View source for AGM-88 HARM

{{Short description|U.S. high-speed air-to-surface anti-radiation missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = AGM-88 HARM
| image              = AGM-88 HARM on F-4G.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| alt                =
| caption            = An AGM-88 loaded on an [[F-4 Phantom]]
| type               = [[Air-to-surface missile|Air-to-surface]] [[anti-radiation missile]]
| origin             = United States
<!-- Type selection -->| is_explosive       = y
| is_vehicle         = y
| is_missile         = y
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1985–present
| used_by            = See [[#Operators|list of operators]]
| wars               = {{Tree list}}
*[[Cold War]]
**[[Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)]]
**[[Bombing of Libya (1986)]]
*[[Gulf War]]
*[[Kosovo War]]
*[[Iraq War]]
*[[First Libyan Civil War]]
**[[2011 military intervention in Libya]]
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[Israel–Hamas war]]
** [[Red Sea crisis]]
{{Tree list/end}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Texas Instruments]], [[Alliant Techsystems|Alliant Techsystems (ATK)]]
| design_date        = 1983
| manufacturer       = [[Texas Instruments]], then [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense]] (AGM-88A/B/C/D/F)<br />[[Alliant Techsystems]], then [[Orbital ATK]], then [[Northrop Grumman]] (AGM-88E/G)
| developed_into     = [[Stand-in Attack Weapon|SiAW]]
| unit_cost          = {{US$|link=yes}}284,000<br />US$870,000 for AGM-88E AARGM<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Radiation-Missiles/AGM-88E-AARGM_a001155005.aspx |title=AGM-88E AARGM |website=Deagel.com |access-date=2011-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105184031/http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Radiation-Missiles/AGM-88E-AARGM_a001155005.aspx |archive-date=2011-01-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| production_date    = 1983–present
| number             =
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label         =
| mass               = {{ubl|{{cvt|361|kg|lb|order=flip}} |''AGM-88G – {{cvt|1030|lb|kg|0}}''}}
| length             = {{ubl|{{cvt|4.17|m|ftin|order=flip}}|''AGM-88G – {{cvt|13|ft|4|in|m|2}}''}}
| part_length        =
| width              =
| height             =
| diameter           = {{ubl|{{cvt|254|mm|in|0|order=flip}}|''AGM-88G – {{cvt|11.5|in|mm|0}}''}}
<!-- Explosive specifications -->| filling            = WAU-7/B blast-fragmentation warhead
| filling_weight     = {{cvt|68|kg|lb|order=flip}}
| detonation         =
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| engine             = [[Thiokol]] SR113-TC-1 [[dual-thrust rocket engine]]
| vehicle_range      = {{ubl|Low-level — {{cvt|25|km|nmi|order=flip}}|Medium-level — {{cvt|80|km|nmi|order=flip}}|Standoff — {{cvt|148|km|nmi|order=flip}}|AGM-88G — {{cvt|300|km|nmi|order=flip}}}}
| speed              = Mach 2.9 (987 m/s; 3238 ft/s)
| guidance           = [[Passive radar homing]] with [[home-on-jam]], additional [[GPS/INS]] and [[millimeter-wave]] [[active radar homing]] in the E and G variants
<!-- Missiles only -->| wingspan           = {{cvt|1.13|m|ftin|order=flip}}
| propellant         = Two stage, solid propellant
| ceiling            =
| altitude           =
| boost              =
| depth              =
| accuracy           =
| launch_platform    = [[F-4|F-4G]], [[EA-6B]], [[F-15E]], [[F-16]], [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18A/B/C/D]], [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18/E/F]], [[EA-18G]], [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado IDS/ECR]], [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], [[F-35 Lightning II|F-35]], [[MiG-29]], [[Su-27]]
| transport          = <!-- For all -->
| ref                = [[Janes Information Services|Janes]]<ref>{{Citation |author=Janes |author-link=Janes Information Services|url=https://customer.janes.com/Janes/Display/JALW3063-JALW |title=AGM-88 High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) |date=26 August 2022 |website=Janes Weapons: Naval |publisher=Jane's Group UK Limited. |publication-place=[[Coulsdon]], [[Surrey]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Janes |author-link=Janes Information Services|url=https://customer.janes.com/Janes/Display/JALW3723-JALW |title=AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) |date=22 July 2022 |website=Janes Weapons: Air Launched |publisher=Jane's Group UK Limited. |publication-place=[[Coulsdon]], [[Surrey]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref>
}}
The '''AGM-88 HARM''' (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile) is a tactical, [[air-to-surface missile|air-to-surface]] [[anti-radiation missile]] designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air [[radar]] systems. It was originally developed by [[Texas Instruments]] as a replacement for the [[AGM-45 Shrike]] and [[AGM-78 Standard ARM]] system. Production was later taken over by [[Raytheon Corporation]] when it purchased the defense production business of Texas Instruments.
==Description==
The AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a [[radar antenna]] or [[transmitter]] with minimal aircrew input. The [[proportional navigation|proportional guidance]] system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile's nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, [[dual-thrust|booster-sustainer]] [[rocket motor]] propels the missile at speeds over [[Mach number|Mach 2]]. The HARM was a missile program led by the [[U.S. Navy]], and it was first carried by the [[A-6 Intruder|A-6E]], [[A-7 Corsair II|A-7]], and [[F/A-18]]A/B aircraft, and then it equipped the [[EA-6B]] and [[EA-18G]] dedicated electronic attack aircraft. RDT&E for use on the [[F-14 Tomcat|F-14]] aircraft was begun, but not completed. The [[U.S. Air Force]] (USAF) put the HARM onto the [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4G]] [[Wild Weasel]] aircraft, and later on specialized [[F-16]]s equipped with the [[HARM Targeting System]] (HTS). The missile has three operational modes: Pre-Briefed (PB), [[Target of opportunity|Target Of Opportunity]] (TOO) and Self-Protect (SP).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-88.html | title=Raytheon AGM-88 HARM }}</ref> The HTS pod, used by the USAF only, allows F-16s to detect and automatically target radar systems with HARMs instead of relying on the missile's sensors alone.
