View source for 385th Air Expeditionary Group

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 385th Air Expeditionary Group
| image=Airmen and Marines support Afghanistan retrograde 141006-F-FW757-086.jpg
| image_size = 290
|caption=Group airmen load cargo being withdrawn from Afghanistan
|dates= 1943–1945, 1963–1964; 2002-Undetermined
|country={{flag|United States|23px}}
|branch={{air force|USA}}
|type=
|role=Expeditionary Unit
|size=
|command_structure=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= Van's Valiants ([[World War II]])
|patron=
|motto=Ales Victoria [sic] "Winged Victory"
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[European theatre of World War II|European theater of World War II]]
|decorations=[[Distinguished Unit Citation]]
|anniversaries=
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=[[File:385 Air Expeditionary Gp emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol_label=385 Air Expeditionary Gp emblem
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:385 bombardment gp-emblem.jpg|165px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=385th Bombardment Group emblem<ref name=Watson>Watson, pp. 70–71</ref>
|identification_symbol_3=<big>'''Square G'''</big>
|identification_symbol_3_label=World War II Tail Code<ref name=Watson/>
}}
The '''385th Air Expeditionary Group''' is a provisional [[United States Air Force]] unit assigned to [[Air Mobility Command]] to activate or inactivate as needed.<ref name="385AEGLH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-091225-005.pdf |title=Lineage and Honors History of the 385 Air Expeditionary Group (AMC) |last=Haulman |first=Daniel L. |publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104003504/http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-091225-005.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was last known to be stationed at [[Incirlik AB]], [[Turkey]]. It is currently a tenant unit of the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar.
During World War II, it was active as the '''385th Bombardment Group''' (Heavy), an [[Eighth Air Force]] [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] unit, stationed at [[RAF Great Ashfield]], England.  The group led the famous attack on the [[22nd Air Base|Focke-Wulf Assembly Plant]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1713 |title=Representative Missions: Marienburg |date=29 December 2008 |publisher=National Museum of the United States Air Force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104004135/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1713 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at [[Malbork|Marienburg]] in East Prussia on 9 October 1943.
During the [[Cold War]], the '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' was a [[Strategic Air Command]] (SAC) [[wing (military aviation unit)|wing]] assigned to the [[818th Strategic Aerospace Division]] at [[Offutt Air Force Base]], Nebraska. It conducted strategic air refueling operations and kept [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) ready for launch. It also supported SAC's global air refueling mission until inactivated in 1964 as part of the phaseout of the [[SM-65 Atlas]] ICBM from the USAF inventory. It was inactivated on 15 December 1964.
==History==
===World War II===
[[File:385bg-b17.jpg|thumb|B-17s of the 385th Bomb Group on a parachute drop over France, October 1944. B-17G "Dozy Doats" visible in foreground.]]
The [[military organization|unit]] was constituted in late November 1942 as the '''385th Bombardment Group''' and activated on 1 December 1943 at [[Davis–Monthan Field]] in Arizona.<ref name=Maurer272>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 272–273</ref> Its initial squadrons were the [[548th Bombardment Squadron|548th]],<ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 651–652</ref> [[549th Strategic Missile Squadron|549th]],<ref name=Maurer652>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 652–653</ref> [[550th Bombardment Squadron|550th]],<ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 654–655</ref> and [[551st Bombardment Squadron]]s.<ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 655</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}}
The [[group (military aviation unit)|group]] was formed in February 1943 at [[Geiger Field]], Washington. It trained for two months and then moved to [[Great Falls AAB]], Montana in April 1943. The unit completed training at the end of May 1943 with the aircraft moving to [[Kearney Army Air Field]], Nebraska prior to moving to England by the northern ferry route. Two aircraft were lost en route. The ground echelon left Great Falls on 8 June 1943. The 548th BS sailed on the [[RMS Queen Mary|''Queen Mary'']] on 23 June 1943 and the other squadrons on the [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|''Queen Elizabeth'']] on 1 July 1943.
