View source for Abel Tasman

{{Short description|Dutch seafarer, explorer and merchant (1603–1659)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Engvarb|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image       = Abel Tasman Navigateur en Australie (cropped).jpg
| caption     = Drawing depicting Tasman, {{circa}} 17th century
| birth_date  = {{birth year|1603}}
| birth_place = [[Lutjegast]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age |1659|10|10|1603|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]]
| occupation  = {{hlist|[[Navigator]]|[[explorer]]|[[sea captain]]}}
| spouse      = {{plainlist|1=
*Claesgie Heyndrix
*Jannetje Tjaers (Joanna Tiercx)
}}
| children    = Claesjen Tasman (daughter)
}}
'''Abel Janszoon Tasman''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈaːbəl ˈjɑnsoːn ˈtɑsmɑn|lang}}; 1603{{snd}}10 October 1659) was a Dutch [[sea explorer|seafarer]] and [[exploration|explorer]], best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC). He was responsible for the naming of [[New Zealand]], as well as being the namesake for [[Tasmania]].
Born in 1603 in [[Lutjegast]], Netherlands, Tasman started his career as a [[merchant]] seaman and became a skilled [[navigator]]. In 1633, he joined the VOC and sailed to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], now Jakarta, Indonesia. He participated in several voyages, including one to Japan. In 1642, Tasman was appointed by the VOC to lead an expedition to explore the uncharted regions of the [[Southern Pacific Ocean]]. His mission was to discover new trade routes and to establish trade relations with the native inhabitants. After leaving Batavia, Tasman sailed westward to Mauritius, then south to the [[Roaring Forties]], then eastward, and reached the coast of Tasmania, which he named [[Van Diemen's Land]] after [[Anthony van Diemen|his patron]]. He then sailed north east, and was the first European to discover the west coast of New Zealand, which he named ''Staten Landt'', but later renamed ''Nieuw Zeeland'' after the Dutch province of [[Zeeland]].
Despite his achievements, Tasman's expedition was not entirely successful. The encounter with the [[Māori people]] on the [[South Island]] of New Zealand resulted in a violent confrontation, which left four of Tasman's men dead. He returned to Batavia without having made any significant contact with the native inhabitants or establishing any trade relations. Nonetheless, Tasman's expedition paved the way for further exploration and colonization of Australia and New Zealand by the British. Tasman continued to serve the Dutch East India Company until his death in 1659, leaving behind a legacy as one of the greatest explorers of his time.
==Origins and early life==
Abel Tasman was born around 1603 in [[Lutjegast]], a small village in the [[Groningen (province)|province of Groningen]], in the north of the Netherlands. The oldest available source mentioning him is dated 27 December 1631 when, as a seafarer living in Amsterdam, the 28-year-old became engaged to marry 21-year-old Jannetje Tjaers, of Palmstraat in the [[Jordaan]] district of the city.<ref name="amsterdam">{{Cite web|date=2017-12-01|title=Ondertrouw Registers 1565–1811, Zoek|url=https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/ondertrouwregisters_1565-1811/zoek/query.nl.pl?i1=1&a1=Tasman&x=20&z=a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182016/https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/ondertrouwregisters_1565-1811/zoek/query.nl.pl?i1=1&a1=Tasman&x=20&z=a|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-01|access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Groom Abel Jansen Tasman|url=https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/a3ea42a0-67f9-4ae9-924c-4fbad946f4e0?person=961f6b21-c34b-53f7-e053-b784100aa83b|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Municipality of Amsterdam City Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-helmantel/I25050.php|title=Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659) » Stamboom Helmantel |first=Klaas|last=Pera|website=Genealogie Online|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093930/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-helmantel/I25050.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tasmanroutes.PNG|thumb|upright=1.3|Routes taken by Tasman in the Australasian region, on his first and second voyages]]
== Relocation to the Dutch East Indies ==
Employed by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC), Tasman sailed from [[Texel]] (Netherlands) to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], now Jakarta, in 1633 taking the southern [[Brouwer Route]]. While based in Batavia, Tasman took part in a voyage to [[Seram Island]] (in what is now the Maluku Province in Indonesia) because the locals had sold spices to other European nationalities than the Dutch. He had a narrow escape from death when in an incautious landing several of his companions were killed by the inhabitants of the island.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography|id2=tasman-abel-janszoon-2716|title=Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659)|first=J. W.|last=Forsyth|year=1967|volume=2|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730105650/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tasman-abel-janszoon-2716|url-status=live}}</ref>
By August 1637, Tasman was back in Amsterdam, and the following year he signed on for another ten years and took his wife with him to Batavia. On 25 March 1638 he tried to sell his property in the Jordaan, but the purchase was cancelled.<!--; in 1650, while living in the East Indies, it was sold to the same man.<ref>[http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/archieven/archiefbank/indexen/transportakten_voor_1811/zoek/query.nl.pl?i1=1&v1=Abel&a1=Tas*&i2=2&p2=p&y2=1620&z2=1660&x=14&z=a City Archives Amsterdam ]</ref>-->
He was second-in-command of a 1639 expedition of exploration into the north Pacific under [[Matthijs Quast]]. The fleet included the ships ''Engel'' and ''Gracht'' and reached [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] ([[Dutch Formosa]]) and [[Deshima]] (an [[artificial island]] off [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]]).