==History==
===Deployment===
====United States====
The HARM missile was approved for full production in March 1983, obtained [[initial operating capability]] (IOC) on the [[A-7E Corsair II]] in late 1983 and then deployed in late 1985 with [[Attack Squadron 46 (United States Navy)|VA-46]] aboard the aircraft carrier [[USS America (CV-66)|USS ''America'']]. In 1986, the first successful firing of the HARM from an EA-6B was performed by VAQ-131. It was soon used in combat—in March 1986 against a [[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libyan]] [[S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna|S-200]] surface to air missiles site in the [[Gulf of Sidra]], and then during [[Bombing of Libya (1986)|Operation Eldorado Canyon]] in April.
HARM was used extensively by the Navy, Marine Corps, and the Air Force in [[Operation Desert Storm]] during the [[Persian Gulf War]] of 1991.
During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a [[friendly fire]] incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting a [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52G]] bomber mistook the latter's tail gun radar for an Iraqi [[antiaircraft artillery|AAA]] site—this was after the tail gunner of the B-52 had targeted the F-4G, mistaking it for an Iraqi [[MiG]]. The F-4 pilot launched the missile and then saw that the target was the B-52, which was hit. It survived with shrapnel damage to the tail and no casualties. The B-52 (serial number 58-0248) was subsequently renamed ''In HARM's Way''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lake |first=Jon |title=B-52 Stratofortress Units in Operation Desert Storm |year=2004 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-751-4 |pages=47–48 |edition=1st}}</ref>
"Magnum" is spoken over the radio to announce the launch of an AGM-88.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/usaf/docs/mcm3-1-a1.htm |title=MCM 3-1 |volume=1 |chapter=Attachment I: Glossary: Operational Brevity Words and Terminology |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |date=1 December 1991 |access-date=2010-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121936/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/usaf/docs/mcm3-1-a1.htm |archive-date=2010-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the Gulf War, if an aircraft was illuminated by enemy radar a bogus "Magnum" call on the radio was often enough to convince the operators to power down.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lambeth |first=Benjamin |title=The Transformation of American Air Power |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8014-3816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationof00lamb/page/112 112] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationof00lamb}}</ref> This technique would also be employed in [[Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslavia]] during [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|air operations in 1999]]. On 28 April 1999, during this campaign, an early variant of the AGM-88, after being fired in self defense mode by a NATO jet, lost its radio frequency track as the Serbian air defense radar was turned off, hitting a house in the [[Gorna Banya]] district of the Bulgarian capital, [[Sofia]], causing damages, but no casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/30/balkans1 | title=Rogue missile hits suburb of Bulgarian capital | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=30 April 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/331127.stm | title=BBC News {{pipe}} Europe {{pipe}} Sofia hit by Nato missile }}</ref>
During the 1990s and early 2000s and during the initial weeks of the operation [[Iraqi Freedom]], the HARM was used to enforce the [[Iraqi no-fly zones conflict|Iraqi No-Fly-Zones]], degrading the Iraqi air defenses trying to engage US and allied patrolling aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John A. |title=Legacy of the Air Blockades |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2003/February%202003/02legacy03.pdf |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref>
During the opening days of Operation Iraqi Freedom, deconflicting US Army [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] batteries and allied aircraft routes turned out being more difficult than expected, resulting in three major friendly fire incidents:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/blue-blue-story-u-s-navy-F-18-shot-u-s-army-pac-3-patriot-missile-battery-oif/ | title=Blue-On-Blue! The story of the U.S. Navy F/A-18 that was shot down by a U.S. Army PAC-3 Patriot missile battery during OIF | date=7 March 2018 }}</ref> in one of them, on March 24, 2003, a USAF [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16CJ/DJ Block 50D/52D|F-16CJ Fighting Falcon]] fired an AGM-88 HARM at a Patriot missile battery after the Patriot's radar had [[Radar lock-on|locked onto]] and prepared to fire at the aircraft, causing the pilot to mistake it for an Iraqi surface-to-air missile system because the aircraft was in air combat operations and was on its way to a mission near Baghdad. The HARM damaged the Patriot's radar system with no casualties.<ref>{{cite web |title=F-16 vs Patriot friendly fire incident on 24 March 2003 in Iraq {{!}} Key Aero |url=https://www.key.aero/forum/modern-military-aviation/44425-f-16-vs-patriot-friendly-fire-incident-on-24-march-2003-in-iraq |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.key.aero |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=AXE |first=DAVID |date=2016-07-11 |title=That Time an Air Force F-16 and an Army Missile Battery Fought Each Other |url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/that-time-an-air-force-f-16-and-an-army-missile-battery-fought-each-other-bb89d7d03b7d |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=War Is Boring |language=en}}</ref>
Starting in March 2011, during [[Operation Unified Protector]] against Libya, US Navy EA-18Gs had their combat debut using HARMs against Libyan air defenses together with USAF F-16CJs and Italian Tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166036/ea-18g-growler-airborne-electronic-attack-aircraft/ | title=EA-18G Growler Airborne Electronic Attack Aircraft }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmas |first=Francesco |title=PASSATO E PRESENTE DELLE OPERAZIONI SEAD |url=https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2013/Documents/R6_2013/20_33_R6_2013.pdf |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=difesa.it |language=it}}</ref>
On 24 February 2024, a US Navy [[EA-18G Growler]] from [[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower]] destroyed a [[Houthis|Houthi]]-operated [[Mi-24|Mi-24/35]] [[attack helicopter]] on the ground with an AGM-88E AARGM.<ref name="TWZ 15 May 2024">{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |last2=Trevithick |first2=Joseph |last3=Rogoway |first3=Tyler |title=Navy EA-18G Growler Sports Puzzling Mi-24 Hind Kill Mark Overseas |url=https://www.twz.com/air/navy-ea-18g-growler-sports-puzzling-mi-24-hind-kill-mark-overseas |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=May 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="TWZ 6 June 2024">{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |title=EA-18G Growler Killed A Houthi Mi-24 Hind With An AGM-88E Anti-Radiation Missile |url=https://www.twz.com/air/ea-18g-growler-killed-a-houthi-mi-24-hind-with-an-agm-88e-anti-radiation-missile |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=June 6, 2024}}</ref>