Under [[Eighth Air Force]] based in England, the 385th BG primarily bombed targets such as industrial areas, air bases, oil refineries, and communications centers in Germany, France, Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway.<ref name=Maurer272/> The group received two [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s for bombing an aircraft factory at [[Regensburg]] on 17 August 1943 after a long hazardous flight over enemy territory. The group led the [[4th Bombardment Wing]] a great distance through heavy and damaging opposition for the successful bombardment of an aircraft repair plant at [[Zwickau]] on 12 May 1944, being awarded another DUC for this performance.<ref name=Maurer272/> Other strategic targets included aircraft factories in [[Oschersleben]] and [[Malbork|Marienburg]], battery works in [[Stuttgart]], airfields in [[Beauvais]] and [[Chartres]], oil refineries in [[Ludwigshafen]] and [[Merseburg]], and marshalling yards in [[Munich]] and [[Oranienburg]].<ref name=Maurer272/>
The 385th sometimes supported ground forces, flying interdiction missions.  It attacked [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal defenses]] in June 1944 in preparation for the [[D-Day|Normandy invasion]] and hit marshalling yards and choke points during the landing on D-Day. The group bombed enemy positions in support of ground forces at [[Saint-Lô]] in July 1944. Attacked German communications and fortifications during the [[Battle of the Bulge]], December 1944 – January 1945.  It bombed troop concentrations and communications centers in Germany and France, March–April 1945, to assist the final thrust into Germany.<ref name=Maurer272/>
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}}
On 6 March 1944 raid to Berlin (the most costly mission the Eighth ever carried out) the [[3d Bombardment Division]] commander, Brigadier General Russell Wilson, took off from Great Ashfield in a radar-equipped B-17 in a leading group of the 385th. All of the group's aircraft returned safely ... all, that is, except the one carrying General Wilson. which was seen to take several hits from flak. setting one engine on fire. Although four of the crew managed to parachute to safety (including [[Medal of Honor]] hero First Lieutenant [[John C. Morgan]]), eight of the others were killed when the bomber exploded.
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2013}}
In May 1945 the group dropped food to the starving Dutch population in the Netherlands as part of '''Operation Chowhound.''' The 385th suffered the last enemy action in the European part of the war. On 2 May 1945, a B-17 of the 385th BG was struck by enemy ground fire while on Operation Chowhound but returned safely to base. This was the last credited combat mission of the war.
After [[V-E Day]], the 385th Bomb Group hauled displaced French slave laborers from Austria to France.  It redeployed to the United States in June and August 1945.  The aircraft left between 19 June, and 29 June 1945. the ground unit left on 4 August 1945, and sailed on the ''Queen Elizabeth'' from Greenock on 5 August 1945. They arrived in New York on 11 August 1945. Group was then established at [[Sioux Falls AAF]], South Dakota and inactivated on 28 August 1945.<ref name=Maurer272/>
===Cold War===
[[File:Wing 4321st Strategic.gif|left|thumb|150px|Emblem of the 4321st Strategic Wing]]
The origins of the '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' began on 15 August 1959 when [[Strategic Air Command]] (SAC) activated the [[566th Strategic Missile Squadron]] (SMS) at Offutt AFB and assigned it to [[Second Air Force]].<ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 664</ref> The squadron was equipped with [[SM-65 Atlas]]-Ds.  Six weeks later, on 1 October 1959, SAC established the '''4321st Strategic Wing''' at Offutt<ref>Mueller, p. 458</ref> and assigned it to the [[17th Air Division]] (later Strategic Aerospace Division) as an operational headquarters for the 566th and for the [[34th Air Refueling Squadron]], flying [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker]]s.  The 34th had been stationed at Offutt since the fall of 1958, but was assigned to a wing located at [[Whiteman AFB]], Missouri.