==First major voyage==
In August 1642, the [[Council of the Indies (Dutch)|Council of the Indies]], consisting of [[Antonie van Diemen]], [[Cornelis van der Lijn]], [[Joan Maetsuycker]], Justus Schouten, [[Salomon Sweers]], Cornelis Witsen, and Pieter Boreel in Batavia dispatched Tasman and Franchoijs Jacobszoon Visscher on a voyage of exploration to little-charted areas east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], west of [[Isla de los Estados|Staten Land]] (near the [[Cape Horn]] of South America) and south of the [[Solomon Islands]].<ref>Andrew Sharp, ''The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman,'' Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968, p. 25.</ref>
One of the objectives was to obtain knowledge of "all the totally unknown" [[Provinces of Beach]].<ref name=":1">J.E. Heeres, "Abel Janszoon Tasman, His Life and Labours", ''Abel Tasman's Journal,'' Los Angeles, 1965, pp. 137, 141–142; cited in Andrew Sharp, ''The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman,'' Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1968, p. 24.</ref> This was a purported yet [[phantom island|non-existent landmass]] said to have plentiful gold, which had appeared on European maps since the 15th century, as a result of an error in some editions of [[Marco Polo]]'s works.
The expedition was to use two small ships, ''[[Heemskerck (1638 ship)|Heemskerck]]'' and ''Zeehaen''.
===Mauritius===
In accordance with Visscher's directions, Tasman sailed from Batavia on 14 August 1642<ref name="robinsonlibrary">{{cite web|url=http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/geography/geography/discoveries/tasman.htm|title=Abel Janszoon Tasman, the first known European explorer to reach Tasmania and New Zealand and to sight Fiji|publisher=robinsonlibrary.com|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091636/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/geography/geography/discoveries/tasman.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and arrived at [[Mauritius]] on 5 September 1642, according to the captain's journal.<ref name="abeltasman.org"/> The reason for this was the crew could be fed well on the island; there was plenty of fresh water and timber to repair the ships. Tasman got the assistance of the governor [[Adriaan van der Stel]].
Because of the prevailing winds, Mauritius was chosen as a turning point. After a four-week stay on the island, both ships left on 8 October using the [[Roaring Forties]] to sail east as fast as possible. (No one had gone as far as [[Pieter Nuyts]] in 1626/27.) On 7 November, snow and hail influenced the ship's council to alter course to a more north-easterly direction,<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt|title=ebooks06/0600611|via=Project Gutenberg Australia|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008113814/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> with the intention of having the [[Solomon Islands]] as their destination.
=== Tasmania ===
[[File:Coastal-cliffs Tasman-peninsula.jpg|thumb|Coastal cliffs of [[Tasman Peninsula]]]]
On 24 November 1642, Tasman reached and sighted the west coast of [[Tasmania]], north of [[Macquarie Harbour]].<ref name="nla">{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra265-s97 |title= Monumenta cartographica [cartographic material] : reproductions of unique and rare maps, plans and views in the actual size of the originals : accompanied by cartographical monographs {{pipe}} Original map of Tasmania in December 1642 |via=National Library of Australia |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165059/http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra265-s97 |url-status=live }}</ref> He named his discovery Van Diemen's Land, after [[Antonio van Diemen]], [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]].