====Israel====
In 2013, [[Barack Obama|US President Obama]] offered the AGM-88 to Israel for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/07/01/Israel-seeks-50B-in-US-loans-to-buy-arms/UPI-49641372706630/ |title=Israel seeks $5B in U.S. loans to buy arms |date=July 1, 2013 |website=United Press International |access-date=2013-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707003555/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/07/01/Israel-seeks-50B-in-US-loans-to-buy-arms/UPI-49641372706630 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>
====Italy====
Starting in March 2011, during [[Operation Unified Protector]], Italian [[Panavia Tornado|Tornados]] employed AGM-88 HARMs against Libyan air defenses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flightglobal.com/libya-italian-eurofighters-harriers-fly-first-combat-air-patrol-missions/99120.article | title=LIBYA: Italian Eurofighters, Harriers fly first combat air patrol missions }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.difesa.it/Content/Pagine/ContributoAeronauticaMilitare.aspx | title=Contributo Aeronautica Militare all'Operazione Nato 'Unified Protector' – Difesa.it }}</ref>
====Ukraine====
In mid-2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the US supplied AGM-88 HARM missiles to Ukraine. It was only disclosed after Russian forces showed footage of a tail fin from one of these missiles in early August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed anti-radar missiles to Ukraine |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/08/politics/anti-radar-missiles-ukraine-russia-pentagon/index.html |first=Oren |last=Liebermann |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy [[Colin Kahl]] said in recent aid packages they had included a number of anti-radiation missiles that can be fired by Ukrainian aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2022-08-08 |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/u-s-confirms-air-launched-anti-radiation-missiles-sent-to-ukraine |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> As built, Soviet-era aircraft do not have the computer architecture to accept NATO standard weapons. Indeed, none of the former Warsaw Pact countries, even those that have had their Soviet-era aircraft updated, were enabled to fire a HARM before.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://mezha.media/en/2022/08/08/agm-88-harm/ |first=Oleg |last=Danylov |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Mezha.Media |language=en}}</ref> The interface seemed difficult unless using a "crude modification", such as integrating it with an added [[Tablet computer|e-tablet]] into the cockpit, building a nearly totally independent subsystem within the carrying aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=2022-08-07 |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/does-ukraine-now-have-agm-88-high-speed-anti-radiation-missiles |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> As suggested by Domenic Nicholis, defense correspondent for the Telegraph in the UK, the HARM missile is possibly operating in one of its three modes that enables it to find its target once flying after being released towards a possible enemy air defense and electronic emission area. Pre mission or during flight, NATO [[signals intelligence]] aircraft or different intelligence would be providing the overall electromagnetic emissions battlefield to locate the Russian radars where the Ukrainian jets, armed with HARMs would be directed to fire them. This allows the missile to achieve a very long range attack profile, even if it's possible that the missile does not find a target while flying, going wasted.<ref>{{cite podcast| title=The mood in the EU, US military aid & why Zelenksy wants Europe to stop giving visas to Russians |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-mood-in-the-eu-us-military-aid-why-zelenksy/id1612424182?i=1000575534897|time=4:02-42 |website=The Telegraph| date= 8 August 2022| access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> A second possible use of the HARM is operating it in a mode called "HARM as sensor". Similar to the described mode before, the missile acts as both sensor and weapon, not requiring a sensor pod. A simple interface would show that the missile has a target and the pilot can launch it. In this way the range is shorter, and the jet could be under threat already, but would maximize the possibility to hit the emitter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian Jets Are Firing American Anti-Radar Missiles |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/08/11/ukrainian-jets-are-firing-american-anti-radar-missiles/?sh=840f8f631a98 |first=David |last=Axe |date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
In August 2022, a senior U.S. defense official confirmed that the Ukrainians have successfully integrated the AGM-88 HARM missile onto their "MiG aircraft", hinting the MiG-29 was the chosen fighter jet<ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick | url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-mig-29s-are-firing-agm-88-anti-radiation-missiles | title=Ukrainian MiG-29s Are Firing AGM-88 Anti-Radiation Missiles | date=19 August 2022 |website=The War Zone | access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref> with video evidence of AGM-88 missiles fired by upgraded Ukrainian MiG-29s released by the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] a few days later.<ref name="theaviationist.com">{{cite web | url=https://theaviationist.com/2022/08/30/first-footage-of-ukrainian-mig-firing-arm-emerges/ | title=First Footage of Ukrainian MiG-29 Firing US-delivered Anti-Radiation Missiles Emerges | date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>
Speaking on 19 September, US Air Force General [[James B. Hecker]] said the effort to integrate AGM-88 HARM missiles into the Ukrainian Su-27s and MiG-29s took "some months" to achieve. This does not give the Ukrainian Air Force the same "capabilities that it would on an F-16." However he said: "Even though you don't get a kinetic kill ... you can get local air superiority for a period of time where you can do what you need to do."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title= It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals |author=Valerie Insinna  |work=breaking defense |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-may-have-lost-four-combat-jets-ukraine-last-10-days-uk-says-2022-09-19/ |access-date=2022-09-22}}</ref>
During early September 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27S was spotted with an AGM-88 HARM fitted on the wing pylons. This is the first case of an Su-27 being spotted with an AGM-88 fitted. The missile has been directly fitted to the APU-470 missile launchers, the same launcher used by MiG-29 and Su-27 to fire missiles like the [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)]]. This suggests that mounting the missile on Soviet aircraft is much easier than experts initially believed, being as simple as  "requiring just an interface for the different wirings and the hanging points of the missile". The earlier footage of a Ukrainian MiG-29 using an AGM-88 indicated that the display recognized the missile as a R-27EP, which is designed to lock onto airborne radars. This suggests that the aircraft are using their own avionics to fire the missile, without the need for additional modifications.<ref>{{cite news |author=Stefano D'Urso  |title=Ukrainian Su-27s Are Now Using AGM-88 HARM Missiles Too |url=https://theaviationist.com/2022/09/09/ukrainian-su-27-agm-88-harm-missiles/ |publisher=The Aviationist |date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
