View source for 8th Pennsylvania Regiment

{{Short description|Continental Army infantry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=8th Pennsylvania Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1776&ndash;1781
|country=
|allegiance={{flagicon|USA|1777}} [[Continental Congress]]
|branch=
|type=[[Infantry]]
|role=
|size=8 to 9 companies
|command_structure=[[Pennsylvania Line]]
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|identification_symbol=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles={{plainlist|
* [[Forage War]] (1777)
* [[Battle of Bound Brook]] (1777)
* [[Battle of Brandywine]] (1777)
* [[Battle of Paoli]] (1777)
* [[Battle of Germantown]] (1777)
* [[Battles of Saratoga]] (1777) (part)
* [[Fort Laurens]] (1778&ndash;1779)
* [[Sullivan Expedition]] (1779)
}}
|notable_commanders={{plainlist|
* Colonel Aeneas Mackay
* Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]]
}}
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
{{US Revolutionary units}}
The '''8th Pennsylvania Regiment''' or '''Mackay's Battalion''' was an American infantry unit that became part of the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Authorized for frontier defense in July 1776, the eight-company unit was originally called Mackay's Battalion after its commander, [[Colonel]] Aeneas Mackay. Transferred to the main army in November 1776, the unit was renamed the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment on 1 January 1777. It completed an epic winter march from western Pennsylvania to New Jersey, though Mackay and his second-in-command both died soon afterward. In March 1777 Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]] assumed command. The regiment was engaged at the Battles of [[Battle of Bound Brook|Bound Brook]], [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], [[Battle of Paoli|Paoli]], and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]] in 1777. A body of riflemen were detached from the regiment and fought at [[Battles of Saratoga|Saratoga]]. Assigned to the Western Department in May 1778, the 8th Pennsylvania gained a ninth company before seeing action near [[Fort Laurens]] and in the [[Sullivan Expedition]] in 1778 and 1779. The regiment consolidated with the [[2nd Pennsylvania Regiment]] in January 1781 and ceased to exist.
==History==
===Frontier defence to New Jersey===
A frontier defense battalion was authorized by the Continental Congress on 11 July 1776 as part of the [[Continental Army]] in the Northern Department. On 20 July the unit was named Mackay's Battalion. The battalion was organized from 15 July to 15 September 1776 at [[Kittanning, Pennsylvania]] in the western part of the state to consist of eight companies of infantry from [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford]], [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania|Cumberland]], [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland Counties]].<ref name=Wright265>Wright (1989), 265</ref> [[Colonel]] Aeneas Mackay, [[Lieutenant Colonel]] George Wilson, and [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Richard Butler (general)|Richard Butler]] were appointed by Congress to lead the battalion. [[Quartermaster]] Ephraim Douglass, [[Commissary]] [[Ephraim Blaine]], [[Adjutant]] Michael Huffnagle, [[Paymaster]] John Boyd, and [[Chaplain]] David McClure rounded out the staff positions, though McClure never assumed his duties. The eight captains were Moses Carson, Wendel Oury, David Kilgore, Andrew Mann, Samuel Miller, Eliezer Myers, James Piggott, and Van Swearingen. Carson apparently defected to the British during the war. By 16 December 630 men enrolled in the battalion.<ref name=Zipfel>Zipfel, ''Chapter X: The Eighth Pennsylvania''</ref>
[[Image:Daniel Brodhead NYPL Emmett Collection 1886.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=Black and white portrait shows a white-haired man in a dark military coat with darker lapels and a white shirt.|Colonel Daniel Brodhead]]
The unit was assigned to General [[George Washington]]'s main army on 23 November 1776.<ref name=Wright265/> On 4 December 1776 the order arrived from Congress to join the main army in Philadelphia. Not only did the soldiers dislike being called away from their homes, but they also faced a mid-winter march without tents and uniforms.<ref name=Zipfel/> On 1 January 1777 the unit was redesignated the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment.<ref name=Wright265/> On 6 January the unit began a march of {{convert|300|mi|km|0}} across the mountains and hills of Pennsylvania, with their supplies on pack horses. A number of men deserted and went home. Their food supply was stretched out by hunting game in the woods. In February the regiment staggered into [[Quibbletown, New Jersey]] and went into camp. Within a short time, one-third of the regiment was on the sick list and 50 men died, including both senior officers, Mackay and Wilson.<ref name=Zipfel/> The unit was in action near [[Rahway, New Jersey]] on 23 February during the [[Forage War]]. In the brilliant [[Forage War#Spanktown|Battle of Spanktown]], the Americans surprised a reinforced British brigade under [[Charles Mawhood]] and chased it back to [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey|Amboy]].<ref>Fischer (2004), 356-357, 417</ref> On 27 March Colonel [[Daniel Brodhead]] transferred from the [[4th Pennsylvania Regiment]] to take command of the 8th.<ref>Boatner (1994), 115</ref> Butler was promoted to lieutenant colonel and Mackay's son-in-law Stephen Bayard was appointed major.<ref name=Zipfel/>