Proceeding south, Tasman skirted the southern end of Tasmania and turned north-east. He then tried to work his two ships into [[Adventure Bay, Tasmania|Adventure Bay]] on the east coast of [[South Bruny Island]], but he was blown out to sea by a storm. This area he named [[Storm Bay]]. Two days later, on 1 December, Tasman anchored to the north of Cape Frederick Hendrick just north of the [[Forestier Peninsula]]. On 2 December, two ship's boats under the command of the Pilot, Major Visscher, rowed through the Marion Narrows into Blackman Bay, and then west to the outflow of Boomer Creek where they gathered some edible "greens".<ref>Burney, J (1813) ''A Chronological History of the Voyage and Discoveries in the South Sea of Pacific Ocean'' L Hansard & Sons, London, p. 70, cited in Potts, B.M. et al (2006) ''Janet Sommerville's Botanical History of Tasmania'' University of Tasmania and TMAG</ref> Tasman named the bay, Frederick Hendrik Bay, which included the present North Bay, [[Marion Bay, Tasmania|Marion Bay]] and what is now Blackman Bay. (Tasman's original naming, Frederick Henrick Bay, was mistakenly transferred to its present location by [[Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne|Marion Dufresne]] in 1772). The next day, an attempt was made to land in North Bay. However, because the sea was too rough, a ship's carpenter swam through the surf and planted the Dutch flag. Tasman then claimed formal possession of the land on 3 December 1642.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}
For two more days, he continued to follow the east coast northward to see how far it went. When the land veered to the north-west at [[Eddystone Point]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilder |first1=Günter |title=Australia unveiled : the share of the Dutch navigators in the discovery of Australia |date=1976 |publisher=Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd. |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9022199975 |page=170}}</ref> he tried to follow the coast line but his ships were suddenly hit by the [[Roaring Forties]] howling through Bass Strait.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valentyn |first1=Francois |title=Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien |date=1724–1726 |publisher=J. van Braam |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9789051942347 |page=vol. 3, p. 47}}</ref> Tasman was on a mission to find the Southern Continent not more islands, so he abruptly turned away to the east and continued his continent-hunting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron-Ash |first1=M. |title=Lying for the Admiralty |date=2018 |publisher=Rosenberg |location=Sydney |isbn=9780648043966 |page=105}}</ref>
=== New Zealand ===
[[File:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|thumb|Murderers' Bay, drawing by [[Isaack Gilsemans]]<ref name="govt">{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/2/1|title=A view of the Murderers' Bay &ndash; History &ndash; Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=teara.govt.nz|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205054955/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/2/1|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:DanceMaori.jpg|thumb|Māori [[haka]]]]
[[File:Tasman-dagboek-b.jpg|thumb|[[Tongatapu]], the main island of [[Tonga]]; drawing by [[Isaack Gilsemans]]]]
[[File:Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg|thumb|The bay of Tongatapu with the two ships; drawing by Isaack Gilsemans]]
Tasman had intended to proceed in a northerly direction but as the wind was unfavourable he steered east. The expedition endured a rough voyage and in one of his diary entries Tasman claimed that his compass was the only thing that had kept him alive.
On 13 December 1642 they sighted land on the north-west coast of the [[South Island]] of New Zealand, becoming the first Europeans to sight New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/2 | title=European discovery of New Zealand | publisher=Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date=4 March 2009 | access-date=9 December 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101110165647/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/2| archive-date= 10 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Tasman named it ''Staten Landt'' "in honour of the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]" (Dutch parliament).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html|title= The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement|author= John Bathgate|publisher= NZETC|quote= He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent.|access-date= 17 August 2018|archive-date= 24 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200724203829/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html|url-status= live}}</ref> He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Landt but it is uncertain",<ref>{{cite web |url= http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt |title= Journal or Description by me ''Abel Jansz Tasman'', Of a Voyage from ''Batavia'' for making Discoveries of the ''Unknown South Land'' in the year 1642. |access-date= 26 March 2018 |first= Abel |last= Tasman |via= Project Gutenberg Australia |archive-date= 8 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008113814/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt |url-status= live }}</ref> referring to [[Isla de los Estados]], a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America, encountered by the Dutch navigator [[Jacob Le Maire]] in 1616.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John|last=Wilson|title=European discovery of New Zealand – Tasman's achievement|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|date=March 2009|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106180047/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 1643 [[Hendrik Brouwer|Brouwer's]] [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia|expedition to Valdivia]] found out that Staaten Landt was separated by sea from the hypothetical Southern Land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Kris E. |title=Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRgFqADzOLkC&q=Brouwer |year=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-76560-256-5|page=88 }}</ref><ref name=Kock>{{cite web|first=Robbert|last=Kock|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html|title=Dutch in Chile|publisher=Colonial Voyage.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last         = Barros Arana