In December, the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] released a video showing a [[MiG-29]] firing two HARM missiles in a volley.  Russia has made the first claim of the war that they have shot down four HARM missiles.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Double HARM': Ukrainian MiG-29 Fires Two AGM-88 Missiles Simultaneously Presumably At Russian Positions |date=17 December 2022|author= Ashish Dangwal |url= https://eurasiantimes.com/double-harm-ukrainian-mig-29-fires-two-agm-88-anti-radiation/?amp |publisher=EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Russia 'Shoots Down' 4 AGM-88 Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM) Over Belgorod Region, MoD Says |date=19 December 2022|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-shoots-down-4-agm-88-anti-radiation-missiles-harm/?amp |publisher=EurAsian Times}}</ref>
==Variants==
===AGM-88E AARGM===
[[File:AGM-88E HARM p1230047.jpg|thumb|AGM-88E Advanced Antiradiation Guided Missile (AARGM)]]
The AGM-88E Advanced Antiradiation Guided Missile (AARGM) has an updated guidance section and modified control section, along with the rocket motor and warhead section, wings, and fins from the AGM-88 HARM. It utilizes millimeter-wave radar for precise terminal guidance, countering the enemy's radar shut-down capability, and has the ability to transmit images of the target before impact. [[Northrop Grumman]] took control of the AARGM program after acquiring [[Orbital ATK]] in 2018. The AGM-88E is in use by the US Navy, US Marine Corps, Italian Air Force, and German Air Force.
<ref name="aft">{{cite web |title=AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/agm-88e-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile/ |website=Air Force Technology |access-date=18 February 2024 |date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=bundeswehr2019 />
In June 2003, Orbital ATK was awarded a $223m contract to develop the AARGM. Subsequently, in November 2005, the [[Ministry of Defence (Italy)|Italian Ministry of Defense]] and the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] entered into a memorandum of agreement to jointly fund the project.<ref name=aft />
The U.S. Navy demonstrated the AARGM's capability during Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) in spring 2012 with live firing of 12 missiles. Aircrew and maintenance training with live missiles was completed in June.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Navy approves full rate production for new anti-radiation missile |date=29 August 2012 |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=5109 |website=Naval Air Systems Command, United States Navy |access-date=2018-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202233/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=5109 |archive-date=2018-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Navy authorized Full-Rate Production (FRP) of the AARGM in August 2012, with 72 missiles for the Navy and nine for the [[Italian Air Force]] to be delivered in 2013. A [[U.S. Marine Corps]] [[F/A-18 Hornet]] squadron will be the first forward-deployed unit with the AGM-88E.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/137980/us-navy-oks-full_rate-production-for-aargm-anti_radiation-missile.html |title=Navy Approves Full Rate Production for New Anti-Radiation Missile |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=2020-02-04 |website=Defense-Aerospace.com |publisher=Briganti et Associés}}</ref>
In September 2013, ATK delivered the 100th AARGM to the U.S. Navy. The AGM-88E program is on schedule and on budget, with [[Full Operational Capability]] (FOC) planned for September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/atk-delivers-100th-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-aargm-to-us-navy-224053301.html |title=ATK Delivers 100th Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) to U.S. Navy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091322/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/atk-delivers-100th-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-aargm-to-us-navy-224053301.html |archive-date=2014-04-30 |website=PR Newswire |date=17 September 2013}}</ref> The AGM-88E was designed to improve the effectiveness of legacy HARM variants against fixed and relocatable radar and communications sites, particularly those that would shut down to throw off anti-radiation missiles, by attaching a new seeker to the existing Mach 2-capable rocket motor and warhead section, adding a passive anti-radiation homing receiver, [[satellite navigation|satellite]] and [[inertial navigation system]], a [[millimeter-wave]] radar for terminal guidance, and the ability to beam up images of the target via a [[satellite link]] just seconds before impact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-extends-orbital-atk-agm-88e-production-423546/ |first=James |last=Drew |title=US Navy extends Orbital ATK AGM-88E production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407203723/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-extends-orbital-atk-agm-88e-production-423546/ |archive-date=2016-04-07 |website=FlightGlobal |publisher=DVV Media |date=25 March 2016}}</ref>
This model of the HARM will be integrated onto the F/A-18C/D/E/F, EA-18G, Tornado ECR, Eurofighter EK aircraft, and later on the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] (externally).<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=ATK |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/21/idUS152956+21-Jan-2009+PRN20090121 |title=ATK Awarded $55 Million Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Low Rate Initial Production Contract by the United States Navy |via=Reuters |date=2009-01-21 |access-date=2011-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623150446/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/21/idUS152956%2B21-Jan-2009%2BPRN20090121 |archive-date=2013-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/awin-only/us-navy-wants-internal-aargm-f-35/ |title=U.S. Navy Wants Internal AARGM For F-35 |url-access=subscription |website=Aviation Week |publisher=Informa |date=8 April 2015}}</ref>
In September 2015, the AGM-88E successfully hit a mobile ship target in a live fire test, demonstrating the missile's ability to use antiradiation homing and millimeter-wave radar to detect, identify, locate, and engage moving targets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/09/23/US-Navy-tests-upgraded-missile/3861443019797/?spt=trc |title=U.S. Navy tests upgraded missile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120146/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/09/23/US-Navy-tests-upgraded-missile/3861443019797/?spt=trc |archive-date=2015-09-25 |first=Richard |last=Tomkins |website=United Press International |date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
In December 2019, the [[German Air Force]] ordered the AARGM.<ref name=bundeswehr2019>{{cite web |url=https://esut.de/2019/12/meldungen/ruestung2/17444/bundeswehr-erhaelt-agm-88e-aargm-antiradar-lenkflugkoerper/ |title=Bundeswehr erhält AGM-88E AARGM Antiradar-Lenkflugkörper |trans-title=Bundeswehr receives AGM-88E AARGM anti-radar guided missile |language=de |first=Gerhard |last=Heiming |website=Europäische Sicherheit und Technik |date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Mittler Report Verlag GmbH}}</ref>