The 8th Pennsylvania fought at the [[Battle of Bound Brook]] on 13 April 1777 under the command of Butler.<ref>Boatner (1994), 150</ref> In this action the 8th formed the main part of a 500-man outpost under the command of [[Major General]] [[Benjamin Lincoln]], together with [[militia]] and an artillery detachment from the [[4th Continental Artillery Regiment|Proctor's Pennsylvania State Artillery Regiment]]. These troops observed the 8,000 British and Hessians in and around [[Brunswick, New Jersey]], only {{convert|7|mi|km|1}} away. On the 13th, [[Lord Charles Cornwallis]] attempted to envelop Lincoln's small outpost. Though the password was supposed to have been compromised, surprise was achieved mainly because the militia pickets were not alert.<ref name=Boatner100>Boatner (1994), 100-101</ref> Cornwallis and Major General [[James Grant (British Army officer)|James Grant]] with 3,000 to 4,000 troops marched along both banks of the [[Raritan River]]. Colonel [[Carl von Donop]] led the center with two Hessian grenadier battalions. Two battalions of British light infantry and one of grenadiers advanced on the left, while the Hessian jägers, [[Sir George Osborn, 4th Baronet|Sir George Osborn's]] grenadier company of the [[Brigade of Guards]], and the light cavalry moved up on the right. The plan miscarried when Captain [[Johann von Ewald]]'s jäger company was pinned down under "murderous fire" and Donop's troops were committed before the enveloping columns could get behind the Americans.<ref>McGuire (2006), 20-23</ref> Lincoln's men fought well and the bulk of them evaded the trap. [[Henry Knox]] admitted losing six killed and 20 to 30 captured, while the British claimed to have taken 80 prisoners. The light cavalry seized three brass 3-pound cannons from the Americans.<ref name=Boatner100/>
The loss of their senior officers and the defeat at Bound Brook apparently caused "distracted" behavior in the ranks. In General Orders of 28 April at [[Morristown, New Jersey]], Private Samuel Philips was sentenced to be reprimanded, Private Henry Randall and Ensign McKee were acquitted, and Lieutenant Simrall was [[cashiered]] for refusing to do his duty. Washington appended the following note. <blockquote>The Commander in Chief (taking into consideration the late distracted State of the 8th. Pennsyl. Battalion, an inquiry into the cause of which he has directed to be made without loss of time) is pleased to suspend the execution of the Sentences of Alexander McKay, David Livinston, John Dilworth, John Edgar, Jacob Knight, John McClaugherry, William Roach, Daniel Clark, John Kirckendal, and Jacob Wilker -- Privates of that Battalion, 'till the proceedings of the Court are reported to him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi07.xml&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=460&division=div1 |title=Washington Writings, ''General Orders: 28 April 1777'' |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129130221/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi07.xml&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=460&division=div1 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>
===Philadelphia campaign to consolidation===
[[Image:DanielMorgan.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Portrait shows a determined-looking white-haired man in a dark blue military coat with buff lapels.|Colonel Daniel Morgan]]
On 22 May 1777 the 8th Pennsylvania was assigned to the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade.<ref name=Wright265/> In June, Lieutenant Colonel Butler, Captain Swearingen, and 139 men of the regiment were detached to Colonel [[Daniel Morgan]]'s corps of riflemen. Morgan's corps fought at the Battles of [[Battle of Freeman's Farm|Freeman's Farm]] and [[Battle of Bemis Heights|Bemis Heights]] during the successful [[Saratoga campaign]]. Meanwhile, the remainder of the 8th Pennsylvania served in the [[Philadelphia Campaign]].<ref name=Zipfel/>