|first        = Diego
|author-link1 = Diego Barros Arana
|title        = Historia General de Chile
|volume       = IV
|url          = http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7988.html
|year         = 2000
|orig-year    = 1884
|edition      = 2
|publisher    = [[Editorial Universitaria]]
|location     = Santiago, Chile
|isbn         = 956-11-1535-2
|language     = es
|page         = 280
|access-date  = 31 August 2019
|archive-date = 31 August 2019
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094925/http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7988.html
|url-status   = live
}}</ref> Tasman continued: "We believe that this is the mainland coast of the unknown Southland."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tasman |first1=Abel Jansz |title=The Huydecoper Journal, 1642–1643 |publisher=Mitchell Library, SLNSW |location=Sydney |page=43}}</ref> Tasman thought he had found the western side of the long-imagined [[Terra Australis]] that stretched across the Pacific to near the southern tip of South America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron-Ash |first1=M. |title=Lying for the Admiralty |date=2018 |publisher=Rosenberg |location=Sydney |isbn=9780648043966 |pages=21–22}}</ref> On 14 December 1642 Tasman's ships anchored 7 km offshore c. 20km south of Cape Foulwind near Greymouth. The ships were observed by Maori who named a place on this coast Tiropahi (the place were a large sailing ship was seen).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mack |first=Rudiger |title=First Encounters. The Early Pacific and European Narratives of Abel Tasman's 1642 Voyage |publisher=Heritage Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781991097002 |edition= |location=Feilding, New Zealand |publication-date=2024 |pages=47–49 |language=English}}</ref>
After sailing north then east for five days, the expedition anchored about {{convert|7|km}} from the coast off what is now [[Golden Bay / Mohua|Golden Bay]]. A group of [[Māori people|Māori]] paddled out in a [[waka (canoe)|waka]] (canoe) and attacked some sailors who were rowing between the two Dutch vessels. Four sailors were clubbed to death with [[patu]].<ref name = "Moon">{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Paul |title=Turning Points |date=2013 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-86966-379-7 |page=19}}</ref>{{blockquote|In the evening about one hour after sunset we saw many lights on land and four vessels near the shore, two of which betook themselves towards us. When our two boats returned to the ships reporting that they had found not less than thirteen fathoms of water, and with the sinking of the sun (which sank behind the high land) they had been still about half a mile from the shore. After our people had been on board about one glass, people in the two canoes began to call out to us in gruff, hollow voices. We could not in the least understand any of it; however, when they called out again several times we called back to them as a token answer. But they did not come nearer than a stone's shot. They also blew many times on an instrument, which produced a sound like the moors' trumpets. We had one of our sailors (who could play somewhat on the trumpet) play some tunes to them in answer."<ref name="abeltasman.org"/>}} As Tasman sailed out of the bay he observed 22 waka near the shore, of which "eleven swarming with people came off towards us". The waka approached the ''Zeehaen'' which fired and hit a man in the largest waka holding a small white flag. [[Canister shot]] also hit the side of a waka.<ref name="abeltasman.org"/><ref>Diary of Abel Tasman pp. 21–22. Random House. 2008</ref> Archaeologist Ian Barber suggests that local Maori were trying to secure a cultivation field under ritual protection (tapu) where they believed the Dutch were attempting to land. As the month of this contact, December was at the mid-point of the locally important sweetpotato/kūmara (''Ipomoea batatas'') growing season.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barber | first=Ian | title=Gardens of Rongo: Applying Cross-Field Anthropology to Explain Contact Violence in New Zealand | journal=Current Anthropology | publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=53 | issue=6 | year=2012 | issn=0011-3204 | doi=10.1086/667834 | pages=799–808}}</ref> Tasman named the area "Murderers' Bay".<ref name= "Moon"/>
The expedition then sailed north, sighting [[Cook Strait]], which separates the North and South Islands of New Zealand, and which it mistook for a [[bight (geography)|bight]] and named "Zeehaen's Bight". Two names that the expedition gave to landmarks in the far north of New Zealand still endure: [[Cape Maria van Diemen]] and [[Three Kings Islands]]. (''Kaap Pieter Boreels'' was renamed [[Cape Egmont]] by Captain [[James Cook]] 125 years later.)
=== Return voyage ===
En route back to Batavia, Tasman came across the [[Tonga]]n archipelago on 20 January 1643. While passing the [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]] Tasman's ships came close to being wrecked on the dangerous reefs of the north-eastern part of the Fiji group. He charted the eastern tip of [[Vanua Levu]] and [[Cikobia-i-Lau]] before making his way back into the open sea.
