View source for Abutilon

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Abutilon theophrasti 2015-08-29 5732.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Abutilon
| authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]<ref name="Tropicos">{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40003039 |title=''Abutilon'' Mill. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = about 200, see text
| synonyms =
*''Abortopetalum'' {{small|O.Deg. (1932)}}
*''Abutilaea'' {{small|F.Muell. (1852)}}
*''Abutilothamnus'' {{small|Ulbr. (1915)}}
*''Bastardia'' {{small|Kunth (1822)}}
*''Bastardiopsis'' {{small|(K.Schum.) Hassl. (1910)}}
*''Beloere'' {{small|Shuttlew. (1852)}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000557-2 ''Abutilon'' Mill.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 18 June 2023.</ref>
}}
'''''Abutilon''''' {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|b|juː|t|ᵻ|l|ɒ|n}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book.'' 1995. 606–07.</ref> is a large [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the mallow family, [[Malvaceae]].<ref name="Nomenclator">{{cite journal |last1=Fryxell |first1=Paul |title=An ''Abutilon'' nomenclator (Malvaceae) |date=November 2002 |issue=5 |pages=79–118 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/32757/Fryxell_Lundellia05.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> It is distributed throughout the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]]<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=100054 ''Abutilon''.] Flora of China.</ref> of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4111131|doi = 10.2307/4111131|title = New Species of Abutilon (Malvaceae) from Sao Paulo State, Brazil|year = 2002|last1 = Esteves|first1 = G. L.|last2 = Krapovickas|first2 = A.|journal = Kew Bulletin|volume = 57|issue = 2|page = 479| bibcode=2002KewBu..57..479E }}</ref> General common names include '''Indian mallow'''<ref name=itis>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21659 ''Abutilon''.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).</ref> and '''velvetleaf''';<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?24 Genus: ''Abutilon'' Mill.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429232842/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?24 |date=2014-04-29 }} Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref> ornamental varieties may be known as '''room maple''', '''parlor maple''', or '''flowering maple'''.
The genus name is an 18th-century [[Neo-Latin]] word<ref>{{OED|abutilon}}</ref> that came from the Arabic ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|’abū-ṭīlūn}}'' ({{lang|ar|أبو طيلون}}),<ref>{{cite web|last=Porcher|first=Michel H.|title=Sorting plant names: Arabic index|url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Arabic_index_new.html|work=Multilingual, Multiscript Plant Name Database|publisher=University of Melbourne|year=2006}} <br/> Transcribed as ''abū-taylūn'' in the Plant Index. The ''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]'' (3rd edition) gives ''ūbūṭīlūn''</ref>  the name given by [[Avicenna]] to this or a similar genus.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Abutilon}}: written ''aubūtīlūn'' in both ''Britannica'' and the ''OED''.</ref>
The [[type species]] is ''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]''. Several species formerly placed in ''Abutilon'', including the cultivated species and hybrids commonly known as "flowering maples", have recently (2012, 2014) been transferred to the new genus ''[[Callianthe]]''.
==Description==
Plants of this genus include herbs, [[shrub]]s, and [[tree]]s.<ref name=china/> They range in height from about 0.5 to 3 meters (1.5 to 10 feet).<ref name="Hildyard">{{cite book|author=Hildyard, A.|title=Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yp9qz59DY0C&pg=PA22|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7194-3|page=22}}</ref> The herbage is generally hairy to woolly or bristly.<ref name=jeps>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=9052 ''Abutilon''.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref> The leaf blades are usually entire, but the occasional species has lobed leaves. They are palmately veined and have wavy or serrated edges. Flowers are solitary, paired, or borne in small [[inflorescence]]s in the leaf axils or toward the branch tips. The [[sepal|calyx]] is bell-shaped with five lobes. The corolla is usually bell-shaped to wheel-shaped, with five [[petal]]s joined at the bases.
