = 20 January 2024
| mpc_name = {{mp|2024 BX|1}}
| alt_names = Sar2736, Ribbeck
| pronounced =
| named_after =
| mp_category = {{nowrap|[[Near-Earth object|NEO]]{{·}}[[Apollo asteroid|Apollo]]}}
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata"/>
| epoch = 13 September 2023 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2460200.5)
| uncertainty = 6
| observation_arc = 2.49 h (150 min)
| earliest_precovery_date =
| aphelion = 1.833 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 0.835 AU
| semimajor = 1.334 AU
| eccentricity = 0.3740
| period = 1.54 yr (563.0 d)
| mean_anomaly = 246.680[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.6394551|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 7.266°
| asc_node = 300.141°
| arg_peri = 243.604°
| moid = {{cvt|0.000532|AU|km}}
| physical_ref =
| mean_diameter = {{val|44|u=cm}}<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>{{val|40|-|60|u=cm}}<ref name="Bischoff2024"/>
| mass = {{val|140|u=kg}} (entry mass)<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>{{val|1.8|u=kg}} (recovered)<ref name="Bischoff2024"/>
| density =
| rotation = {{val|2.5888|0.0002|u=second}}<ref name="Devogèle2024"/>
| axial_tilt =
| albedo =
| spectral_type = [[E-type asteroid]]<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
| magnitude =
| abs_magnitude = {{val|32.795|0.353}}<ref name="jpldata"/><br/>32.84<ref name="MPC-object"/><br/>–14.4 (bolide maximum)<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
}}
'''{{mp|2024 BX|1}}''', previously known under its temporary designation '''Sar2736''', was a 44 [[centimetre]]-sized (17 [[Inch|inches]])<ref name="Spurný2024" /> [[asteroid]] or [[meteoroid]] that entered Earth's atmosphere on 21 January 2024 00:33 [[UTC]] and disintegrated as a [[meteor]] over [[Berlin]].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/><ref name="NYT-20240210"/> The recovered fragments are known as the '''Ribbeck meteorite'''.
It was discovered less than three hours before impact by Hungarian astronomer [[Krisztián Sárneczky]] at [[Konkoly Observatory]]'s [[Piszkéstető Station]] in the [[Mátra Mountains]], [[Hungary]].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/> It was observed with the 60 cm [[Schmidt camera|Schmidt Telescope]]. Sárneczky first thought it was a known asteroid because it had a brightness of 18th [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]], but he could not find it in any catalog, so he reported it to the [[Minor Planet Center]].<ref name="Konkoly2024"/> The [[Meteoroid#Fireball|fireball]] was observed by the cameras of the AllSky7<ref name="allsky7"/> and Fripon<ref name="fripon"/> networks. {{mp|2024 BX|1}} is the eighth asteroid discovered before impacting Earth, and is Sárneczky's third discovery of an impacting asteroid. Before it impacted, {{mp|2024 BX|1}} was a [[near-Earth asteroid]] on an Earth-crossing [[Apollo asteroid|Apollo-type]] orbit.
