View source for Acehnese language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
| image            = Basa Aceh.png
| imagecaption     = 'Basa Acèh' written in the Jawi script
| name             = Acehnese
| altname          = Achinese
| nativename       = {{lang|ace|Bahsa/Basa Acèh}}<br/>{{lang|ace-Arab|بهسا اچيه}}
| pronunciation    = [{{IPA|bahsa at͡ʃɛh|}}]
| states           = [[Indonesia]]
| region           = [[Aceh]], Sumatra
| ethnicity        = {{sigfig|3.370000|3}} million
[[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] (2010 census)<ref name=e26/>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|2.840000|2}} million
| date             = 2010 census
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
| iso2             = ace
| iso3             = ace
| script           = [[Latin script]]<br/>[[Jawi script]]
| nation           = [[Indonesia]]
* [[Aceh]] (co-official with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])
| glotto           = achi1257
| glottorefname    = Acehnese
| map              = Aceh Language Map.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#0080ff|Areas where Acehnese is a majority}}
{{legend|#88c4ff|Areas where Acehnese is a significant minority}}
| notice           = IPA
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- T.A., Iqbal, and Kalam speaking Acehnese.webm|thumb|Speakers of Acehnese]]
'''Acehnese''' or '''Achinese''' ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{Lang|ace-Arab|بهسا اچيه}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] natively spoken by the [[Acehnese people]] in [[Aceh]], [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of [[Malaysia]] like [[Yan, Kedah|Yan]], in [[Kedah]].  Acehnese is used as the [[Official language|co-official language]] in the province of [[Aceh]], alongside Indonesian.<ref>{{cite act|type=Qanun|index=10|date=2022|legislature=[[People's Representative Council of Aceh]]|title=Qanun Aceh Tentang Bahasa Aceh|url=https://jdih.acehprov.go.id/dih/view/bb2427df-39e1-4986-be26-932f25cda170}}</ref>
== Name ==
As of 1988, ''Acehnese'' is the modern [[English language|English]] name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and [[Acehnese people]] use the spelling ''Acehnese'' when writing in English. ''Achinese'' is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition. {{Lang|nl|Atjehnese}} is the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] spelling and an outdated [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] one. The spelling ''Achehnese'' originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch-language {{Lang|nl|Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442}} by [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje]], 1892. In Acehnese the language is called {{Transliteration|ace|Basa/Bahsa Acèh}}. In Indonesian it is called {{Lang|id|Bahasa Aceh}}.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Durie|1988a|page=104}}</ref>
== Classification and related languages ==
[[File:Chamic language.jpg|thumb|Acehnese (green) is an outlier of the Chamic branch.]]
Acehnese belongs to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian branch]] of [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]. Acehnese's closest relatives are the other [[Chamic languages]], which are principally spoken in [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. The distant relative of the Chamic family is the [[Malayic language]] family, which includes languages also spoken in [[Sumatra]] such as [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] as well as the national language, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].
[[Paul Sidwell]] notes that Acehnese likely has an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] substratum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Sidwell |date=2006 |title=Dating the separation of Acehnese and Chamic by etymological analysis of the Aceh-Chamic lexicon |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf |journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]] |volume=36 |pages=187–206 |access-date=2012-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108030716/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-08 |url-status=live }}(, [http://rilca.mahidol.ac.th/e-resources/documents/05-MonKhmer/36/sidwell2006dating.pdf Alternate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108021744/http://rilca.mahidol.ac.th/e-resources/documents/05-MonKhmer/36/sidwell2006dating.pdf |date=2014-11-08 }}, )</ref>
Linguist [[Paul Sidwell]] wrote that "Sometime during this early phase of language shift, perhaps before the beginning of Common Era, the Chamic speakers who were to become the Acehnese left the mainland on a journey that would ultimately end in northern Sumatra." Basing on [[Graham Thurgood]]'s thesis, Sidwell argues that Acehnese likely had been long separated from Chamic around the first to second century BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Sidwell |date=2005 |title=Acehnese and the Aceh-Chamic Language Family|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/254229/1/PL-569.211.pdf|journal=Pacific Linguistics|volume=7 |pages=211–246|doi=10.15144/PL-569.211 |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>
== Distribution ==
Acehnese language is spoken primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in thirteen regencies and four cities in Aceh, which are:
'''City'''
# [[Sabang, Indonesia|Sabang]]
# [[Banda Aceh]]
# [[Lhokseumawe]]
# [[Langsa]]
'''North-East Coast'''
# [[Aceh Besar Regency|Aceh Besar]]
# [[Pidie Regency|Pidie]]
# [[Pidie Jaya Regency|Pidie Jaya]]
# [[Bireuen Regency|Bireuen]]
# [[North Aceh Regency|North Aceh]]
# [[East Aceh Regency|East Aceh]] (except in three districts, Serba Jadi, Peunaron and Simpang Jernih, where the [[Gayo language]] is spoken)
# [[Aceh Tamiang Regency|Aceh Tamiang]] (mostly Manyak Payet and Kuala Simpang District; the rest of the Regency speaks [[Tamiang Malay]])
'''West-South Coast'''
# [[Aceh Jaya Regency|Aceh Jaya]]
# [[West Aceh Regency|West Aceh]]
# [[Nagan Raya Regency|Nagan Raya]]
# [[Southwest Aceh Regency|Southwest Aceh]] (except in Susoh District where the [[Jamee language]] is spoken)
# [[South Aceh Regency|South Aceh]] (mixed with [[Kluet language]] and Aneuk Jamee)
== Phonology ==
{{Main|Acehnese phonology}}
[[File:Ie Beuna Narit Aceh.JPG|thumb|Bilingual tsunami warning sign in Indonesian and Acehnese]]
Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Acehnese vowels
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowels|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɯ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowels|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowels|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ʌ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowels|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
In addition to the modern 26 letter [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|basic Latin alphabet]], Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography.