On August 4, 2020, Northrop Grumman's Alliant Techsystems Operations division, based in Northridge, California, was awarded a $12,190,753 [[IDIQ]] contract for AARGM depot sustainment support, guidance section and control section repair, and equipment box test and inspection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contracts for August 4, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2300395// |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 31, 2020, the same Northrop Grumman division was allocated roughly $80.9&nbsp;million to develop new technology for the AARGM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contracts for August 31, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2331179// |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=U.S. Department of Defense|language=en-US}}</ref>
===AGM-88F HCSM===
Although the US Navy/Marine Corps chose the Orbital ATK-produced AGM-88E AARGM,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/AARGM/Pages/default.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916215149/https://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/AARGM/Pages/default.aspx/ |archive-date=2018-09-16 |title=Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) – Standard and Extended Range |website=Northrop-Grumman}}</ref> Raytheon developed its own update of the HARM, known as the AGM-88F HARM Control Section Modification (HCSM). This modification was tested in collaboration with and eventually adopted by the US Air Force. It includes upgrades such as [[Satellite navigation|satellite]] and [[Inertial navigation system|inertial navigation]] controls, designed to minimize collateral damage and friendly fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/raytheons-hcsm-anti-radiation-missile-upgrade-compl-418218/ |first=James |last=Drew |title=Raytheon's HCSM anti-radiation missile upgrade completes key test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413223904/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/raytheons-hcsm-anti-radiation-missile-upgrade-compl-418218/ |archive-date=2016-04-13 |website=FlightGlobal |publisher=DVV Media |date=26 October 2015}}</ref> The Republic of China (Taiwan), Bahrain, and Qatar have purchased AGM-88Bs retrofitted with the HCSM upgrade.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Contracts For May 23, 2019 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/1856970/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
===AGM-88G AARGM-ER===
The Navy's FY 2016 budget included funding for an AARGM-Extended Range (ER) that uses the existing guidance system and warhead of the AGM-88E with a dual-pulse solid rocket motor to double the range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/f-35cs-cut-back-us-navy-invests-standoff-weapons |title=F-35Cs Cut Back As U.S. Navy Invests in Standoff Weapons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205183403/http://aviationweek.com/defense/f-35cs-cut-back-us-navy-invests-standoff-weapons |archive-date=2015-02-05 |first=Bill |last=Sweetman |url-access=subscription |work=Aviation Week |publisher=Informa |date=3 February 2015}}</ref> In September 2016, [[Orbital ATK]] unveiled its AARGM-ER, which incorporates a redesigned control section and {{convert|11.5|in|mm|abbr=on|adj=mid| diameter}} rocket motor for twice the range and internal carriage on the Lockheed Martin F-35A and F-35C Lightning II, with integration on [[P-8 Poseidon]], [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], and [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] planned afterwards;<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=AARGM-ER Datasheet |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/wp-content/uploads/AARGM-ER-Datasheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509110850/https://www.northropgrumman.com/wp-content/uploads/AARGM-ER-Datasheet.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=Northrop Grumman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/orbital-atk-reveals-new-double-range-aargm |title=Orbital ATK Reveals New 'Double-Range' AARGM |first=James |last=Drew |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2016-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130426/http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/orbital-atk-reveals-new-double-range-aargm |archive-date=2016-10-05 |url-access=subscription |work=Aviation Week |publisher=Informa |url-status=live}}</ref> internal carriage on the F-35B is not possible due to internal space limitations. The new missile, designated AGM-88G, utilizes the AARGM's warhead and guidance systems in a new airframe that replaces the mid-body wings with aerodynamic [[strake]]s along the sides with control surfaces relocated to low-drag tail surfaces and a more powerful propulsion system for greater speed and double the range of its predecessor. It weighs {{cvt|1030|lb|kg|0}} and is slightly shorter than earlier variants at {{cvt|160|in|m|2}} in length.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=Navy's Highly Promising Long-Range Air Defense Busting Missile Has Taken Its First Flight |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/33830/navys-highly-promising-long-range-air-defense-busting-missile-has-taken-its-first-flight |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=The War Zone |date=Jun 3, 2020 |publisher=The Drive Media, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="AARGM">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27866/usaf-f-35as-will-get-navys-new-air-defense-busting-missile-amid-talk-of-anti-ship-variants/ |title=USAF F-35As Will Get Navy's New Air Defense Busting Missile Amid Talk of Anti-Ship Variants |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |work=The War Zone |publisher=The Drive Media, Inc. |date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-06-05/new-anti-radiation-missile-flies-navy-anti-radar-revamp |title=New Anti-Radiation Missile Flies in Navy Anti-Radar Revamp |first=David |last=Donald |date=5 June 2020 |website=Aviation International News}}</ref>
The U.S. Navy awarded Orbital ATK a contract for AARGM-ER development in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/january-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/5887-video-orbital-atk-gets-u-s-navy-contract-to-develop-aargm-er.html |title=Orbital ATK gets U.S. Navy Contract to Develop AARGM-ER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084408/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/january-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/5887-video-orbital-atk-gets-u-s-navy-contract-to-develop-aargm-er.html |archive-date=2018-01-27 |website=Navy Recognition |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> The USAF later joined the AARGM-ER program, involved in internal F-35A/C integration work.