The wing's missiles were maintained on [[alert state|alert]] and ready for combat. The 4321st (and later the 385th) continued to maintain an alert commitment until inactivating. In August 1962, the 4321st was reassigned to the [[818th Strategic Aerospace Division]]. However, SAC Strategic Wings could not carry a permanent history or lineage<ref>Ravenstein, ''Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors'', p. 12</ref> and SAC looked for a way to make its Strategic Wings permanent.
In 1962, in order to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive bombardment units with illustrious [[World War II]] records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled (AFCON) units, most of which were inactive at the time which could carry a lineage and history.<ref group=note>MAJCON units could not carry a permanent history or lineage.  Ravenstein, ''Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors'', p. 12</ref>
As a result the 4321st SW was replaced by the newly constituted  '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' (SAW),<ref name=Ravenstein>Ravenstein, ''Air Force Combat Wings'', p. 208</ref> which assumed its mission, personnel, and equipment on 1 January 1963.<ref group=note>Although the 385th Wing was a new organization, it continued, through temporary bestowal, the history, and honors of the World War II 385th Bombardment Group. It was also entitled to retain the honors (but not the history or lineage) of the 4321st. This temporary bestowal ended in January 1984, when the wing and group were consolidated into a single unit.</ref>
In the same way the [[549th Strategic Missile Squadron]], one of the unit's World War II historical bomb squadrons, replaced the 566th SMS.<ref name=Maurer652/><ref group=note>This was a paper swap of unit designations.  The 549th SMS was active at [[Francis E. Warren AFB]], Wyoming.  It moved to Offutt and assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 566th SMS, which moved to Warren and took over that of the 549th</ref> The '''34th Air Refueling Squadron''' was reassigned to the 385th.<ref name=385AEGLH/> Because the new organization controlled a combination of aircraft and [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s it added "Aerospace" to the 4321st's designation.
The 385th SAW continued to conduct strategic air refueling operations and maintain ICBM readiness to meet SAC commitments. The wing served as a deterrent force and also supported SAC's global air refueling mission. It was inactivated on 15 December 1964.<ref name=Ravenstein/>
In the 21st century, the [[817th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron]] was part of the group; the 816th EAS may also have been assigned at times.
==Lineage==
'''385th Bombardment Group'''
* Constituted as the '''385th Bombardment Group''' (Heavy) on 25 November 1942
: Activated on 1 December 1942.
: Redesignated as the '''385th Bombardment Group''', Heavy on 11 August 1944
: Inactivated on 28 August 1945<ref name=Maurer272/>
* Consolidated on 31 January 1984 with the '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' as the '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' (remained inactive)<ref name=385AEGLH/>
'''385th Strategic Wing'''
* Constituted as the '''385th Strategic Aerospace Wing''' on 15 November 1962 and activated (not organized)
: Organized on 1 January 1963
: Discontinued and inactivated on 15 December 1964<ref name=Ravenstein/>
* Consolidated on 31 January 1985 with the '''385th Bombardment Group''' (remained inactive)
* Redesignated '''385th Air Expeditionary Group''' and converted to provisional status, on 12 June 2002.<ref name=385AEGLH/>
===Assignments===
* [[II Bomber Command]], 1 December 1942
* [[United States Air Forces Europe|Eighth Air Force]], ''ca''. 6 July 1943
* [[VIII Bomber Command]], ''ca''. 8 July 1943
* [[4th Bombardment Wing|4th Bombardment Wing (later 4th Combat Bombardment Wing)]], 12 July 1943 (attached to 401st Provisional Combat Bombardment Wing until 13 September 1943)
* [[93d Combat Bombardment Wing]], 17 February 1945
* [[45th Combat Bombardment Wing]], 24 May 1945
* [[20th Bombardment Wing]], 18 June 1945 – 28 August 1945
* Strategic Air Command, 14 November 1962 (not organized)
* 818th Strategic Aerospace Division, 1 January 1963 – 15 December 1964
