View source for AMOLED

{{short description|Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions}}
{{Update|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Nexus one screen microscope.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the [[Nexus One]] smartphone using the RGBG system of the [[PenTile matrix family]]]]
'''AMOLED''' ('''active-matrix organic light-emitting diode'''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|oʊ|ˌ|l|ɛ|d}}) is a type of [[OLED]] display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which [[organic compound]]s form the [[electroluminescence|electroluminescent]] material, and [[active matrix]] refers to the technology behind the addressing of [[pixel]]s.
Since 2007, AMOLED technology has been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs and digital cameras,<ref name="Auto21-1"/> and it has continued to make progress toward low-power, low-cost, high resolution and large size (for example, 88-inch and [[8K_resolution#Resolutio|8K]] resolution) applications.<ref name="Auto21-2"/><ref name="Auto21-3"/><ref name="Auto21-4"/>{{POV statement|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Samsung AMOLED.jpg|thumb|250px|Primary colors shown on the Dynamic AMOLED displays of the [[Galaxy Note 10]] line]]
== Design ==
[[File:AMOLED-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Schematic of an active-matrix OLED display]]
An AMOLED display consists of an [[active matrix]] of [[OLED]] pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a [[thin-film transistor]] (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual [[pixel]].<ref name="Auto21-5"/>
Typically, this [[continuous current]] flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage [[capacitor]] and the second to provide a [[voltage]] source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for [[passive matrix addressing|passive-matrix]] OLED operation.<ref name="Auto21-6"/>
TFT [[backplane]] technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the two primary TFT backplane technologies, [[polycrystalline silicon]] (poly-Si) and [[amorphous silicon]] (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150&nbsp;°C)  onto flexible plastic substrates for producing [[organic light-emitting diode roll-up display|flexible]] AMOLED displays.<ref name="prin"/>
==History==
AMOLED was developed in 2006. [[Samsung SDI]] was one of the main investors in the technology, and many other display companies were also developing it. One of the earliest consumer electronics products with an AMOLED display was the [[BenQ-Siemens]] S88 mobile handset<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memsjournal.com/2006/07/active_oleds_cl.html|title = Active OLEDs close in on mobile phone market}}</ref> and, in 2007, the [[iriver Clix|iriver Clix 2]] portable media player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anythingbutipod.com/archives/2007/08/iriver-clix2-review.php |title=Iriver clix2 Review |website=www.anythingbutipod.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028064406/http://www.anythingbutipod.com/archives/2007/08/iriver-clix2-review.php |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008 it appeared on the [[Nokia N85]] followed by the Samsung i7110 - both [[Nokia]] and [[Samsung Electronics]] were early adopters of this technology on their smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-consumer-electronics-hall-of-fame-nokia-n85-cellphone|title = The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Nokia N85 Cellphone|date = 13 December 2018}}</ref>
=== Future development ===
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Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive [[sensor array]]s in the AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sensor AMOLED fabricators include [[AU Optronics]] and [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]. Samsung has marketed its version of this technology as "Super AMOLED". Researchers at [[DuPont]] used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existing [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes.<ref name="Auto21-7"/>
== Comparison to other display technologies ==
[[Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays|Compared to other display technologies]], AMOLED screens have several advantages and disadvantages.
AMOLED displays can provide higher refresh rates than passive-matrix,{{Nonspecific|date=November 2011}} often have response times less than a millisecond, and they consume significantly less [[electric power|power]].<ref name="Auto21-8"/> This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life.
The amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one old [[QVGA]] OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while an [[LCD]] may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen.
A new FHD+ or WQHD+ display will consume much more.