The expedition turned north-west towards [[New Guinea]] and arrived back in Batavia on 15 June 1643.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}
== Second major voyage ==
Tasman left [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] on 30 January 1644 on his second voyage with three ships (''Limmen'', ''Zeemeeuw'' and the tender ''Braek''). He followed the south coast of New Guinea eastwards in an attempt to find a passage to the eastern side of [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]. However, he missed the [[Torres Strait]] between New Guinea and Australia, probably due to the numerous reefs and islands obscuring potential routes, and continued his voyage by following the shore of the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] westwards along the north Australian coast. He mapped the north coast of Australia, making observations on [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]] and its people.<ref name=Quanchi>Quanchi, ''Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands'', p. 237</ref> He arrived back in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in August 1644.
From the point of view of the [[Dutch East India Company]], Tasman's explorations were a disappointment: he had neither found a promising area for trade nor a useful new shipping route. Although Tasman was received courteously on his return, the company was upset that Tasman had not fully explored the lands he found, and decided that a more "persistent explorer" should be chosen for any future expeditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abel Tasman's great voyage|url=http://tpo.tepapa.govt.nz/ViewTopicExhibitDetail.asp?TopicFileID=0x000ae4f7|publisher=Tai Awatea-Knowledge Net|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051818/http://tpo.tepapa.govt.nz/ViewTopicExhibitDetail.asp?TopicFileID=0x000ae4f7|url-status=live}}</ref> For over a century, until the era of James Cook, Tasmania and New Zealand were not visited by Europeans; mainland Australia was visited, but usually only by accident.
== Later life ==
On 2 November 1644, Abel Tasman was appointed a member of the Council of Justice in [[Batavia (region)|Batavia]]. He went to Sumatra in 1646, and in August 1647 to Siam (now [[Thailand]]) with letters from the company to the King. In May 1648, he was in charge of an expedition sent to [[Manila]] to try to intercept and loot the Spanish silver ships coming from America, but he had no success and returned to Batavia in January 1649. In November 1649, he was charged and found guilty of having in the previous year hanged one of his men without trial, was suspended from his office of commander, fined, and made to pay compensation to the relatives of the sailor. On 5 January 1651, he was formally reinstated in his rank and spent his remaining years at Batavia. He was in good circumstances, being one of the larger landowners in the town. He died at Batavia on 10 October 1659 and was survived by his second wife and a daughter by his first wife. His property was divided between his wife and his daughter. In his will (dating from 1657<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.nationaalarchief.nl/vitrine/wie_was_tasman.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420083101/http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/vitrine/wie_was_tasman.html|url-status=dead|title=National Archives|archive-date=20 April 2008}}</ref>), he left 25 guilders to the poor of his village, [[Lutjegast]].<ref name="history-nz">{{cite web|url=http://www.history-nz.org/discovery1.html|title=Abel Janszoon Tasman – New Zealand in History – Holland 1603–1659|author=Robbie Whitmore|publisher=history-nz.org|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022074305/http://history-nz.org/discovery1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Although Tasman's pilot, [[Frans Jacobszoon Visscher|Frans Visscher]], published ''Memoir concerning the discovery of the South land'' in 1642,<ref>A translation of part of Visscher's memoir may be read on pp. 24–27 of Andrew Sharp, The voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman, Oxford: Clarendon, 1968, p. 82, n. 1.</ref> Tasman's detailed journal was not published until 1898.  Nevertheless, some of his charts and maps were in general circulation and used by subsequent explorers.<ref name= Quanchi/> The journal signed by Abel Tasman of the 1642 voyage is held in the Dutch National Archives at [[The Hague]].<ref>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Aanwinsten Eerste Afdeling, nummer toegang 1.11.01.01, inventarisnummer 121</ref>
==Legacy==
Tasman's ten-month voyage in 1642–43 had significant consequences. By circumnavigating Australia (albeit at a distance) Tasman proved that the small fifth continent was not joined to any larger sixth continent, such as the long-imagined Southern Continent. Further, Tasman's suggestion that New Zealand was the western side of that Southern Continent was seized upon by many European cartographers who, for the next century, depicted New Zealand as the west coast of a Terra Australis rising gradually from the waters around [[Tierra del Fuego]]. This theory was eventually disproved when Captain Cook circumnavigated New Zealand in 1769.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron-Ash |first1=M. |title=Lying for the Admiralty |date=2018 |publisher=Rosenberg |isbn=9780648043966 |pages=21–22}}</ref>
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2018}}<!--need citations for things that are not obviously after him and those without articles-->
[[File:AbelTasmanNP.jpg|thumb|[[Abel Tasman National Park]]]]
Multiple places have been named after Tasman, including:
*The Australian island and state of [[Tasmania]], renamed after him, formerly Van Diemen's land. It includes features such as:
**The [[Tasman Peninsula]].
**The [[Tasman Bridge]].
**The [[Tasman Highway]].
*The [[Tasman Sea]].