* [[Air Mobility Command]] to activate or inactivate at any time after 12 June 2002<ref name=385AEGLH/>
===Components===
'''Squadrons'''
* 34th Air Refueling Squadron, 1 January – 15 December 1964 (detached 10–15 December 1964)
* 548th Bombardment Squadron, 1 December 1942 – 19 June 1945
* 549th Bombardment (later Strategic Missile) Squadron, 1 December 1942 – 19 June 1945; 1 January 1963 – 15 December 1964 (not operational, 1–15 December 1964)
* 550th Bombardment Squadron, 1 December 1942 – 19 June 1945
* 551st Bombardment Squadron, 1 December 1942 – 19 June 1945
* [[90th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron]], 2002-Undetermined
: Squadron assigned to: [[NSA Souda Bay]], [[Crete]], Greece
* [[817th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron]], 2006-c. 1 April 2014<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=ce9d4ae2-2ca1-4150-8a1c-3681626f4f6a |title=Manas C-17 Crews Drop Vital Cargo in Afghanistan|date=September 30, 2006|publisher=Aero News Network|access-date=August 4, 2020}}</ref><ref name=allfourhome>{{cite web |url= https://www.northwestmilitary.com/news/news-front/2014/08/All-four-of-the-62nd-Airlift-Wings-airlift-squadrons-are-at-McChord-Field/ |last1=Jimenez|first1=A1C Jacob|title=All four of the 62nd Airlift Wing's squadrons are home|date=August 15, 2014|publisher=NorthwestMilitary.com|access-date=August 4, 2020}}</ref>
===Stations===
* Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona, 1 December 1942
* [[Biggs Field]], Texas, 21 December 1942
* Geiger Field, Washington, 1 February 1943
* [[Great Falls Army Air Base]], Montana, 11 April – June 1943
* Great Ashfield (Station 155),<ref>Station number from Anderson</ref> England, June 1943 – August 1945
* [[Sioux Falls Army Air Field]], South Dakota,  – 28 August August 1945.<ref name=Maurer272/>
* Offutt AFB, Nebraska, 1 January 1963 – 15 December 1964
* [[Incirlik Air Base]], Turkey, 2002-Undetermined
===Aircraft and missiles===
* [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]], 1942–1945
* [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker]], 1963–1964, 2002-unknown
* [[SM-65 Atlas|SM-65 Atlas D]], 1963–1964
==References==
; Notes
{{Reflist|group=note}}
; Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062523/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf ''Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II''] (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from [http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062523/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/AirForceCombatUnitsOfWorldWarIi-nsia|orig-year= 1961|edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf|edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
* {{cite book|last=Mueller|first=Robert|title=Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf |year=1989|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-53-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977|url=https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Robert|title=Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II |volume=I (VIII) Bomber Command|year=2008|publisher=Shiffer Publishing Ltd.|location=Atglen, PA|isbn=978-0-7643-1987-7}}
==Further reading==
* Leonard, Lt Col. Marston S. ''History of the 385th Bombardment Group (Heavy) and its affiliated units 424th Air Service Group, 877th Chemical Company (AO), Detachment 155, 18th Weather Squadron, 1 February 1943 –  14 August 1945''. San Angelo, Texas: Newsfoto Publishing Company, 1974.
* Varnedoe, W.W. (Ed.). ''A New History of the 385th Bomb Group (H)''. St. Petersburg, Florida: Southern Heritage Press/385th Bombardment Group Memorial Association, 1995. {{ISBN|0-941072-17-7}}.
* Varnedoe, W. W. ''The Story of Van's Valiants, A History of the 385th Bomb Group'' Colonial Graphics, 2005, 6th Edition 2009.
==External links==
* [http://www.385bg.com/ Friends of the 385th Bomb Group]
* [http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/8th-airforce-briefing-room Replica WWII 385th BG Briefing Room] at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
{{USAAF 8th Air Force UK}}
{{USAAF 2d Air Force World War II}}
{{Strategic Air Command}}
[[Category:Air expeditionary groups of the United States Air Force|385]]