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-4a.jpg|thumb|right|Hikayat Prang Sabi]]
The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=3}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Prenasalized consonant|post-oralized]]}}
| ({{IPA link|mᵇ}})
| ({{IPA link|nᵈ}})
| ({{IPA link|ɲᶡ}})
| ({{IPA link|ŋᶢ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}
Notes:
*Syllable-final orthographic {{angbr|k}} always represents {{IPA|/ʔ/}} save in certain recent loans
*{{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by {{IPA|d}} and the clusters {{IPA|ph}} and {{IPA|ch}}, respectively
*The nasals {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} are realized as [[Prenasalized consonant|post-oralized nasal]]s (also called "funny nasals") before oral vowels and consonants.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Durie|1985|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Lawler|1977}}</ref> They are distinct from the nasal–plosive sequences {{IPA|/mb/}}, {{IPA|/nd/}}, {{IPA|/ɲɟ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}, e.g. in {{IPA|[banᵈa]}} 'port' vs {{IPA|[mandum]}} 'all'.<ref>Long & Maddieson (1993) "Consonantal evidence against Quantal Theory", ''UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics'' 83, p. 144.</ref>
==Grammar==
Acehnese features a [[Split ergativity|split ergative]] system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by a proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). [[Volition (linguistics)|Volitionality]] is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp.<ref>Durie, Mark (1988). "Preferred argument structure in an active language", ''Lingua'' 74: 1–25. Cited in Donohue, Mark (2008). "Semantic alignment systems: what's what, and what's not". In Donohue, Mark & Søren Wichmann, eds. (2008). ''The Typology of Semantic Alignment.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 36</ref>
{{interlinear|number=(1)
| Jih ka{{=}}'''ji'''{{=}}jak.
| he INCHO{{=}}'''3'''{{=}}go
| "He has gone."|lang=ace}}
{{interlinear|number=(2)
| Gopnyan ka{{=}}saket{{=}}'''geuh'''.
| he INCHO{{=}}sick{{=}}'''3'''
| "He is sick."|lang=ace}}
== Writing system ==
Formerly, the Acehnese language was written in an [[Arabic script]] called Jawoë or [[Jawi script|Jawi]] in the Malay language. The script is less common nowadays.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the [[Latin script]], with the addition of supplementary letters. The diacritical letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bahasaaceh.com/2008/11/12/ejaan-bahasa-aceh/|title=Ejaan Bahasa Aceh|date=November 12, 2008}}</ref> The sound {{IPA|/ɨ/}} is represented by {{Grapheme|eu}} and the sound {{IPA|/ʌ/}} is represented by {{Grapheme|ö}}, respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent the [[schwa]] sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Vowels<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/acehnese.htm|title=Acehnese language and alphabet|website=omniglot.com}}</ref>
![[Grapheme]]
![[Phoneme]]<br>([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
![[Open syllable]]
![[Closed syllable]]
|-
!a
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{Transl|ace|ba}} {{IPA|/ba/}} 'carry'
|{{Transl|ace|bak}} {{IPA|/baʔ/}} 'at, tree'
|-
!e
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{Transl|ace|le}} {{IPA|/lə/}} 'many'
|{{Transl|ace|let}} {{IPA|/lət/}} 'pull out'
|-
!é
|{{IPA|/e/}}
|{{Transl|ace|baté}} {{IPA|/bate/}} 'cup, betel tray'
|{{Transl|ace|baték}} {{IPA|/bateʔ/}} 'batik'
|-
!è
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{Transl|ace|bè}} {{IPA|/bɛ/}} 'smell'
|{{Transl|ace|bèk}} {{IPA|/bɛʔ/}} prohibitive 'don't' (e.g. {{Transl|ace|bèk neupajoh boh gantang lôn}} 'don't you eat my fries')
|-
!ë
|{{IPA|/ə/}}
|{{Transl|ace|huë}} {{IPA|/huə/}} 'pull'
|{{Transl|ace|huëk}} {{IPA|/huəʔ/}} 'choke'
|-
!eu
|{{IPA|/ɯ/}}
|{{Transl|ace|keu}} {{IPA|/kɯ/}} 'front'
|{{Transl|ace|keuh}} {{IPA|/kɯh/}} 'so (e.g. {{Transl|ace|nyan keuh}}), pronominal affix for second person (e.g. {{Transl|ace|droe-keuh}})'