<ref name="AARGM"/> The AARGM-ER received Milestone-C approval in August 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/august/7564-us-navy-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-to-enter-production.html |title=US Navy Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile – Extended Range to enter production |date=26 August 2021 |website=Air Recognition}}</ref> and the first [[Low rate initial production|low-rate initial production]] contract was awarded the next month; [[initial operational capability]] was planned for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insidedefense.com/insider/navy-issues-northrop-grumman-41-million-aargm-er-contract |title=Navy issues Northrop Grumman $41 million AARGM-ER contract |first=Aidan |last=Quigley |date=September 15, 2021 |website=Inside Defense}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Northrop Grumman awarded second low-rate initial production contract |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-second-successful-missile-live-fire |publisher=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |date=February 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref> The AARGM-ER completed its first,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tingley |first1=Brett |date=Aug 2, 2021 |title=First Live-Fire Test Of The Navy's New Long-Range Anti-Radiation Missile Was A Success |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41798/first-live-fire-test-of-navys-new-long-range-anti-radiation-missile-was-a-success |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=The War Zone |publisher=The Drive Media, Inc.}}</ref> second,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Extended Range Completes Second Successful Missile Live Fire |date=February 7, 2022 |publisher=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-second-successful-missile-live-fire |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302183210/https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-second-successful-missile-live-fire |archive-date=2022-03-02 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref> third,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Third Successful Missile Live Fire Test for Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Extended Range |date=July 21, 2022 |publisher=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/third-successful-missile-live-fire-test-for-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801110827/https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/third-successful-missile-live-fire-test-for-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range |archive-date=2022-08-01 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref> fourth,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Northrop Grumman's Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Extended Range Completes Fourth Successful Missile Live Fire |date=December 8, 2022 |publisher=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grummans-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-fourth-successful-missile-live-fire |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210055158/https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grummans-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-fourth-successful-missile-live-fire |archive-date=2022-12-10 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref> and fifth flight tests at the [[Point Mugu Sea Range]] in July 2021, January 2022, July 2022, December 2022, and May 2023 respectively.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Northrop Grumman's Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Extended Range Completes Fifth Consecutive Successful Test |date=May 8, 2023 |publisher=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grummans-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-fifth-consecutive-successful-test |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510003110/https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grummans-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missile-extended-range-completes-fifth-consecutive-successful-test |archive-date=2023-05-10 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>
In February 2023, the U.S. Navy began exploring the feasibility of launching the AARGM-ER from ground-based launchers and the P-8 Poseidon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=Navy To Test Ground-Launched Version Of New Radar-Busting Missile |url=https://www.twz.com/navy-to-test-ground-launched-version-of-new-radar-busting-missile |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=The War Zone |publisher=The Drive Media, Inc. |date=Feb 17, 2023}}</ref>
On February 27, 2023, Australia asked to purchase up to 63 AGM-88G AARGM-ERs.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/australia-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range-aargm|title=Australia – Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missiles Extended Range (AARGM-ERs) (Corrected) |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308010635/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/australia-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range-aargm |archive-date=2023-03-08}}</ref>
On June 5, 2023, The Netherlands announced the acquisition of the AARGM-ER for the use on their F-35A fleet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/06/05/nieuwe-munitie-f-35s-vergroot-slagkracht | title=Nieuwe munitie F-35's vergroot slagkracht – Nieuwsbericht|website= Defensie.nl | date=5 June 2023 }}</ref>
On October 23, 2023, Finland was approved by the U.S. [[State Department]] to proceed with purchase of up to 150 AGM-88G AARGM-ERs.<ref name="finland dsca">{{cite press release |title=Finland – Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missiles-Extended Range (AARGM-ER) |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/finland-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range-aargm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028130055/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/finland-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range-aargm |archive-date=2023-10-28}}</ref>
On January 12, 2024, Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to integrate the AARGM-ER with all three F-35 variants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finnerty |first1=Ryan |title=Lockheed to integrate latest air defence suppression missile with all F-35 variants |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/lockheed-to-integrate-latest-air-defence-suppression-missile-with-all-f-35-variants/156506.article |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=FlightGlobal |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
On April 24, 2024, the U.S. [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] (DSCA) made it public that the State Department has approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of the Netherlands of the AARGM-ER and related equipment for an estimated cost of $700 million.<ref name="dsca nl">{{cite press release | url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/netherlands-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range | title=Netherlands – Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missiles-Extended Range |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]]| date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429102344/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/netherlands-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range |archive-date=2024-04-29}}</ref>
On September 27, 2024, the U.S. [[State Department]] approved the sale of $405 million worth of AARGM-ERs to Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pittaway |first=Nigel |date=30 September 2024 |title=Defence to acquire more anti-radar missiles |url=https://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/news/defence-to-acquire-more-anti-radar-missiles |work=Australian Defence Magazine}}</ref>
