View source for AT&T Communications (1984–2010)

{{Short description|American telecommunications company}}
[[File:AT&T Long Lines tower (32886560042).jpg|thumb|An AT&T Long Lines tower in Phoenix, AZ.]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{for|the division of the AT&T Inc. that was created in 2017|AT&T Communications}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AT&T Communications, Inc.
| logo =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = Telecommunications
| fate =
| predecessor = [[AT&T Corporation|American Telephone and Telegraph Company]]
| successor = [[AT&T Communications]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1984}}
| defunct = {{end date and age|2010}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bedminster, New Jersey|Bedminster]], New Jersey
| hq_location_country = United States
| products = [[long-distance calling|Long distance]]
| parent = [[AT&T Corporation]] (1984–2005)<br />[[AT&T|AT&T Inc.]] (2005–2010)
| homepage = {{URL|www.att.com/}}
}}
'''AT&T Communications, Inc.''' was a division of the [[AT&T Corporation]] that, through 23 subsidiaries, provided [[interexchange carrier]] and [[long-distance calling|long-distance]] telephone services.
== History ==
{{main|History of AT&T}}
[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14756359095).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Line through western Montana, 1934]]
[[File:Hogg horn antennas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Horn reflector antennas on AT&T Long Lines microwave relay station, Seattle, Washington]]
=== AT&T Long Lines ===
AT&T Long Lines initially began with wire and cable, but as technology progressed, it transitioned to a [[microwave radio relay]] network that provided long-distance services for AT&T and its customers. Telephone connections to other countries used this network.  By the 1970s, 95% of long-distance and 70% of intercity telephone calls in the United States were carried by AT&T.
=== Open Wire ===
Before using microwave relay and [[coaxial cable]]s, AT&T used [[open wire]] lines for [[long-distance calling|long-distance]] service. In 1911, the system connected New York to Denver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/15tel.html|title=AT&T Labs Fosters Innovative Technology – AT&T Labs|publisher=}}</ref> The introduction of repeater towers allowed such connections to reach across North America. Starting in the 1920s, the company increasingly used long-distance coaxial cable and [[carrier system]]s.
=== Microwave relay network ===
With improved [[klystron]]s and other [[microwave]] devices devised during [[World War II]], higher frequencies allowed far more channels on a given link. This allowed a single [[microwave relay]] to carry thousands of telephone calls. [[Bell Labs]] developed a practical system known as [[TD-2]], produced by [[Western Electric]]. The system was designed not only to carry telephone calls, but also television signals, allowing programs to be sent from city to city. Microwaves are [[line of sight]] technology, so building such a network required towers built in strings between the endpoints, but this was still much less expensive than stringing the equivalent number of cables between the two points. The first complete system was installed between New York and Chicago and opened on September 1, 1950.
Given the cold war period in which the microwave relay system was designed, the AT&T Long Lines network was engineered to survive a nuclear attack. The reasoning for this was because the system carried military communications and data, in addition to the normal traffic from the public and corporations. The sites were hardened through the use of tough concrete buildings and in some cases, bunkers. Each base station typically contained a diesel generator, air filtration system, and toiletries common to fallout shelters of the day. All of this equipment was manufactured by [[Western Electric]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of AT&T Long Lines |url=https://telephoneworld.org/long-distance-companies/att-long-distance-network/history-of-att-long-lines/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Telephone World |language=en-US}}</ref> The buildings typically had no windows, but featured louvers to allow for ventilation and cooling for the electronics housed inside. Many base stations were shielded from EMP blasts, and the system was designed with automatic routing which would automatically avoid towers that were knocked out in an attack or other outage. One famous example of a hardened AT&T Long Lines site is [[33 Thomas Street]] in Manhattan, it was designed to withstand a nuclear blast and has no windows.
Formal opening of the United States coast-to-coast connection was on August 17, 1951, via AT&T's network control center in New York City.
A presidential address from [[Harry Truman]] at the San Francisco Peace Conference on September 4, 1951<ref>{{cite web|title=Address in San Francisco at the Opening of the Conference on the Japanese Peace Treaty. September 4, 1951|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13906|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=May 28, 2012|archive-date=December 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209091436/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13906|url-status=dead}}</ref> opened the network, demonstrating coast-to-coast television service. The first regularly scheduled show to use this was Edward R. Murrow's ''[[See It Now]]'' on November 18, 1951. Later the network allowed events such as American Bandstand and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Monday Night Football]]'' to be broadcast live nationally and permitted distribution of regional sports events, such as Saturday football games prior to the adoption of [[satellite communications]] in the 1970s.
Long Lines briefly published a periodical, ''[[TWX (magazine)|TWX]]'', targeted to companies that used AT&T's equipment and services, particularly TeletypeWriter eXchange, from which it took its name. The periodical was discontinued in 1952.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Worldwide History of Telecommunications |last=Huurdeman |first=Anton A. |year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-20505-0 |page=302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&pg=PA302}}</ref>
While coaxial links continued to connect major US cities, the primary links had moved to the microwave systems by the late 1960s.