*In New Zealand:
**The [[Tasman Glacier]].
**[[Tasman Lake]].
**The [[Tasman River]].
**[[Mount Tasman]].
**The [[Abel Tasman National Park]].
**[[Tasman Bay]].
**The [[Tasman, New Zealand|Tasman District]].
**[[Abel Tasman Monument]].
<!-- Probably not reasonable to list things indirectly named after him
Animal and plant species:
*Indirectly via Tasmania
** The [[Tasmanian Devil]]
** The [[Thylacine|Tasmanian Tiger]]
** [[Tasmannia]] (Tasmanian pepper and relatives)
** The [[Tasman flaxlily]]
*Indirectly via the Tasman Sea
** The [[Tasman Booby]]
** Two species named [[Tasman Parakeet]]s
** The [[Tasman Starling]]
** The [[Tasman whale]]-->
Also named after Tasman are:
*Tasman Pulp and Paper company, a large pulp and paper producer in [[Kawerau]], [[New Zealand]].
*Abel Tasman Drive, in [[Tākaka]].
*The former passenger/vehicle ferry ''[[Abel Tasman (ship)|Abel Tasman]].''
*The [[Able Tasmans]] – an [[indie band]] from Auckland, New Zealand.
*[[Tasman (layout engine)|Tasman]], a [[Browser engine|layout engine]] for [[Internet Explorer]].
* [[6594 Tasman]] (1987 MM1), a main-belt asteroid.
* Tasman Drive in [[San Jose, California]], and its [[Tasman (VTA)|Tasman]] light rail station, named after the [[Tasman Sea]].
* Tasman Road in [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa.
<!-- More indirect naming: * [[Tasman Mill|Tasman Forestry Ltd.]] and via it the [[Tasman Accord]]
* The [[Tasman Rugby Union]] and [[Tasman rugby league team]]
* the [[Tasman Series]], a motor racing series between Australia and New Zealand -->
* HMNZS Tasman, shore-based training establishment of the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]].
* [[Hunter-class frigate|HMAS ''Tasman'']] is a [[Hunter-class frigate]] that is expected to enter service with the [[Royal Australian Navy]] in the late 2020s.
His portrait has been on four New Zealand postage stamp issues, on a 1992 5 [[NZD]] coin, and on 1963, 1966<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stamporama Discussions: 1963 4/- & 1966 40 cent Tasman and his ship the "Heemskerk"|url=https://stamporama.com/discboard/disc_main.php?action=20&id=15080|access-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221045429/https://stamporama.com/discboard/disc_main.php?action=20&id=15080 |archive-date=21 December 2019|website=stamporama.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=July 2023}} and 1985 Australian postage stamps.<ref name="australianstamp">{{cite web|url=http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0015370.jpg|title=Image: 0015370.jpg, (378 × 378 px)|publisher=australianstamp.com|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180415/http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0015370.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the Netherlands, many streets are named after him. In Lutjegast, the village where he was born, there is a museum dedicated to his life and travels.
Tasman's life was dramatised for radio in ''[[Early in the Morning (radio play)|Early in the Morning]]'' (1946) a play by [[Ruth Park]].