===Stand-in Attack Weapon===
{{main|Stand-in Attack Weapon}}
In May 2022, the USAF awarded contracts to [[L3Harris Technologies]], [[Lockheed Martin]], and Northrop Grumman to begin the first phase of development for the [[Stand-in Attack Weapon]] (SiAW). While previous HARMs were meant to attack air defense radars, the SiAW will have a broader target set including [[theater ballistic missile]] [[transporter-erector-launcher|launchers]], [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[anti-ship missile]] launchers, [[Spoofing attack#Global navigation satellite system spoofing|GPS jamming]] platforms, and [[anti-satellite]] systems. It will have a shorter range than [[standoff weapon]]s, being fired by an aircraft after penetrating enemy airspace. The SiAW will fit inside the F-35's internal weapon bays. The Air Force plans to have an operational weapon by 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Losey |first1=Stephen |title=US Air Force awards contracts to start designing F-35 weapon |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/06/08/us-air-force-awards-contracts-to-start-designing-f-35-weapon/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |work=[[Defense News]] |date=Jun 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tirpak |first1=John A. |title=New SiAW Seen as Modular, Pathfinder Weapon |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/new-siaw-seen-as-modular-pathfinder-weapon/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]] |date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712172601/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/new-siaw-seen-as-modular-pathfinder-weapon/ |archive-date=2023-07-12}}</ref> Northrop Grumman was chosen to continue development of the SiAW in September 2023, and it will be derived from the AARGM-ER.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Losey |first1=Stephen |title=Northrop wins $705 million contract for F-35 air-to-ground weapon |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2023/09/26/northrop-wins-705-million-contract-for-f-35-air-to-ground-weapon/ |work=[[Defense News]] |date=Sep 27, 2023}}</ref> Lockheed Martin's offering for the program was the hypersonic [[Mako (missile)|Mako]] missile.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Hypersonic Missile That’s More Than Ready |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2024/mako-a-hypersonic-missile-thats-more-than-ready.html/ |work=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=Jul 22, 2024}}</ref>
==Evaluation==
During [[Operation Allied Force]], NATO reportedly fired 743 HARMs during the course of the 78-day campaign, but could confirm the destruction of only three of the original 25 [[SA-6]] batteries. Over half of the HARMs expended were preemptive targeting shots (PETs), fired at suspected SAM sites, but without a radar to target. During the campaign, Serbian SAM sites fired more than 800 SAMs with only two NATO aircraft downed; the majority from fixed sites were fired without radar guidance. Radars were also forced to operate for only 20 seconds or less to avoid destruction by HARMs. According to Benjamin Lambeth, the [[F-117]] that was downed did not have support from HARM-carrying F-16CJ aircraft.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lambeth |first=Benjamin |date=2001 |title=NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment |location=Santa Monica, CA |publisher= RAND |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1365.html |pages=106–118 |doi=10.7249/MR1365 |isbn=978-0-8330-3050-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lyon |first=Charles |date=1 December 1999 |title=Operation Allied Force: A Lesson on Strategy, Risk, and Tactical Execution |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA431703 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National War College |pages=13–23 }}</ref>
==Operators==
[[File:AGM-88 operators.png|thumb|Map with AGM-88 operators in blue.]]
[[File:AIM-9 AIM-120 and AGM-88 on F-16C.jpg|thumb|[[F-16]] carrying an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] (top), [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] (middle) and AGM-88 HARM.]]
[[File:UA MiG-29 using R-73 and AGM-88 02.png|thumb|A Ukrainian MiG-29 launching a HARM missile]]
===Current operators===
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
; {{flag|Australia}}
:* [[Royal Australian Air Force]]: AGM-88E variant ordered; to be used on [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growlers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/italoamerican-agm88e-aargm-missile-no-place-to-hide-down-there-01852 |title=AGM-88E AARGM Missile: No Place To Hide Down There |date=31 July 2019 |website=Defense Industry Daily |access-date=2013-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013015608/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/italoamerican-agm88e-aargm-missile-no-place-to-hide-down-there-01852/ |archive-date=2013-10-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 April 2017, the [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] stated that Australia intended to purchase 70 AGM-88B and 40 AGM-88E missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/us-approves-sale-of-anti-radiation-missiles-for-raaf-growler/ |title=US approves sale of anti-radiation missiles for RAAF Growler |date=1 May 2017 |website=Australian Aviation |access-date=2017-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501052051/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/us-approves-sale-of-anti-radiation-missiles-for-raaf-growler/ |archive-date=2017-05-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
; {{Flag|Bahrain}}
:* [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]]: 50 AGM-88Bs refurbished to the AGM-88F standard were ordered in May 2019 to be integrated on newly upgraded F-16 Block 70 fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2019 |title=Weapons to Support F-16 Block 70/F-16V Aircraft Fleet |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bahrain-weapons-support-f-16-block-70f-16v-aircraft-fleet |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Defense Security Cooperation Agency}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
; {{flag|Egypt}}
:* [[Egyptian Air Force]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Quwwat al Jawwiya Ilmisriya/Egyptian Air Force |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article4.html |website=F-16.net |access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref>
; {{flag|Germany}}
:* [[German Air Force]]:<ref name=HighBeam>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165051/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-09-24 |title=Spain buying HARMs for use on EF-18 |work=Defense Daily |date=25 May 1990 |access-date=2015-08-08 }}</ref>
; {{flag|Greece}}
:* [[Hellenic Air Force]]: AGM-88B Block IIIA and AGM-88E variants. AGM-88E AARGM on order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencehub.live/threads/haf-acquires-advanced-agm-88e-aargm-anti-radar-missiles-and-agm-84l-harpoon-ii-anti-ship-missiles-for-f-16v.13784/ |title=HAF acquires advanced AGM-88E AARGM anti-radar missiles and AGM-84L Harpoon II anti-ship missiles for F-16V |date=28 June 2022 |website=DefenceHub}}</ref>
; {{flag|Israel}}
:* [[Israeli Air Force]]
;{{flag|Italy}}
:* [[Italian Air Force]]: AGM-88E variant.