The [[bolide]] was studied in June 2024. It had a steep entry of 75.6° and an entry speed of 15.20 km/s. The bolide was observed with the SDAFO at [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg]], which took a spectrum of the bolide. The spectrum was low in iron, consistent with an [[enstatite]]-rich body ([[E-type asteroid]]). At a hight of 55 km the meteoroid fragmented into smaller pieces. These primary pieces then broke up again at a height of 39-29 km. The size and mass were first estimated at 1 meter and 1700 kg based on [[Albedo|albedos]] of [[S-type asteroid|S-type asteroids]]. The [[Radiometry|radiometric measurements]] from the [[European Fireball Network]] did however suggest a mass of about 100 kg. Considering it was an E-type asteroid, which have higher albedos, the new estimates are 0.44 meters and 140 kg.<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
== Ribbeck meteorite ==
[[Meteorite]] fragments of {{mp|2024 BX|1}} were found four days after it entered the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="skyandtelescope2024" /><ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin" /><ref name="Bischoff2024" /> Searches were conducted by the [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR), the Berlin universities, members of the [[Meteor Working Group]] and [[Meteorite hunting|meteorite hunters]]. The first samples were found by [[Poland|Polish]] searchers close to the village [[Ribbeck (Nauen)]]. The meteorite fragments are therefore called '''Ribbeck meteorites'''. About 200 pieces were collected, totaling about 1.8 kg. The largest pieces weighed 212 g (sample F13) and 171 g (sample F14).<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> First analysis by scientists of the [[Natural History Museum, Berlin|Natural History Museum]] in Berlin showed that it was an [[aubrite]], a rare group of meteorites. The results were submitted to [[the Meteoritical Society]] in February.<ref name="SETI" /> Later analysis of the spectrum at [[Ultraviolet|UV]]–[[Infrared|mid-infrared]] wavelengths also found that the sample is consistent with aubrites. It was also shown that it had similar 0.5/0.9 μm band depths when compared to [[434 Hungaria|(434) Hungaria]], hinting at a possible linkage. 2024 BX1 also shows an [[Apsis|aphelion]] that is consistent with the heliocentric distances of the [[Hungaria family]].<ref name="Cantillo2024" /> A study from July 2024 describe the meteorite fragments. According to this study Ribbeck is consistent with a [[Breccia|brecciated]] aubrite. The researchers found that the [[plagioclase]] fragments in Ribbeck formed from coarse-grained [[Igneous rock|magmatic rock]] that cooled slowly and that were fragmented by [[Impact event|impacts]] on the [[parent body]]. The albitic plagioclase content is one of the highest among all aubrites, similar to the aubrite of Bishopville (see [[Meteorite fall]]). This causes [[Europium]] measurements to be higher in both meteorites. The rock showed signs of [[shock metamorphism]] and [[Weathering|terrestrial weathering]]. The 4 days of weathering in the snow/melted snow gave the samples a brown color and the breakdown of sulfides gave the samples a smell of [[hydrogen sulfide]] (rotten egg smell). Some minerals ([[oldhamite]], a [[Chromium|Cr]]-rich phase and a [[Titanium|Ti]]-rich phase) showed strong alteration, but it is unclear if this happened partially before the meteorite impact or if it is only due to weathering.<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> The researchers believe that the parent body of Ribbeck is 4.5 billion years old.<ref name="Bischoff2024" /><ref name="UniMuensterPress" /> Aubrites formed very early within a few Million years after the formation of [[Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion|calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions]] (~4.56 billion years old) and for Ribbeck ages were determined with the help of [[K–Ar dating]] (~3.3–3.7 billion years) and [[Uranium]]/[[Thorium]]-[[Helium]] dating (~2.3–2.5 billion years). These younger ages are indications for impact events on the parent body. The cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of Ribbeck is 55-62 Million years. CRE dating is a technique to determine how long a sample was exposed to space (see [[surface exposure dating]]).<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Composition of 2024 BX<sub>1</sub>
!Mineral
!Bischoff et al.<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
|-
|FeO-free enstatite
|76 ±3 vol%
|-
|albitic plagioclase
|15.0 ±2.5 vol%
|-
|[[forsterite]]
|5.5 ±1.5 vol%
|-
|opaque phases<br/>a) Metals, including [[kamacite]] with [[Nickel]]-rich grains ([[taenite]] or [[tetrataenite]])<br/>b) [[Schreibersite]]<br/>c) Sulfides: [[troilite]], [[djerfisherite]], [[alabandite]], oldhamite, Cr-rich phase, Ti-rich phase
|3.5 ±1.0 vol%
|-
|nearly FeO-free [[diopside]]
|traces
|-
|[[Orthoclase|K-feldspar]]
|traces
|-
|S-bearing K-feldspar-like phase
|traces
|}
Researchers described the meteorite fragments as "cosmic pears", in remembrance of the ballad [[Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland]] by [[Theodor Fontane]].<ref name="Bischoff2024" /><ref name="UniMuensterPress"/> According to the ballad Ribbeck gave [[Pear|pears]] to passing children and after his death a legendary pear tree did grow on his grave, providing children with free pears.