===Portraits and depictions===
[[File:Portrait of Abel Tasman, his wife and daughter (adjusted).jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of disputed provenance held by the National Library of Australia, purported to depict Tasman and his family ]]
A drawing titled ''Abel Janssen Tasman, Navigateur en Australie'' is held by the [[State Library of New South Wales]] as part of "a portfolio of 26 ink drawings of 16th and 17th century Dutch admirals, navigators and governor-generals of the VOC".{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=47}} The portfolio was acquired at an art auction in [[The Hague]] in 1862.{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=48}} However, it is unclear if the drawing is of Tasman and its original source is unknown, although it has been said to resemble the work of Dutch engraver [[Jacobus Houbraken]].{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=49}} The drawing has been assessed as having the "most reliable provenance" of any depiction of Tasman with "no strong reason to doubt that the drawing is not genuine".{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=61}}
In 1948, the [[National Library of Australia]] acquired from [[Rex Nan Kivell]] a portrait purporting to depict Tasman with his wife and stepdaughter, which was attributed to [[Jacob Gerritsz. Cuyp]] and dated to 1637.{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=58}} In 2018 the painting was exhibited by the [[Groninger Museum]] in the Netherlands which identified it as "the only known portrait of the explorer".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.groningermuseum.nl/en/art/exhibitions/portrait-abel-tasman-comes-home-groningen|title=Portrait of Abel Tasman in Groningen|publisher=Groninger Museum|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> However, the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]] has instead attributed the painting to [[Dirck van Santvoort]] and concluded that the painting does not depict Tasman and his family.{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=61}}
The [[provenance]] provided from Nan Kivell for the family portrait has been unable to be verified. Nan Kivell claimed that the portrait was passed down through the Springer family – relatives of Tasman's widow – and was sold at [[Christie's]] in 1877. However, Christie's records indicate that the portrait was not owned by the Springer family or associated with Tasman, and was instead sold as "Portrait of an astronomer" by "[[Anthonie Palamedesz.|Anthonie Palamedes]]" [sic].{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=58}} Nan Kivell additionally claimed that the portrait was sold at Christie's a second time in 1941, however no records exist to support this. A survey of portraits of Tasman published in 2019 concluded that the provenance was "either invented by Rex Nan Kivell or by the unnamed art dealer who sold it to Rex Nan Kivell", and that the painting "should therefore not be considered a portrait of Abel Tasman's family".{{sfn|Mack|2019|pp=59–60}}
Outside of the Nan Kivell painting, another purported portrait of Tasman was "discovered" in 1893 and eventually acquired by the Tasmanian government in 1976 for the [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]] (TMAG).{{sfn|Mack|2019|pp=53–55}} The painting is unsigned and was attributed to [[Bartholomeus van der Helst]] at the time of its discovery, but this attribution was disputed by Dutch art historian [[Cornelis Hofstede de Groot]] and Alec Martin of Christie's. In 1985, TMAG curator Dan Gregg stated that "the painter of the life-sized portrait is unknown [...] there is some uncertainty as to whether the portrait is really of Tasman".{{sfn|Mack|2019|p=56}}
==Tasman map==
[[File:Tasman Map SLNSWSLNSW FL19288478.jpg|thumb|'Bonaparte Tasman map,' includes inset with Mauritius, Indonesia and Sumatra, c. 1644]]
[[File:State Library of New South Wales000.jpg|thumb|[[State Library of New South Wales]] vestibule, showing a mosaic of the Tasman map inlaid in the floor]]
Held within the collection of the [[State Library of New South Wales]] is the Tasman map,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b2058092~S2|title=MAP {{!}} Carten dese landen Zin ontdeckt bij de compangie ontdeckers behaluen het norder deelt van noua guina ende het West Eynde van Java dit Warck aldus bij mallecanderen geuoecht ut verscheijden schriften als mede ut eijgen beuinding bij abel Jansen Tasman. Ano 1644 dat door order van de E.d.hr. gouuerneur general Anthonio van diemens <nowiki>[cartographic material]</nowiki> : <nowiki>[Bonaparte Tasman map]</nowiki>|website=[[State Library of New South Wales]]|access-date=28 April 2022}}
Tasman, Abel Janszoon, 1603?–1659. : 1644.|</ref> thought to have been drawn by Isaac Gilsemans, or completed under the supervision of Franz Jacobszoon Visscher.<ref name="THE TASMAN MAP">{{cite journal| title = The tasman map | journal=Discover Collections | publisher = State Library of New South Wales | date = 2012 | url = http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/tasman-map}}</ref> The map is also known as the Bonaparte map, as it was once owned by [[Roland Bonaparte|Prince Roland Bonaparte]], the great-nephew of [[Napoleon]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hooker|first=Brian N.|date=November 2015|title=New Light on the Origin of the Tasman-Bonaparte Map|url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=596240577706873;res=IELHSS|journal=The Globe|issue=78|access-date=8 August 2016|via=Informit|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704004750/https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.596240577706873|url-status=live}}</ref> The map was completed sometime after 1644 and is based on the original charts drawn during Tasman's first and second voyages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tasman's Legacy|last=Patton|first=Maggie|work=Mapping our world|year=2014|isbn=9780642278098|editor-last=Pool|editor-first=David|location=Canberra|pages=140–142}}</ref> As none of the journals or logs composed during Tasman's second voyage have survived, the Bonaparte map remains as an important contemporary artefact of Tasman's voyage to the northern coast of the Australian continent.<ref name=":0" />