The flowers of wild species are most often yellow or orange,<ref name=china/> but can be red or pinkish, sometimes with a darker center. The [[stamen]]s are fused into a tube lined at the mouth with anthers. Inside the tube is the branching [[gynoecium|style]] with head-like stigmas. The fruit is a rounded or hemispherical [[schizocarp]] with up to 20 segments, each containing a few seeds.<ref name=china/><ref name=jeps/>
==Species==
There are about 200 species in the genus.<ref name=china/><ref name=jeps/> [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts 177 species.<ref name = powo/>
Species include:<ref name=itis/><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?24 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Abutilon'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114917/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?24 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name = powo/>
*''[[Abutilon abutiloides]]'' <small>([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]) [[Christian August Friedrich Garcke|Garcke]]</small> – bushy abutilon,<ref name=brit>{{cite book| last=Britton | first=N. L. | author-link=Nathaniel Lord Britton |author2=C. F. Millspaugh |author2-link=Charles Frederick Millspaugh | year=1920 | chapter=Malvaceae | title=The Bahama Flora  | publisher=The authors | url=https://archive.org/details/bahamaflora00millgoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/bahamaflora00millgoog/page/n278 264]}}</ref> shrubby Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon affine]]'' {{small|(Spreng.) G.Don}} – Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina
*''[[Abutilon albidum]]'' {{small|(Willd.) Sweet}}
*''[[Abutilon auritum]]'' <small>([[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]] ex [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]) [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small> – Asian Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon australiense]]'' {{small|(Hochr. ex Britten) Nimbalkar, Nandikar & Sardesai}}
*''[[Abutilon austroafricanum]]'' {{small|Hochr.}}
*''[[Abutilon bedfordianum]]'' <small>([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) [[A.St.-Hil.]]</small> – Bedford's mallow
*''[[Abutilon berlandieri]]'' <small>[[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] ex [[S.Watson]]</small> – Berlandier's Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon bidentatum]]'' <small>[[A.Rich.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon bivalve]]'' {{small|(Cav.) Dorr}}
*''[[Abutilon buchii]]'' <small>[[Ignatz Urban|Urb.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon darwinii]]'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> – Darwin's mallow
*''[[Abutilon eremitopetalum]]'' <small>[[Edward Leonard Caum|Caum]]</small> – hiddenpetal Indian mallow ([[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]] in Hawaii)
*''[[Abutilon fraseri]]'' <small>([[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]) [[Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers|Walp.]]</small> - Dwarf lantern-flower
*''[[Abutilon fruticosum]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin|Guill.]] & [[George Samuel Perrottet|Perr.]]</small> – Texas Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon giganteum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) Sweet</small>
*''[[Abutilon grandiflorum]]'' <small>[[G.Don]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon grandifolium]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]) Sweet</small> – hairy Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon greveanum]]'' <small>([[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]) [[Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner|Hochr.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon guineense]]'' <small>([[Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher|Schumach.]]) [[Edmund Gilbert Baker|Baker]] f. & [[Arthur Wallis Exell|Exell]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon halophilum]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] ex [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon hirtum]]'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) Sweet</small> – Florida Keys Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon hulseanum]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torr.]] ex [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon hypoleucum]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> – whiteleaf Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon incanum]]'' <small>(Link) Sweet</small> – hoary abutilon, pelotazo ([[Southwestern United States]], northern [[Mexico]], [[Hawaii]])
*''[[Abutilon indicum]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Sweet</small> – Indian abutilon, Indian lantern-flower, monkeybush
*''[[Abutilon insigne]]'' <small>[[Jules Émile Planchon|Planch.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon julianae]]'' <small>[[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon lauraster]]'' <small>[[Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner|Hochr.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon leonardi]]'' <small>Urb.</small> – woolly abutilon
*''[[Abutilon leucopetalum]]'' <small>([[F.Muell.]]) F.Muell. ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> – desert Chinese-lantern
*''[[Abutilon listeri]]'' <small>[[Edmund Gilbert Baker|Baker f.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon longicuspe]]'' <small>[[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]] ex [[A.Rich.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon malacum]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – yellow Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon mauritianum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) [[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon megapotamicum]]'' <small>[[A.St.-Hil.]] & [[Charles Victor Naudin|Naudin]]</small> – trailing abutilon
*''[[Abutilon menziesii]]'' <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small> – ''ko{{okina}}oloa{{okina}}ula'' ([[Hawaii]])
*''[[Abutilon mollicomum]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]) Sweet</small> – Sonoran Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon mollissimum]]'' {{small|(Cav.) Sweet}}
*''[[Abutilon niveum]]'' <small>[[August Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small> – white-flowered abutilon
*''[[Abutilon oxycarpum]]'' {{small|(F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth.}} – small-leaved abutilon
*''[[Abutilon palmeri]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> – Palmer's Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon pannosum]]'' <small>(G.Forst.) Schltdl.</small>
*''[[Abutilon parishii]]'' <small>A.Watson</small> – Parish's Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon parvulum]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> – dwarf Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon pauciflorum]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> – woolly abutilon<ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 266</ref>
*''[[Abutilon permolle]]'' <small>(Willd.) Sweet</small> – coastal Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon pictum]]'' <small>([[John Gillies (botanist)|Gillies]] ex Hook.) [[Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers|Walp.]]</small> – redvein abutilon, painted Indian mallow (syn. ''A. striatum'')