Under the acting command of Colonel [[Richard Humpton]], the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade saw action at [[Battle of Brandywine]] on 11 September 1777 in [[Anthony Wayne]]'s division. The brigade deployed the [[5th Pennsylvania Regiment|5th]], [[11th Pennsylvania Regiment|11th]], 8th, and 4th Pennsylvania Regiments, in order from left to right, with the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade on its right. In the afternoon, the British attacked across [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]] at [[Chadds Ford Historic District|Chadds Ford]]. After a struggle, they overran Colonel [[Thomas Proctor (general)|Thomas Proctor's]] artillery redoubt and assailed Wayne's two brigades.<ref>McGuire (2006), 248-249</ref> During the fighting that followed, Major Bayard was hit in the shoulder by a spent cannonball, knocked off his horse, and tumbled {{convert|30|ft|m|0}} over the ground. The dazed major somehow survived to be helped to his feet by Lieutenant Gabriel Peterson. Outnumbered, Wayne's division withdrew in good order {{convert|600|yd|m|0}} to a hill at dusk.<ref>McGuire (2006), 250-252</ref>
The 8th was also at the unfortunate [[Battle of Paoli|Paoli Massacre]] on the night of 20&ndash;21 September.<ref>McGuire (2006), 312. The only unit of the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade specifically mentioned is the 4th.</ref> Still with Humpton's 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade, the regiment fought at the [[Battle of Germantown]] on 4 October. As at Brandywine, the 2nd Brigade formed the left wing of Wayne's Pennsylvania Division while the 1st Brigade made up the right wing. Deploying on the east side of the Germantown Road, Wayne's men turned the right flank of the British 2nd Light Infantry Battalion. Together with Major General [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]'s Maryland division and Brigadier General [[Thomas Conway]]'s Pennsylvania Brigade, Wayne's troops forced back the British. Eager to avenge their defeat at Paoli, Wayne's soldiers charged forward with fixed bayonets and overran the light infantry's camp.<ref>McGuire (2007), 71</ref>
[[Image:Anthony Wayne.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=Black and white print shows a man in a large tricorne hat with a large cockade. He wears a dark military coat with lighter lapels and a white ruffled shirt at his throat.|General Anthony Wayne]]
The light infantry rallied on the [[5th Foot]] and [[55th Foot]], but the three British units were soon forced to withdraw. When the British army commander General [[Sir William Howe]] appeared on the scene he was startled to see his crack light infantry fleeing before the American advance. He yelled, "For shame, Light Infantry! I never saw you retreat before. Form! Form! It is only a scouting party". After nearly being cut down by a blast of grape shot, Howe and his staff quickly rode off. The 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade soon struck a picket of the [[46th Foot]] and swept it before them.<ref>McGuire (2007), 76-77</ref> Soon Wayne's men became anxious because fighting at the [[Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House)|Chew House]] erupted several hundred yards in their rear. Isolated in the fog, Wayne ordered an about-face and his two brigades began to move back toward the noise of battle. The 2nd Brigade, now on the division's right, blundered into part of Major General [[Adam Stephen]]'s division moving forward. In a tragic [[friendly fire]] incident, Stephen's men opened fire and the Pennsylvanians returned fire. Wayne's soldiers, fired on by their friends and confused by the fog, panicked and took to their heels. They finally rallied {{convert|3|mi|km|1}} from the battlefield.<ref>McGuire (2007), 97-99</ref>
The riflemen with Morgan returned from the north and rejoined the regiment late in fall 1777.<ref name=Zipfel/> When the regiment went into winter quarters at [[Valley Forge]], Bayard was lieutenant colonel and Frederick Vernon was major.<ref>Heitman, 11</ref> The 8th Pennsylvania was assigned to the Western Department on 19 May 1778. The unit added a ninth company by absorbing Captain Samuel Morehead's Independent Company on 1 July 1778.<ref name=Wright265/> The regiment was involved in Brigadier General [[Lachlan McIntosh]]'s expedition to Ohio in November 1778. In January 1779, Captain John Clark and 15 soldiers of the 8th had just left [[Fort Laurens]] to travel to [[Fort McIntosh (Pennsylvania)|Fort McIntosh]] when they were ambushed by 17 [[Mingo]] Indians led by [[American Loyalist]] [[Simon Girty]]. Clark lost two killed, four wounded, and one captured before he and the survivors fought their way back to the fort. The fort held out against an Indian siege until relieved in March 1779, but McIntosh's plans for a continued advance to [[Fort Detroit]] were frustrated. Having installed Major Vernon and 106 soldiers of the 8th Regiment in Fort Laurens, McIntosh returned to Pennsylvania. The fort had to be relieved a second time at the end of May by Captain Robert Beall of the [[9th Virginia Regiment]] and reinforced in June by Lieutenant Colonel Campbell. The post was finally abandoned in August 1779.<ref>Boatner (1994), 379-381</ref>
