View source for 5'-3' exoribonuclease 2

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
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{{Infobox_gene}}
'''5'-3' Exoribonuclease 2''' (XRN2) also known as '''Dhm1-like protein''' is an [[exoribonuclease]] [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''XRN2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10409438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang M, Yu L, Xin Y, Hu P, Fu Q, Yu C, Zhao S | title = Cloning and mapping of the XRN2 gene to human chromosome 20p11.1-p11.2 | journal = Genomics | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 252–4 |date=July 1999 | pmid = 10409438 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1999.5866 }}</ref>
The human gene encoding XRN2 shares similarity with the mouse Dhm1 and the yeast's Dhp1 (''[[Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'') or RAT1 (''[[Saccharomyces]]'') genes. The yeast gene is involved in [[homologous recombination]] and [[RNA]] [[metabolism]], such as RNA synthesis and RNA trafficking and termination.<ref name="torpedo">{{cite journal | author = David Tollervey | title = Termination by torpedo | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue =  7016| pages = 456–457 |date=November 2004 | pmid =  15565140| doi = 10.1038/432456a | s2cid = 6823163 }}</ref> Complementation studies show that Dhm1 has a similar function in mouse as Dhp1.
==Function==
Human XRN2 is involved in the torpedo model of transcription termination.<ref name="pmid15565158">{{cite journal |vauthors=West S, Gromak N, Proudfoot NJ | title = Human 5' --> 3' exonuclease Xrn2 promotes transcription termination at co-transcriptional cleavage sites | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7016 | pages = 522–5 |date=November 2004 | pmid = 15565158 | doi = 10.1038/nature03035 | bibcode = 2004Natur.432..522W | s2cid = 4365304 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]'' homologue, XRN-2, is involved in the degradation of certain mature [[MicroRNA|miRNAs]] and their dislodging from [[MicroRNA#The RNA-induced silencing complex|miRISC]] miRNAs.<ref name="pmid19734881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chatterjee S, Grosshans H | title = Active turnover modulates mature microRNA activity in Caenorhabditis elegans | journal = Nature | volume = 461 | issue = 7263 | pages = 546–9 |date=September 2009 | pmid = 19734881 | doi = 10.1038/nature08349 | bibcode = 2009Natur.461..546C | s2cid = 4414841 }}</ref>
In yeast, the Rat1 protein has been shown to also be involved in the torpedo transcription termination model. When a [[polyadenylation]] site has been detected on the nascent RNA and cleaved by the [[RNA polymerase II]], the Rtt103 factor recruits Rat1 and attaches it to free end. The exonuclease activity of Rat1 degrades the RNA strand and halts transcriptions upon catching up to the polymerase.<ref name="torpedo" />
==See also==
* [[XRN1 (gene)|Xrn1]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|XRN2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lehner B, Sanderson CM |title=A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 7 |pages= 1315–23 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15231747  |pmc=442147 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2122004 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J |title=The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. |journal=Nature |volume=414 |issue= 6866 |pages= 865–71 |year=  2001|pmid= 11780052 |doi= 10.1038/414865a |bibcode=2001Natur.414..865D |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA |title=A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. |journal=Nat. Biotechnol. |volume=24 |issue= 10 |pages= 1285–92 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16964243 |doi= 10.1038/nbt1240 |s2cid=14294292 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lu Y, Liu P, James M |title=Genetic variants cis-regulating Xrn2 expression contribute to the risk of spontaneous lung tumor. |journal=Oncogene |volume=29 |issue= 7 |pages= 1041–9 |year= 2010 |pmid= 19915612 |pmc=6019621 |doi= 10.1038/onc.2009.396 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lejeune F, Li X, Maquat LE |title=Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in mammalian cells involves decapping, deadenylating, and exonucleolytic activities. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=12 |issue= 3 |pages= 675–87 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14527413 |doi=10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00349-6  |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R |title=Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 422–35 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11230166  |pmc=311072 |doi= 10.1101/gr.GR1547R |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Yang XC, Sullivan KD, Marzluff WF, Dominski Z |title=Studies of the 5' exonuclease and endonuclease activities of CPSF-73 in histone pre-mRNA processing. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=29 |issue= 1 |pages= 31–42 |year= 2009 |pmid= 18955505  |pmc=2612496 |doi= 10.1128/MCB.00776-08 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F |title=Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. |journal=Cell |volume=127 |issue= 3 |pages= 635–48 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17081983 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 |s2cid=7827573 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Scherl A, Couté Y, Déon C |title=Functional proteomic analysis of human nucleolus. |journal=Mol. Biol. Cell |volume=13 |issue= 11 |pages= 4100–9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12429849  |pmc=133617 |doi= 10.1091/mbc.E02-05-0271 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kaneko S, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Meyerson M, Manley JL |title=The multifunctional protein p54nrb/PSF recruits the exonuclease XRN2 to facilitate pre-mRNA 3' processing and transcription termination. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=21 |issue= 14 |pages= 1779–89 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17639083  |pmc=1920172 |doi= 10.1101/gad.1565207 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334  |pmc=528928 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Gromak N, West S, Proudfoot NJ |title=Pause sites promote transcriptional termination of mammalian RNA polymerase II. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=26 |issue= 10 |pages= 3986–96 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16648491  |pmc=1488997 |doi= 10.1128/MCB.26.10.3986-3996.2006 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK |title=Nucleolar proteome dynamics. |journal=Nature |volume=433 |issue= 7021 |pages= 77–83 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15635413 |doi= 10.1038/nature03207 |bibcode=2005Natur.433...77A |s2cid=4344740 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Li J, Zheng H, Ji C |title=A novel splice variant of human XRN2 gene is mainly expressed in blood leukocyte. |journal=DNA Seq. |volume=16 |issue= 2 |pages= 143–6 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16147866 |doi= 10.1080/10425170500066771 |s2cid=35865401 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal | author = Mammalian Gene Collection Program Team | display-authors = 4 | last2 = Strausberg | first2 = R. L. | last3 = Feingold | first3 = E. A. | last4 = Grouse | first4 = L. H. | last5 = Derge | first5 = J. G. | last6 = Klausner | first6 = R. D. | last7 = Collins | first7 = F. S. | last8 = Wagner | first8 = L. | last9 = Shenmen | first9 = C. M. | last10 = Schuler | first10 = G. D. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | title = Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 99 | issue = 26 | pages = 16899–16903 | pmc = 139241 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12477932| bibcode = 2002PNAS...9916899M | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D |title=Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=101 |issue= 33 |pages= 12130–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15302935  |pmc=514446 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0404720101 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10112130B |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}
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==External links==
* {{MeshName|XRN2+protein,+human}}
[[Category:Human proteins]]
[[Category:EC 3.1.13]]
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