*''[[Abutilon pitcairnense]]'' <small>[[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon purpurascens]]'' <small>(Link) [[K.Schum.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon reflexum]]'' <small>([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ex [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]) Sweet</small>
*''[[Abutilon ramiflorum]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small>
*''[[Abutilon ranadei]]'' <small> Woodr.et.Stapf</small> - Indian son ghanta
*''[[Abutilon reventum]]'' <small>S.Watson</small> – yellowflower Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon sachetianum]]'' <small>[[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon sandwicense]]'' <small>([[Otto Degener|O.Deg.]]) [[Erling Christophersen|Christoph.]]</small> – greenflower Indian mallow ([[Oahu|Oah{{okina}}u]] in Hawaii)
*''[[Abutilon sellowianum]]'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]) [[Eduard von Regel|Regel]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]'' <small>Medik.</small> – butterprint, abutilon-hemp, China-jute, velvetleaf (in USA), swamp Chinese-lantern, common yellow mallow
*''[[Abutilon thurberi]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> – Thurber's Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon thyrsodendron]]'' <small>[[August Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon trisulcatum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Charles Frederick Millspaugh|Millsp.]]</small> – anglestem Indian mallow
*''[[Abutilon tubulosum]]'' {{small|(A.Cunn. ex Hook.) Walp.}}
*''[[Abutilon venosum]]'' <small>[[Charles Antoine Lemaire|Lem.]]</small>
*''[[Abutilon virginianum]]'' <small>[[Antonio Krapovickas|Krapov.]]</small> – Virgin Islands abutilon
*''[[Abutilon wrightii]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> – Wright's Indian mallow
===Hybrids===
*[[Abutilon × hybridum|''Abutilon'' × ''hybridum'']] (unknown parentage)
*[[Abutilon × milleri|''Abutilon'' × ''milleri'']] (''A. megapotamicum'' × ''A. pictum'')
*[[Abutilon × suntense|''Abutilon'' × ''suntense'']] (''A. ochsenii'' × ''A. vitifolium'')
===Formerly placed here===
*''[[Bakeridesia integerrima]]'' <small>(Hook.) D.M.Bates</small> (as ''A. chittendenii'' <small>Standl.</small>)
*''[[Briquetia spicata]]'' <small>(Kunth) Fryxell</small> (as ''A. spicatum'' <small>Kunth</small>)
*''[[Corynabutilon ochsenii]]'' <small>(Phil.) Kearney</small> (as ''A. ochsenii'' <small>(Phil.) Reiche</small>)
*''[[Corynabutilon vitifolium]]'' <small>(Cav.) Kearney</small> (as ''A. vitifolium'' <small>(Cav.) C.Presl</small>)
==Cultivation==
Some abutilons are cultivated as garden plants. Several [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been developed.
Cultivars, hybrids, and species that have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] include:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*''A. megapotamicum''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85/Abutilon-megapotamicum/Details
| title = ''Abutilon megapotamicum'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*''A.'' × ''milleri''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93283/Abutilon-x-milleri-hort/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' × ''milleri''| publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Canary Bird' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96120/Abutilon-Canary-Bird/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Canary Bird' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Cannington Carol'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/25995/Abutilon-Cannington-Carol-(v)/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Cannington Carol' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Cannington Peter' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/25997/Abutilon-Cannington-Peter-(v)/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Cannington Peter' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Kentish Belle'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97476/Abutilon-Kentish-Belle/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Kentish Belle' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Linda Vista Peach'<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/145999/Abutilon-Linda-Vista-Peach/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Linda Vista Peach | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Marion'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/102877/Abutilon-Marion/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Marion' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Nabob' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99375/Abutilon-Nabob/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Nabob' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Orange Glow' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50694/Abutilon-Orange-Glow-(v)/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Orange Glow | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Savitzii'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94010/Abutilon-Savitzii-(v)/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Savitzii' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Souvenir de Bonn'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/26006/Abutilon-Souvenir-de-Bonn-(v)/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Souvenir de Bonn' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
*'Veronica Tennant' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95797/Abutilon-vitifolium-Veronica-Tennant/Details
| title = ''Abutilon'' 'Veronica Tennant' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
Abutilons can be propagated from seed or via cuttings. ''A. megapoticum'' is grown as a house plant, but needs considerable light, including several hours of sunlight per day, and moderate temperatures of {{convert|61 to 74|F||sp=us}}. The best potting medium is a loose soil rich in organic material and sand and watered when dry to the touch. The amount of watering should be reduced from November to March and the plant pruned back one third at the end of this rest period. The plant is prone to attack by scale insects. The plant is best replaced every two to three years with new specimens.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chiusoli |first1=Alessandro |last2=Boriani |first2=Luisa Maria |title=Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants |date=1986 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0671631314}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Abutilon theophrasti 002.jpg|''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]''
File:Starr 021209-0009 Abutilon incanum.jpg|''[[Abutilon incanum]]''
Image:Abutilonmenziesii2web.jpg|''[[Abutilon menziesii]]''
File:Abutilon pictum 02.jpg|''[[Abutilon pictum]]''
File:Abutilon Kentish Belle.JPG|''Abutilon'' 'Kentish Belle'
File:Abutilon_megapotamicum2500604731.jpg|''[[Abutilon megapotamicum]]''
File:Abutilon Indicum 7288.JPG|''[[Abutilon indicum]]''
File:Starr 031210-0131 Abutilon grandifolium.jpg|''[[Abutilon grandifolium]]''
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://homevgarden.com/abutilon-plant-info-and-care-from-a-to-z/ Abutilon Plant Info and Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201112010/https://homevgarden.com/abutilon-plant-info-and-care-from-a-to-z/ |date=2020-12-01 }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132638}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Abutilon| ]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1754]]