<ref name="powerOLED"/> Because the black pixels turn completely off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly higher than LCDs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.androidauthority.com/amoled-vs-lcd-differences-572859/|title=AMOLED vs LCD: differences explained|website=Android Authority|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227012435/http://www.androidauthority.com/amoled-vs-lcd-differences-572859/|archive-date=27 December 2016|df=dmy-all|date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness.<ref name="Auto21-9"/> Samsung's ''Super AMOLED'' technology addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps between layers of the screen.<ref name="sam"/><ref name="Auto21-10"/> Additionally, [[PenTile]] technology is often used for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than needed otherwise, sometimes resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy than a non-PenTile display with the same resolution.
The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, [[image persistence]], or [[screen burn-in#Plasma, LCD and OLED displays|burn-in]].<ref name="Auto21-11"/><ref name="Auto21-12"/>
Flagship smartphones sold in 2020 and 2021 used a Super AMOLED. Super AMOLED displays, such as the one on the [[Samsung Galaxy S21+]] / [[S21 Ultra]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra]] have often been compared to [[IPS panel|IPS LCDs]], found in phones such as the [[Xiaomi Mi 10T]], [[Huawei Nova 5T]], and [[Samsung Galaxy A20e]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/|title=AMOLED vs LCD: Which screen is best for your phone?|date=29 August 2014|website=digitaltrends.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329044710/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/|archive-date=29 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="androidpit.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display|title=Smartphone screens explained: display types, resolutions and more - AndroidPIT|website=androidpit.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512050251/http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display|archive-date=12 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/|title=Nexus 4 Review: Not Exactly Perfect, But Close Enough For Me – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=2 November 2012 |access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207110037/https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/|archive-date=7 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For example, according to [[ABI Research]], the AMOLED display found in the [[Motorola Moto X]] draws just 92 mA during bright conditions and 68 mA while dim.<ref name="abiresearch.com">[https://www.abiresearch.com/press/googlemotorola-mobility-display-a-bright-efficient Google/Motorola Mobility Display a Bright Efficient Future], ABI Research</ref> On the other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low; the cost is also higher.
== Marketing terms ==
=== Super AMOLED ===
"Super AMOLED" is a marketing term created by [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] for an AMOLED display with an integrated touch screen [[digitizer]]: the layer that detects touch is integrated into the display, rather than overlaid on top of it and cannot be separated from the display itself. The display technology itself is not improved. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight as the first generation AMOLED.<ref name="Auto21-15"/><ref name="Auto21-16"/> The generic term for this technology is [[One Glass Solution]] (OGS).
=== Comparison ===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2022}}
Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Term
! Reso-<br />lution
! data-sort-type="number" | Size<br />(inches)
! PPI
!Color depth
(bits)
! Pixel<br />layout
! Used in
|-
| rowspan="2" | AMOLED
| rowspan="2" |{{0}}320×240
| 2.2
| 182
|
|
|[[Iriver clix|iriver clix 2]]
|-
|2.6
|154
|
| rowspan="2" |RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Nokia N85]]
|-
| AMOLED<br />Capacitive Touchscreen
| rowspan="3" |{{0}}640×360
| 3.2
| 229
|
|[[Nokia C6-01]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | Super AMOLED
| 3.5
| 210
|