The Tasman map reveals the extent of understanding the Dutch had of the Australian continent at the time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Historical Geography of New South Wales to 1901|last=Jeans|first=D.N.|publisher=Reed Education|year=1972|isbn=0589091174|page=24}}</ref> The map includes the western and southern coasts of Australia, accidentally encountered by Dutch voyagers as they journeyed by way of the Cape of Good Hope to the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] headquarters in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]].<ref name=":2" /> In addition, the map shows the tracks of Tasman's two voyages.<ref name=":2" /> Of his second voyage, the map shows the [[Banda Islands]], the southern coast of [[New Guinea]] and much of the northern coast of Australia. However, the land areas adjacent to the Torres Strait are shown unexamined; this is despite Tasman having been given orders by VOC Council at Batavia to explore the possibility of a channel between New Guinea and the Australian continent.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
There is debate as to the origin of the map.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Merchant of the Zeehaen: Isaac Gilsemans and the voyages of Abel Tasman|last=Anderson|first=G|publisher=Te Papa Press|year=2001|isbn=0909010757|location=Wellington|pages=155–158}}</ref> It is widely believed that the map was produced in Batavia; however, it has also been argued that the map was produced in Amsterdam.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The authorship of the map has also been debated: while the map is commonly attributed to Tasman, it is now thought to have been the result of a collaboration, probably involving Franchoijs Visscher and [[Isaack Gilsemans]], who took part in both of Tasman's voyages.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Whether the map was produced in 1644 is also subject to debate, as a VOC company report in December 1644 suggested that at that time no maps showing Tasman's voyages were yet complete.<ref name=":4" />
In 1943, a mosaic version of the map, composed of coloured brass and marble, was inlaid into the vestibule floor of the [[State Library of New South Wales|Mitchell Library]] in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web
|date=2016-01-28
|title=Tasman Map in the Mitchell Vestibule
|url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/tasman-map-mitchell-vestibule
|access-date=2023-02-07
|website=State Library of NSW}}</ref> The work was commissioned by the Principal&nbsp;Librarian [[William Herbert Ifould|William Ifould]], and completed by the Melocco Brothers<ref name=ADB_GM>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography|id2=melocco-galliano-13274|title=Galliano Melocco (1897–1971)|first=Catherine|last=Kevin|year=2005|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819175442/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/melocco-galliano-13274/text23687|url-status=live}}</ref> of Annandale, who also worked on [[ANZAC War Memorial]] in Hyde Park and the crypt at [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney]].<ref name=ADB_GM/><ref name="THE TASMAN MAP"/>
==See also==
* [[Dieppe maps]]
* [[Willem Janszoon]]
* [[Janszoon voyage of 1605–06]]
* [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia]]
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="abeltasman.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.abeltasman.org/journal-tasman.html |title=Tasman Journal |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829063757/http://www.abeltasman.org/journal-tasman.html |archive-date=29 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
==Sources==
*{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=Abel|Last=Tasman|shortlink=0-dict-biogT-V.html#tasman1}}
*[[Edward Duyker]] (ed.) The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772, St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, Hobart, 1992, pp.&nbsp;106, {{ISBN|0-7246-2241-1}}.
*{{cite Q|Q108780897}}<!-- Tasman: a forgotten navigator -->
*{{cite journal|first=Rüdiger |last=Mack|title=New light on the portraits of Abel Tasman|journal=The Great Circle|publisher=Australian Association for Maritime History|pages=46–64|volume=41|number=2|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26910735|year=2019|jstor=26910735 }}
*{{cite book | last = Quanchi | first = Max| year = 2005 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands | publisher = The Scarecrow Press  | isbn = 0810853957}}
*{{cite EB1911|mode=cs2|wstitle=Tasman, Abel Janszoon|volume=26|pages=437–438|first=Charles Raymond|last=Beazley|author-link=Raymond Beazley}}
*Mack, Rudiger (2024), ''First Encounters: The Early Pacific and European Narratives of Abel Tasman’s 1642 Voyage''.[https://www.academia.edu/124617487/First_Encounters_The_Early_Pacific_and_European_Narratives_of_Abel_Tasman_s_1642_Voyage] Feilding, New Zealand: Heritage Press. {{ISBN|978-1-991097-00-2}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{BHL author}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sopt=t}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tasman, Abel}}
[[Category:17th-century Dutch explorers]]
[[Category:1603 births]]
[[Category:1659 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:European exploration of Australia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Australia]]
[[Category:Explorers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Explorers of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Maritime exploration of Australia]]
[[Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:People from Grootegast]]
[[Category:Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Tasman Sea]]
[[Category:Early modern Netherlandish cartography]]