View source for AEIOU-TIPS

{{Short description|Mnemonic acronym used by some medical professionals}}
'''AEIOU-TIPS''' is a [[mnemonic]] [[acronym]] used by some medical professionals to recall the possible causes for [[altered mental status]].  Medical literature discusses its utility in determining [[differential diagnosis|differential diagnoses]] in various special populations presenting with altered mental status including infants,<ref name=avner>{{cite journal |author =Avner JR|year= 2006 |title=Altered States of Consciousness |url= http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/27/9/331 |journal=Pediatrics in Review |volume=27 |issue= 9|pages=331–338 |doi=10.1542/pir.27-9-331 |access-date=January 31, 2016 |pmid=16950938}}</ref> children,<ref name=page>{{cite book |last1=Teitelbaum |first1=Jonathan | last2=Deantonis |first2=Kathleen |last3=Kahan |first3=Scott |date=June 24, 2004 |title=Pediatric Signs and Symptoms |edition=1st |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |pages=177–180 |isbn=978-1405104272}}</ref> adolescents,<ref name=teen>{{cite journal |author =Akbary S |author2 =Kannikeswaran N|year=2012 |title=Acute Onset Altered Mental Status in a Previously Healthy Teenager |journal=Pediatric Emergency Care |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=376–379 |doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e31824d9d3f |pmid=22472657 }}<!--|accessdate=January 31, 2016--></ref> and the elderly.<ref name=geri>{{cite journal |author=Melillo KD|year= 1991 |title=Mnemonics: Use in Gerontological Nursing Practice |journal=Journal of Gerontological Nursing |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=40–43|doi=10.3928/0098-9134-19910701-13 |pmid= 2071857 }}<!--|accessdate=January 31, 2016--></ref>  The mnemonic also frequently appears in textbooks and reference books regarding emergency medicine in a variety of settings, from the [[emergency department]]<ref name=er>{{cite book |author1=Wolfson, Allan B. |author2=Hendey, Gregory W. |date=2009 |title=Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. |page=1121 |isbn=9780781789431|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and standard [[emergency medical services]]<ref name=medic>{{cite book |author1=Sanders, Mick J. |author2=McKenna, Kim D. |date=2011 |title=Mosby's Paramedic Textbook |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |page=778 |isbn=9780323072755|display-authors=etal}}</ref> to [[wilderness medicine (practice)|wilderness medicine]].<ref name=wild>{{cite book |last1=Forgey, M.D. |first1=William W. |date=November 6, 2012 |title=Wilderness Medicine: Beyond First Aid |edition=6th |publisher=Morris Book Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-0762780709}}</ref>
==The acronym==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!Component(s) of acronym
!Examples
|-
! A
|Alcohol/[[Substance abuse|Abuse of substances]]<br/>[[Acidosis]]
|Alcohol or drug intoxication<ref name=teen/><br/>[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]; Respiratory acidosis due to CO2 narcosia [[hypoventilation]] due to [[COPD]], [[asthma]]tic airway obstruction, or [[neuromuscular disease]]<ref name=page/>
|-
! E
|[[Ecstasy (emotion)|Ecstasy]]
Environmental<br/>[[Epilepsy]]<br/>[[Electrolyte]]s<br/>[[Encephalopathy]]<br/>[[Endocrine disease]]
|[[Hypothermia]]; [[hyperthermia]]<ref name=wild/><br/>Epileptic seizure (or [[seizure]] for any other reason)<ref name=geri/><br/>[[Hyponatremia]]; [[hypernatremia]]; [[hypocalcemia]]; [[hypercalcemia]]<ref name=medic/><br/>[[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]; [[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy]] (CTE)<ref name=medic/><br/>[[Adrenal insufficiency]]; [[thyroid disease]]<ref name=page/>
|-
! I
|[[Infection]]
|[[Encephalitis]], [[meningitis]], [[meningoencephalitis]]; [[sepsis]]<ref name=avner/>
|-
! O
|[[Overdose]]<br/>[[Hypoxia (medical)|Oxygen deficiency]]
|Prescription or non-prescription drug overdose<ref name=avner/><ref name=teen/><br/>[[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxia]] due to [[pulmonary edema]], pulmonary embolism or [[tension pneumothorax]]; hypoxic brain injury due to [[cardiac arrest]]<ref name=geri/>
<ref name=avner/>
|-
! U
|Underdose<br/>[[Uremia]]
|Insufficient dose of prescription medications<br/>Excess [[urea]] in the blood due to [[kidney failure]], [[congestive heart failure]], urinary obstruction<ref name=medic/>
|-
! T
|Trauma<br/>[[Tumor]]
|[[Concussion]]; [[traumatic brain injury]]; [[increased intracranial pressure]] due to [[epidural hemorrhage]]<ref name=wild/><br/>[[Brain tumor]]; [[metastasis]] to the brain; [[paraneoplastic syndrome]]<ref name=er/>
|-
! I
|[[Insulin]]<br/>Intestinal
|[[Hypoglycemia]];<ref name=wild/> [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]]<ref name=medic/><br/>[[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]; [[Intestinal malrotation]] with volvulus<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stokes | first1 = H. | last2 = Ihidero | first2 = O. | last3 = Fox | first3 = G. | last4 = O'Neill | first4 = M. | year = 2011 | title = Case 2: Coma in an apparently well toddler | journal = Paediatrics & Child Health | volume = 16 | issue = 8| pages = 465–467 | doi = 10.1093/pch/16.8.465 | pmid = 23024582 | pmc = 3202383 }}</ref>
|-
! P
|[[Psychogenic disease|Psychogenic]]<br/>[[Poison]]s
|[[Psychosis]]; [[pseudoseizure]]; [[conversion disorder]]<ref name=er/><br/>[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]; [[lead poisoning]]; [[iron poisoning]]<ref name=er/>
|-
! S
|[[Stroke]]<br/>[[Shock (circulatory)|Shock]]
|[[Hemorrhagic stroke]] due to [[arteriovenous malformation]] (AVM)<ref name=er/><br/>[[Neurogenic shock]] due to [[spinal cord injury]]; [[cardiogenic shock]] due to [[myocardial infarction]]<ref name=medic/>
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Medical mnemonics}}
[[Category:Medical mnemonics]]
[[Category:Mnemonic acronyms]]