; {{flag|Kuwait}}
:* [[Kuwait Air Force]]
; {{flag|Morocco}}
:* [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]]: AGM-88B variant.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/96339/morocco-buys-%24155m-arms-package-for-f_16s.html |date=11 July 2008 |publisher=US Defense Security Cooperation Agency |title=Morocco – Weapons and Related Support for F-16 Aircraft|via=Defense-Aerospace.com |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152234/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/96339/morocco-buys-%24155m-arms-package-for-f_16s.html |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
; {{flag|Qatar}}
:* [[Qatar Emiri Air Force]]: 100 AGM-88F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=armstrade.sipri.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
; {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
:* [[Royal Saudi Air Force]]
; {{flag|South Korea}}
:* [[Republic of Korea Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Han-guk Kong Goon/Republic of Korea Air Force |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article18.html |website=F-16.net |access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref>
; {{flag|Spain}}
:* [[Spanish Air and Space Force]]<ref name=HighBeam/>
; {{flag|Taiwan}}
:* [[Republic of China Air Force]]: 50 AGM-88Bs refurbished to AGM-88F standard ordered in June 2017, with delivery by 2027 for the ROCAF's F-16 Block 70 fleet.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-tecro-united-0 |date=19 June 2017 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (Tecro) in the United States – AGM-88B High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM) |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Another 100 AGM-88Bs were ordered in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – F-16 Munitions |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-f-16 |access-date=2023-08-31 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |author=<!--Not stated--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404232241/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-f-16 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
; {{flag|Turkey}}
:* [[Turkish Air Force]]: 96 AGM-88Bs and 96 AGM-88Es ordered in 2024 upon existing inventory.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Türkiye – F-16 Aircraft Acquisition and Modernization |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/turkiye-f-16-aircraft-acquisition-and-modernization |access-date=2024-09-10 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |date=2024-01-26 |author=<!--Not stated--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202022509/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/turkiye-f-16-aircraft-acquisition-and-modernization |archive-date=2024-02-02}}</ref>
; {{flag|Ukraine}}
:* [[Ukrainian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/us-made-agm-88-missiles-started-striking-russian-air-defense-positions-in-ukraine/ |title=US-made AGM-88 missiles started striking Russian air defense positions in Ukraine |date=7 August 2022 |website=Ukrainian Military Center |access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref><ref name="theaviationist.com"/>
; {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
:* [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah/United Arab Emirates Air Force |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article22.html |website=F-16.net |access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref>
; {{flag|United States}}:
:* [[United States Air Force]]
:* [[United States Marine Corps]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/Entry3131.aspx |title=AGM-88 HARM |website=Harpoon Databases |access-date=2013-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232035/http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/Entry3131.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
:* [[United States Navy]]
===Future operators===
; {{flag|Finland}}
:* [[Finnish Air Force]]: up to 150 AGM-88Gs will be bought.<ref name="finland dsca" />
; {{flag|Netherlands}}
:* [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]: up to 265 AGM-88Gs will be purchased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defence-industry.eu/netherlands-selects-aargm-er-missiles-for-its-f-35-fleet/ | title=Netherlands selects AARGM-ER missiles for its F-35 fleet | date=5 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/air-platforms/latest/netherlands-buys-h225m-helos-for-special-operations-aargm-er-for-f-35 | title=Netherlands buys H225M helos for special operations, AARGM-ER for F-35 |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |date=6 June 2023 |magazine=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610143450/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/air-platforms/latest/netherlands-buys-h225m-helos-for-special-operations-aargm-er-for-f-35 |archive-date=2023-06-10}}</ref><ref name="dsca nl"/>
; {{flag|Poland}}
:* [[Polish Air Force]]: Ordered 360 AGM-88Gs to be used with [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palowski |first1=Jakub |title=Polskie F-35 przeciwko rosyjskim rakietom. Kluczowa decyzja |url=https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/polskie-f-35-przeciwko-rosyjskim-rakietom-kluczowa-decyzja |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Defense 24 |date=2024-04-25 |language=Polish}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Poland – Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missiles-Extended Range (AARGM-ER) |date=24 April 2024 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/poland-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425022459/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/poland-advanced-anti-radiation-guided-missiles-extended-range |archive-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{lwc|AGM-122 Sidearm}}
* {{lwc|AGM-78 Standard ARM}}
* {{lwc|AGM-45 Shrike}}
* {{lwc|ALARM}}
* {{lwc|ARMAT}}
* {{lwc|Kh-28}}
* {{lwc|Kh-31}}
* {{lwc|Kh-58}}
* {{lwc|LD-10}}
* {{lwc|MAR-1}}
* {{lwc|Martel (missile)|Martel}}
* {{lwc|Rudram-1 (missile)|Rudram-1}}
* {{lwc|YJ-91}}
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Further reading===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bonds |first=Ray |editor-first=David |editor-last=Miller |encyclopedia=The Illustrated Directory of Modern American Weapons |title=AGM-88 HARM |publisher=Motorbooks International |isbn=0-7603-1346-6 |year=2002}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628010856/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms04_016401.pdf AGM-88 data sheet] (PDF format) from Raytheon
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-88.htm Information on AGM-88 HARM] from [[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]]
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-88.html AGM-88] at Designation-Systems
* [http://www.ausairpower.net/API-AGM-88-HARM.html AGM-88 HARM] by Carlo Kopp
{{Alliant Techsystems}}{{Raytheon}}
{{Northrop Grumman}}
{{US missiles}}
{{USAF Weapons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agm-88 Harm}}
[[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the United States|AGM-088]]
[[Category:Alliant Techsystems]]
[[Category:Anti-radiation missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Anti-radiation missiles of the United States|AGM-088]]
[[Category:Raytheon Company products]]
[[Category:Texas Instruments]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]