| rowspan="3" | RGB S-Stripe
|[[Nokia N8]]
|-
| 4.0
| 184
|
|[[Nokia 808 PureView]]
|-
|{{0}}720×720
|3.1
|328
|
|[[BlackBerry Q10]]
|-
|{{0}}854×480
| 3.9
| 251
|
| rowspan="2" | RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Nokia N9]]
|-
|{{0}}800×480
| 4.0
| 233
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy S]]
|-
|{{0}}960×540
| 4.3
| 256
|
| RGB S-Stripe
|[[Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini]]
|-
| 1280×768
| 4.5
| 332
|
| RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Nokia Lumia 1020]]
|-
| Super AMOLED Plus
|{{0}}800×480
| 4.3 (4.27)
| 218
|
| RGB stripe
|[[Samsung Galaxy S II]]
|-
| Super AMOLED Advanced
|{{0}}960×540
| 4.3
| 256
|
| rowspan="2" |RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Motorola Droid RAZR]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | HD Super AMOLED
| 1280×800
| 5.3 (5.29)
| 285
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note (original)|Samsung Galaxy Note]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1280×720
| 5.0
| 295
|
| RGB S-Stripe
|[[BlackBerry Z30]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy J7]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy J5]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy E5]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy J3 (2016)]]
|-
| 4.7 (4.65)
| 316
|
| RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Galaxy Nexus|Samsung Galaxy Nexus]]
|-
| 4.7 (4.65)
| 316
|
| RGB S-Stripe
|[[Moto X (1st generation)]]
|-
| 4.8
| 306
|
| RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Samsung Galaxy S III]]
|-
| 5.6 (5.55)
| 267
|
| rowspan="2" | RGB S-Stripe
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note II]]
|-
| 5.6 (5.55)
| 267
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo]]
|-
| HD Super AMOLED Plus
| 1280×800
| 7.7
| 197
|
| RGB stripe
|[[Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | Full HD Super AMOLED
| rowspan="8" | 1920×1080
|5.5
|400
|
| rowspan="26" |RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Meizu MX5]]
|-
| 5.0 (4.99)
| 441
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy S4]]
|-
| 5.0 (4.99)
| 441
|
|[[OnePlus X]]
|-
| 5.0 (4.99)
| 441
|
|[[Pixel (smartphone)|Google Pixel]]
|-
| 5.2
| 423
|
|[[Moto X (2nd generation)|Motorola Moto X (2nd gen)]]
|-
| 5.1
| 432
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy S5]]
|-
| 5.5
| 401
|
|[[OnePlus 3]]<br />[[OnePlus 3T]]<br />[[OnePlus 5]]
|-
| 5.7
| 388
|
| [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Full HD+ Super AMOLED
| rowspan="2" |2160×1080
|6.0
|402
|
|[[Pixel 3|Google Pixel 3]]
|-
|6.0
|402
|
|[[Huawei Mate 10]] Pro
|-
|2220x1080
|6.01
|411
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018)|Samsung Galaxy A8+ (2018)]]
|-
|Full HD+ Super AMOLED
|2220x1080
|5.61
|441
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Super Retina HD
| 2436×1125
| 5.8 (5.85)
| rowspan="2" |458
|
|[[iPhone X|Apple iPhone X]]<br />[[iPhone XS]]<br />[[iPhone 11 Pro]]
|-
| 2688×1242
| 6.5 (6.46)
|
| [[iPhone XS Max]]<br />[[iPhone 11 Pro Max]]
|-
| rowspan="11" | WQHD Super AMOLED
| rowspan="7" | 2560×1440
| 5.1
| 577
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy S6]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S6]] Edge<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S6 Active]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S7]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S7 Active]]
|-
|5.2
|564
|
|[[Microsoft Lumia 950]]
|-
|5.2
|565
|
|[[Motorola Droid Turbo]]
|-
|5.4
|540
|
|[[BlackBerry Priv]]
|-
|5.5
|534
|
|[[BlackBerry DTEK60]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S7]] Edge<br />[[Pixel (smartphone)|Google Pixel XL]]<br />[[Alcatel Idol 4]]S<br />vodafone smart platinum 7(Alcatel Sol Prime)<br />[[Moto Z]]<br />[[Moto Z]] Force<br />ZTE Axon 7
|-
| 5.7
| 515
| rowspan="12" |8
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy Note 5]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S6]] Edge+<br />[[Nexus 6P]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy Note 7]]
|-
| 5.7
| 518
|[[Microsoft Lumia 950 XL]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2960×1440
|5.8
|571
|[[Samsung Galaxy S8]]<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S9]]
|-
|6.2
|529