== Exhibitions ==
Seven pieces of the meteorite were exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Berlin for a few weeks in March 2024.<ref name="NaturkundeBerlin"/><ref name="Karmaka2024"/> A 26 g piece discovered by Antal Igaz is exposed at the Konkoly Observatory in Hungary. A 5.3 g piece found by Szymon Kozłowski is on display at the [[Astronomical Observatory University of Warsaw|Astronomical Observatory of the University of Warsaw]].<ref name="Karmaka2024" />
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:NAEcupEAPKNgEsj-.webm|2024 BX<sub>1</sub> bolide on 21 January 2024 over Berlin
File:Maps14245-fig-0009-m(a).jpg|Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color
File:Maps14245-fig-0008-m(a).jpg|[[Olivine]] in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism
File:Maps14245-fig-0005-m.jpg|[[Thin section|Thin sections]] of 2024 BX<sub>1</sub> samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met)
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Impact event]]
* [[Asteroid impact prediction#List of successfully predicted asteroid impacts|Asteroid impact prediction]]
** [[2024 RW1|{{mp|2024 RW|1}}]]
** [[2024 UQ]]
** [[2024 XA1|{{mp|2024 XA|1}}]]
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type       = 2024-01-21 last obs.
|title      = Small-Body Database Lookup: (2024 BX1)
|url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=54421651
|publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 21 January 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title      = 2024 BX1
|url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2024+BX1
|publisher  = Minor Planet Center
|accessdate = 21 January 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76">{{cite web
|title      = MPEC 2024-B76 : 2024 BX1
|url        = https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K24/K24B76.html
|work       = Minor Planet Electronic Circular
|publisher  = Minor Planet Center
|date       = 21 January 2024
|accessdate = 21 January 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Bischoff2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Bischoff |first1=Addi |last2=Patzek |first2=Markus |last3=Barrat |first3=Jean-Alix |last4=Berndt |first4=Jasper |last5=Busemann |first5=Henner |last6=Degering |first6=Detlev |last7=Di Rocco |first7=Tommaso |last8=Ek |first8=Mattias |last9=Harries |first9=Dennis |last10=Godinho |first10=Jose R. A. |last11=Heinlein |first11=Dieter |last12=Kriele |first12=Armin |last13=Krietsch |first13=Daniela |last14=Maden |first14=Colin |last15=Marchhart |first15=Oscar |date=2024-07-31 |title=Cosmic pears from the Havelland (Germany): Ribbeck, the twelfth recorded aubrite fall in history |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |language=en |doi=10.1111/maps.14245 |issn=1086-9379|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="UniMuensterPress">{{Cite web |last=Design |first=Universität Münster, University of Münster, Web and |title=Ribbeck meteorite from the Havelland is 4.5 billion years old |url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/news/view.php?cmdid=14207&lang=en |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.uni-muenster.de |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Konkoly2024">{{Cite web |title=162 minutes from discovery until impact |url=https://konkoly.hu/en/news/science/162-minutes-from-discovery-until-impact |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT-20240210">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonathan |title=Fragments of Asteroid With Mystery Origin Are Found Outside Berlin - Astronomers tracked the entry of a small space rock into Earth's atmosphere, and then meteorite hunters made an unexpected discovery. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240210183139/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |archivedate=10 February 2024 |accessdate=10 February 2024 }}</ref>
<ref name="allsky7">{{Cite web |title=german@allsky7.groups.io {{!}} SAR2736 |url=https://allsky7.groups.io/g/german/topic/103861190#5030 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=allsky7.groups.io}}</ref>
<ref name="fripon">{{Cite web |title=Single event view (773388) |url=https://fireball.fripon.org/displaysingle.php?id=773388 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=fireball.fripon.org}}</ref>