From 11 August to 14 September 1779, Brodhead led a 600-man column up the [[Allegheny River]]. In a march of 400 miles, the troops destroyed 10 [[Iroquois]] villages including [[Warren, Pennsylvania|Conewango]] and captured plunder including furs. For lack of guides, the column failed to link with [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]'s main column at Genesee (now known as [[Cuylerville, New York]]) as planned. The only fighting was a skirmish on 15 August when the advance guard scattered a force of Indians.<ref>Boatner (1994), 116. The 8th is not noted in the article. At the time Brodhead was commander of both the Western Department and the 8th Regiment.</ref>
The 8th Regiment merged with the [[2nd Pennsylvania Regiment]] on 17 January 1781.<ref name=Wright265/> The consolidation occurred in the immediate aftermath of the [[Pennsylvania Line Mutiny]] from 1 to 8 January. The mutiny was a successful attempt by the troops to get better treatment and pay, and to secure discharge for those men who had served three years. Approximately 1,250 foot soldiers were discharged and only 1,150 were left in the ranks. Many discharged men, however, promptly reenlisted. All rank and file were furloughed until 15 March 1781, though sergeants and musicians had to remain on duty. Colonel [[Walter Stewart (general)|Walter Stewart]] became commander of the reorganized 2nd Pennsylvania.<ref>Boatner (1994), 765</ref> Brodhead took command of the [[1st Pennsylvania Regiment]].<ref>Boatner (1994), 116</ref>
==Service record==
{| class="wikitable"
! Designation<ref name=Wright265/> !! Date !! Brigade !! Department
|-
| Defense Battalion || 11 July 1776 || none || Northern Department
|-
| Mackay's Battalion || 20 July 1776 || none || Northern Department
|-
| Mackay's Battalion || 23 November 1776 || none || Main Army
|-
| 8th Pennsylvania Regiment || 1 January 1777 || none || Main Army
|-
| 8th Pennsylvania Regiment || 22 May 1777 || 2nd Pennsylvania || Main Army
|-
| 8th Pennsylvania Regiment || 19 May 1778 || none || Western Department
|-
| 8th Pennsylvania Regiment || 17 January 1781 || none || consolidated
|}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
==References==
*{{cite book|last=Boatner, Mark M. III |author-link=Mark M. Boatner III |year=1994 |title=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution |location=Mechanicsburg, Pa. |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn= 0-8117-0578-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Fischer, David Hackett |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |year=2004 |title=Washington's Crossing |url=https://archive.org/details/washingtonscross00fisc |url-access=registration |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518159-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Heitman |first=Francis Bernard |year=1914 |title=Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Rare Book Shop Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalregis02heitgoog }}
*{{cite book|last=McGuire |first=Thomas J. |year=2006 |title=The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume I |location=Mechanicsburg, Penn. |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=0-8117-0178-6}}
*{{cite book|last=McGuire |first=Thomas J. |year=2007 |title=The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume II |location=Mechanicsburg, Penn. |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=0-8117-0206-5}}
*{{cite web|last=Washington |first=George |title=The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources. Vol. 7. University of Virginia |access-date=17 February 2012
|url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WasFi07.html }}
*{{cite book|last=Wright |author-link=Robert K. Wright Jr. |first=Robert K. Jr. |year=1989 |title=The Continental Army |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=US Army Center of Military History |id=CMH Pub 60-4}}
* Wright, Robert K. Jr. (1983) ''[http://www.history.army.mil/books/revwar/contarmy/ca-fm.htm The Continental Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009065615/https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm |date=2019-10-09 }}''. Washington, D.C., [[United States Army Center of Military History]], CMH Pub 60-4-1
*{{cite web|publisher=Westmoreland County Genealogy Project |title=Chapter X: The Eighth Pennsylvania |access-date=27 January 2012 |last=Zipfel |first=Nathan |url=http://www.pa-roots.com/westmoreland/oldwestmoreland/chapter10.html }}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052649/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/pa.htm Bibliography of the Continental Army in Pennsylvania] compiled by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
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[[Category:Pennsylvania regiments of the Continental Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1776]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1781]]