By the 1980s, alternatives such as fiber optics and satellites supplemented and eventually replaced the microwave system.
=== Direct distance dialing ===
{{Main|Direct distance dialing}}
In 1950, New York City's five boroughs could be dialed directly by subscribers from various communities in [[New Jersey]] with the digits '1-1' followed by the seven-digit telephone number. While New York City received the [[area code 212]] when AT&T formulated the first nationwide [[telephone numbering plan]] in October 1947, it wouldn't be until 1951 when [[Englewood, New Jersey]], customers would dial their calls to New York City using the prefix ''212'', as well as other area codes to reach many cities in the nation. New York City's five boroughs also had been dialing northeastern New Jersey as ''11+'' the two letters and five digits of the New Jersey number.
[[File:32 Avenue of Americas stormy bright jeh.jpg|thumb|[[32 Avenue of the Americas]], New York headquarters and principal switching center of AT&T Long Lines in mid 20th century; still used in 2008]]
[[File:ValpoTower1.JPG|thumb|upright|Long Lines relay tower in Indiana. Earlier stations in the microwave network used concrete towers due to the post-war price of steel as well as the desire to place the electronics closer to the antennas – they are in rooms behind the windows half way up the tower.]]
The use of area code 201 to call New Jersey from New York City only began latter in the 1950s. Other cities in northeastern New Jersey were dialable in 1951 (and for a few years prior) from Englewood by simply dialing the two letters of the exchange name and remaining five digits. In addition to New York City, the [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] part of [[Long Island]] was dialable from Englewood and [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]] using area code 516. Also [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland County]], and portions of [[Orange County, New York|Orange]] and [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]] Counties were also dialable from Englewood and Teaneck in 1951 using area code 914.
Early in the 20th century, the telephone companies organized a "Separations and Settlements" process by which Long Lines and the local companies divided the revenues of long-distance calls according to their respective costs. The mid-century advent of microwave and other high capacity systems dramatically cut the cost of long-haul operations, but pricing did not decline proportionally. Rather, the local fraction of revenue-sharing rose to subsidize local service.
=== AT&T Communications ===
AT&T Communications became one of the three core sales units of AT&T after reorganization of assets.
AT&T divided AT&T Communications into 22 operating companies, serving the regions of each Bell Operating Company that was spun off. Some of these companies are currently operating:
*AT&T Communications of Indiana, G.P.
*AT&T Communications of New York, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Virginia, LLC
*AT&T Communications of Washington D.C., LLC
The other companies, which have been merged into [[AT&T Corp.]], included:
*AT&T Communications of California, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Delaware, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Illinois, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Maryland, LLC
*AT&T Communications of Michigan, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of New England, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Nevada, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of NJ, L.P.
*AT&T Communications of Ohio, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Pennsylvania, LLC
*AT&T Communications of the Midwest, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of the Mountain States, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of the Pacific Northwest, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of the South Central States, LLC
*AT&T Communications of the Southern States, LLC
*AT&T Communications of the Southwest, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of West Virginia, Inc.
*AT&T Communications of Wisconsin, L.P.
Following the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]], AT&T Communications began reselling [[Bell Operating Company]]-provided telephone service at lower prices to compete with the [[Baby Bells]]. Their names were: Ameritech, Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, NYNEX, Pacific Telesis, Southwestern Bell, and US West.
The advertising campaign which had a broad appeal was named [[AT&T CallVantage]].
=== AT&T–SBC Communications merger ===
In 2005, SBC Communications purchased [[AT&T Corp.]], the parent company of AT&T Communications. SBC had already been offering its own long-distance services through '''SBC Long Distance LLC''' in its own territory in competition with other long-distance companies. As a result, AT&T Communications was refocused to seek new customers outside of the AT&T 13-state region served by its [[Bell Operating Companies]].
In 2010, AT&T Communications (and subsidiary AT&T Communications of New England) was merged into [[AT&T Corp.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sos.mo.gov/businessentity/soskb/Filings.asp?494211|title=Missouri Business Filings|publisher=Missouri Secretary of State }}</ref> In 2012, 17 more of the AT&T Communications companies were dissolved into AT&T Corp., leaving only the companies in Indiana, New York, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. as the last remnants of the 1984-created structure. On July 28, 2017, AT&T announced a new AT&T Communications corporate division, which will house AT&T Mobility, DirecTV, U-Verse, AT&T Business, and Technology and Operations Group.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/att-time-warner-john-stankey-1202510008/|title=AT&T Confirms John Stankey Will Oversee Time Warner Post-Merger |first1=Todd|last1=Spangler|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=July 28, 2017}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Long line (telecommunications)]]
*[[TD-2]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://long-lines.net/ The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113084433/http://www.privateline.com/mt_telephonehistory/iv_the_telephone_evolves/05_part_e/ Origins of ATT Microwave network]
{{AT&T}}
{{Bell System}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:AtandT Communications}}
[[Category:Former AT&T subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Bell System]]
[[Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Technology companies disestablished in 2010]]