<ref name="skyandtelescope2024">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Bob |authorlink= Bob P. King |date=26 January 2024 |title=ASTEROID 2024 BX1: FROM A DOT OF LIGHT TO FIREBALL TO ROCKS ON THE GROUND |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/asteroid-2024-bx1-from-a-dot-of-light-to-fireball-to-rocks-on-the-ground/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Sky & Telescope}}</ref>
<ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin">{{Cite tweet|user=SAL_DLR_Berlin|number=1750931305351504356|title=And here we go! The joint team from @DLR_en, @mfnberlin and @FU_Berlin managed to recover two fragments that are thought to be from asteroid #2024BX1. We will still be going to the field in the next few days with the hope of finding more material to study! #meteorites}}</ref>
<ref name="SETI">{{cite news|title=Asteroid that impacted near Berlin identified as a rare Aubrite|url=https://www.seti.org/press-release/asteroid-impacted-near-berlin-identified-rare-aubrite|website=SETI|date=5 February 2024|accessdate=6 February 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="NaturkundeBerlin">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Spectacular meteorite to be exhibited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin |url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/spectacular-meteorite-be-exhibited-museum-fur-naturkunde-berlin |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Museum für Naturkunde |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Spurný2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Spurný |first1=P. |last2=Borovička |first2=J. |last3=Shrbený |first3=L. |last4=Hankey |first4=M. |last5=Neubert |first5=R. |date=2024-06-01 |title=Atmospheric entry and fragmentation of the small asteroid 2024 BX1: Bolide trajectory, orbit, dynamics, light curve, and spectrum |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...686A..67S |arxiv=2403.00634 |bibcode=2024A&A...686A..67S |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=686 |pages=A67 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449735 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>
<ref name="Cantillo2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Cantillo |first1=David C. |last2=Ridenhour |first2=Kaycee I. |last3=Battle |first3=Adam |last4=Joyce |first4=Thomas |last5=Nunez Breceda |first5=Juliana |last6=Pearson |first6=Neil |last7=Reddy |first7=Vishnu |date=2024-06-01 |title=Laboratory Spectral Characterization of Ribbeck Aubrite: Meteorite Sample of Earth-impacting Near-Earth Asteroid 2024 BX1 |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=138 |bibcode=2024PSJ.....5..138C |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad4885 |doi-access=free |issn=2632-3338}}</ref>
<ref name="Devogèle2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Devogèle |first1=Maxime |title=Aperture photometry on asteroid trails |date=2024-04-01 |arxiv=2404.04142 |last2=Buzzi |first2=Luca |last3=Micheli |first3=Marco |last4=Cano |first4=Juan Luis |last5=Conversi |first5=Luca |last6=Jehin |first6=Emmanuel |last7=Ferrais |first7=Marin |last8=Ocaña |first8=Francisco |last9=Föhring |first9=Dora|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=689 |pages=A211 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202450263 }}</ref>
<ref name="Karmaka2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=RIBBECK (2024 BX1) Aubrite meteorite fall (~ 1760 g) between Selbelang (Paulinenaue), Ribbeck, Berge and Lietzow (Nauen), Havelland, Brandenburg, Germany at 00:32:38-44 UT on 21 January 2024 |url=https://karmaka.de/?p=34832 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=karmaka.de}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==
* {{NeoDys|2024+BX1}}
* {{ESA-SSA|2024BX1}}
* {{JPL small body|id=54421651}}
* [https://www.imo.net/2024-bx1-8th-predicted-earth-impact/ 2024 BX1: 8th predicted Earth impact! | IMO] at [[International Meteor Organization]]
* [http://wiki.meteoritica.pl/index.php5/2024_BX1 2024 BX1] wiki.meteoritica.pl (in Polish)
* [https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=81447 2024 BX1] on the Meteoritical Bulletin Database
* [https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ribbeck-aubrite-b6d41f0e0e9049dfa0b8543c8de21855 3D model] of a Ribbeck fragment
* [https://karmaka.de/?p=34832 Karmaka Meteorites] with a lot of information, images of fragments and videos
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