|[[Samsung Galaxy S8]]+<br />[[Samsung Galaxy S9]]+
|-
|6.3
|521
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]]
|-
|6.4
|514
|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 9]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | WQXGA Super AMOLED
| rowspan="2" | 2560×1600
| 8.4
| 359
|[[Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4]]
|-
| 10.5
| 287
| RGB S-Stripe
|[[Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5]]
|-
| 3K AMOLED
| 2880×1600
| 3.5
| 615
| (unknown)
|HTC Vive Focus Plus<ref>{{cite web|title=HTC VIVE Focus Plus|url=https://business.vive.com/product/focus-plus/|website=vive.com|access-date=July 30, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213144504/https://www.vive.com/cn/product/vive-focus-en/|archive-date=13 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|Dynamic AMOLED
|2280x1080
3040x1440
2280x1080
3040x1440
3040x1440
|5.8
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.8
|438
550
401
522
498
|
|[[Samsung Galaxy S10]]e
[[Samsung Galaxy S10]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Note 10]]
[[Samsung Galaxy S10|Samsung Galaxy S10+]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Note 10|Samsung Galaxy Note 10+]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Fold]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip]]
|-
|Fluid AMOLED
|3120x1440
|6.67
|516
|
|[[OnePlus 7 Pro]]
|-
|Dynamic AMOLED 2X
|2208×1768
2400x1080
3200x1440
|7.6
6.1
6.4
6.7
6.8
6.9
|373 <small>(Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2)</small><br />
386 <small>(External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2)</small>
563
525
511
421
394
515
411
374 <small>(Display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3)</small><br />
389 <small>(External display resolution for Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3)</small>
|RGBG [[PenTile]]
|[[Samsung Galaxy S20]]
Samsung Galaxy S20+
Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra
(Samsung Galaxy Note 20)
(Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra)
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2]]
[[Samsung Galaxy S21]]
Samsung Galaxy S21+
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy S21 FE
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3]]
[[Samsung Galaxy S22]]
Samsung Galaxy S22+
Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4]]
[[Samsung Galaxy S23]]
Samsung Galaxy S23+
Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5]]
[[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5]]
[[Samsung Galaxy S24]]
Samsung Galaxy S24+
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
|}
== Future ==
Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Samsung have shown flexible, 3D, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolutions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use a [[polymer]] as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, combining them into one integrated layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/|title=Samsung teases flexible, transparent display in concept video|website=engadget.com|date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230335/https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/|archive-date=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/|title=Samsung names flexible OLED display series 'Youm', shows new prototype handheld device|website=engadget.com|date=9 January 2013 |access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205237/https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/|archive-date=16 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> or y-octa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2018/01/21/samsung-galaxy-s9-specs-design-price-release-date-galaxy-s9-plus/#38c4c7e1577c|title=Samsung Report 'Confirms' Significant Galaxy S9 Design Changes|first=Gordon|last=Kelly|website=forbes.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213743/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2018/01/21/samsung-galaxy-s9-specs-design-price-release-date-galaxy-s9-plus/#38c4c7e1577c|archive-date=1 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye-tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cameras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals.
==See also==
*[[List of flat panel display manufacturers]]
*[[microLED]]
*[[OLED]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Auto21-1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.3400224|title=Improvement of electron injection in inverted bottom-emission blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes using zinc oxide nanoparticles|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Hyunkoo|last2=Park|first2=Insun|last3=Kwak|first3=Jeonghun|last4=Yoon|first4=Do Y.|last5=Kallmann|first5=Changhee Lee|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=96|issue=15|page=153306|bibcode=2010ApPhL..96o3306L}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1889/1.3256930|title=40 Inch FHD AM-OLED Display with IR Drop Compensation Pixel Circuit|year=2009|last1=Kim|first1=Yang Wan|last2=Kwak|first2=Won Kyu|last3=Lee|first3=Jae Yong|last4=Choi|first4=Wong Sik|last5=Lee|first5=Ki Yong|last6=Kim|first6=Sung Chul|last7=Yoo|first7=Eui Jin|journal=SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers|volume=40|page=85|s2cid=110871831}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-3">{{cite journal|doi=10.1889/1.3256911|title=Development of 31-Inch Full-HD AMOLED TV Using LTPS-TFT and RGB FMM|year=2009|last1=Lee|first1=Myung Ho|last2=Seop|first2=Song Myoung|last3=Kim|first3=Jong Soo|last4=Hwang|first4=Jung Ho|last5=Shin|first5=Hye Jin|last6=Cho|first6=Sang Kyun|last7=Min|first7=Kyoung Wook|last8=Kwak|first8=Won Kyu|last9=Jung|first9=Sun I|last10=Kim|first10=Chang Soo|last11=Choi|first11=Woong Sik|last12=Kim|first12=Sung Cheol|last13=Yoo|first13=Eu Jin|journal=SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers|volume=40|page=802|s2cid=110948118}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-4">{{cite journal|doi=10.1889/1.2835033|title=System design for a wide-color-gamut TV-sized AMOLED display|year=2008|last1=Hamer|first1=John W.|last2=Arnold|first2=Andrew D.|last3=Boroson|first3=Michael L.|last4=Itoh|first4=Masahiro|last5=Hatwar|first5=Tukaram K.|last6=Helber|first6=Margaret J.|last7=Miwa|first7=Koichi|last8=Levey|first8=Charles I.|last9=Long|first9=Michael|last10=Ludwicki|first10=John E.|last11=Scheirer|first11=David C.|last12=Spindler|first12=Jeffrey P.|last13=Van Slyke|first13=Steven A.|journal=Journal of the Society for Information Display|volume=16|page=3|s2cid=62669850}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-5">{{cite web|url=http://data.4dsystems.com.au/downloads/micro-OLED/Docs/4D_AMOLED_Presentation.pdf |title=Introduction to OLED Displays&nbsp;– Design Guide for Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED) Displays |publisher=4D Systems |date=2008-05-22 |access-date=2010-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705004637/http://data.4dsystems.com.au/downloads/micro-OLED/Docs/4D_AMOLED_Presentation.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-6">{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/LED.2006.889523|title=A Novel LTPS-TFT Pixel Circuit Compensating for TFT Threshold-Voltage Shift and OLED Degradation for AMOLED|last1=Lin|first1=Chih-Lung|last2=Chen|first2=Yung-Chih|journal=[[IEEE Electron Device Letters]]|volume=28|issue=2|page=129|year=2007|bibcode=2007IEDL...28..129L|s2cid=11194344}}</ref>
<ref name=prin>{{cite book|doi=10.1117/12.497638|title=Cockpit Displays X|year=2003|last1=Sarma|first1=Kalluri R.|last2=Chanley|first2=Charles|last3=Dodd|first3=Sonia R.|last4=Roush|first4=Jared|last5=Schmidt|first5=John|last6=Srdanov|first6=Gordana|last7=Stevenson|first7=Matthew|last8=Wessel|first8=Ralf|last9=Innocenzo|first9=Jeffrey|last10=Yu|first10=Gang|last11=O'Regan|first11=Marie B.|last12=MacDonald|first12=W. A.|last13=Eveson|first13=R.|last14=Long|first14=Ke|last15=Gleskova|first15=Helena|last16=Wagner|first16=Sigurd|last17=Sturm|first17=James C.|editor-first1=Darrel G. |editor-last1=Hopper |chapter=Active-matrix OLED using 150°C a-Si TFT backplane built on flexible plastic substrate |volume=5080|page=180|s2cid=12958469}} {{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~sturmlab/pdfs/publications/CP.211.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192052/http://www.princeton.edu/~sturmlab/pdfs/publications/CP.211.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-7">Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, "[http://www2.dupont.com/OLED/en_US/assets/downloads/pdf/frontline_technology_AMOLED.pdf Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516071914/http://www2.dupont.com/OLED/en_US/assets/downloads/pdf/frontline_technology_AMOLED.pdf |date=16 May 2011 }}", Information Display Magazine, January 2011.</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-8">Suyko, Alan. "Oleds Ready For The Mainstream." ''Electronics News'' (2009): 20. ''Associates Programs Source Plus''. Web. 9 Dec. 2011.</ref>
<ref name=powerOLED>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1145/1629911.1630084|chapter = Power modeling of graphical user interfaces on OLED displays|title = Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference on ZZZ - DAC '09|pages = 652|year = 2009|last1 = Dong|first1 = Mian|last2 = Choi|first2 = Yung-Seok Kevin|last3 = Zhong|first3 = Lin|isbn = 9781605584973|s2cid = 442526}}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-9">{{cite web |last=Carmody |first=Tim |title=How Super AMOLED displays work |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/how-super-amoled-displays-work |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Wired |date=2010-11-18 |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name=sam>{{cite web|url=http://ars.samsung.com/customer/usa/jsp/faqs/faqs_view_us.jsp?SITE_ID=22&PG_ID=2&PROD_SUB_ID=557&PROD_ID=560&AT_ID=290435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000052/http://ars.samsung.com/customer/usa/jsp/faqs/faqs_view_us.jsp?SITE_ID=22&PG_ID=2&PROD_SUB_ID=557&PROD_ID=560&AT_ID=290435 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-16 |title=What Are The Benefits Of Using The Super AMOLED Display In My SGH-t959 (Vibrant) Phone? |publisher=Samsung |date=2010-07-15 |access-date=2010-09-07 }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-10">{{cite web|url=http://digihub.theage.com.au/node/1799|title=Big is beautiful|publisher=The Age|date=2010-08-12|access-date=2010-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829060732/http://digihub.theage.com.au/node/1799|archive-date=29 August 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto21-12">{{cite patent|country=US|number=7352345|title=Driving apparatus and method for light emitting diode display|inventor=Chun-huai Li|gdate=2008-04-01}}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto21-15">{{cite web |url=http://www.samsung.com/au/smartphone/technology/super-amoled.html |title=Samsung Smartphones &#124; Technology |publisher=Samsung.com |date=2012-01-06 |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073023/http://www.samsung.com/au/smartphone/technology/super-amoled.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="Auto21-16">{{cite web |url=http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled |title=Super AMOLED |publisher=Oled-info.com |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009141240/http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled |archive-date=9 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto21-17">{{cite web|url=http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus|publisher=OLED-Info|title=www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus|access-date=23 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816001954/http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus|archive-date=16 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto21-20">{{cite web |url=http://bestboyz.de/galaxy-note-2-display-hat-keine-pentile-matrix/ |title=Galaxy Note 2: Display hat keine PenTile-Matrix &#124; BestBoyZ |publisher=Bestboyz.de |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121010155624/http://bestboyz.de/galaxy-note-2-display-hat-keine-pentile-matrix/ |archive-date=10 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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<ref name="Auto21-19">{{cite web |url=http://www.samsung.com/uk/consumer/mobile-devices/smartphones/android/GT-I9250TSAXEU |title=Galaxy Nexus&nbsp;– Android 4. 0 Smartphone&nbsp;– SAMSUNG UK&nbsp;– OVERVIEW |language=uk |publisher=Samsung.com |access-date=2012-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102041548/http://www.samsung.com/uk/consumer/mobile-devices/smartphones/android/GT-I9250TSAXEU |archive-date=2 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>-->
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== External links ==
* {{HowStuffWorks|page=oled3|name=Types of OLEDs: Passive and Active Matrix|author=Craig Freudenrich}}
{{Display technology}}
[[Category:Mobile phones]]
[[Category:Conductive polymers]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:Molecular electronics]]
[[Category:Optical diodes]]
[[Category:Organic electronics]]