|-
!i
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{Transl|ace|di}} {{IPA|/di/}} 'in, from'
|{{Transl|ace|dit}} {{IPA|/dit/}} 'few, small amount'
|-
!o
|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|{{Transl|ace|yo}} {{IPA|/jɔ/}} 'afraid'
|{{Transl|ace|yok}} {{IPA|/jɔʔ/}} 'shake'
|-
!ô
|{{IPA|/o/}}
|{{Transl|ace|rô}} {{IPA|/ro/}} 'spill'
|{{Transl|ace|rôh}} {{IPA|/roh/}} 'enter'
|-
!ö
|{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|{{Transl|ace|pö}} {{IPA|/pʌ/}} 'fly'
|{{Transl|ace|pöt}} {{IPA|/pʌt/}} 'pluck, pick'
|-
!u
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{Transl|ace|su}} {{IPA|/su/}} 'sound, voice'
|{{Transl|ace|sut}} {{IPA|/sut/}} 'remove, detach'
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+Consonants<ref name="auto"/>
![[Grapheme]]
![[Phoneme]]<br>([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!Extra notes
|-
!b
|{{IPA|/b/}}
|
|-
!c
|{{IPA|/c/}}
|
|-
!d
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|
|-
!f
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with '''p''' ({{IPA|/p/}}).
|-
!g
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|
|-
!h
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|
|-
!j
|{{IPA|/ɟ/}}
|
|-
!k
|{{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} at the end of a syllable.
|
|-
!l
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|
|-
!m
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|
|-
!mb
|{{IPA|/mb/}}
|
|-
!n
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
!nd
|{{IPA|/nd/}}
|
|-
!ng
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|
|-
!ngg
|{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
|
|-
!nj
|{{IPA|/ɲɟ/}}
|
|-
!ny
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|
|-
!p
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|
|-
!q
|{{IPA|/q, k/}}
|Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with '''k''' ({{IPA|/k/}}).
|-
!r
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|
|-
!s
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|
|-
!sy
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|
|-
!t
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|
|-
!v
|{{IPA|/v/}}
|Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with '''b''' ({{IPA|/b/}}).
|-
!w
|{{IPA|/w/}}
|
|-
!x
|{{IPA|/ks/}}
|Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with '''ks''' ({{IPA|/ks/}}).
|-
!y
|{{IPA|/j/}}
|
|-
!z
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|Used in foreign words.
|}
== Literature ==
Acehnese language is rich with literature. The oldest manuscript written in Acehnese is Hikayat Seumau'un from 1658 CE. Most Acehnese literatures consist of poetic works, very little written in prose form.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |date=1996 |title=Framing the Acehnese Text: Language Choice and Discourse Structures in Aceh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623033 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=113–137 |doi=10.2307/3623033 |jstor=3623033 |issn=0029-8115}}</ref>
== Dialects ==
At least ten Achehnese dialects exist: Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan, and Tunong.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa Aceh di Aceh |last=Sulaiman |first=B. |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |year=1981 |location=Jakarta}}</ref>
At least three major dialects exist: Baet Lambuot, Mesjid Punteut and Panthe Ketapang.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Inilah Bahasa-Bahasa Di Aceh |last=Tim Balai Bahasa Banda Aceh |pages=22–23|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/11930/1/bAHASA%20DI%20%20aCEH.pdf|publisher=Balai Bahasa Banda Aceh |year=2012 |location=Banda Aceh}}</ref> Baet Lambuot dialect spoken in Aceh Besar regency.<ref name="petabahasa">{{citation |title=Aceh - Peta Bahasa |url=https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/infobahasa.php?idb=1 |website=kemdikbud.go.id}}</ref> Mesjid Punteut dialect spoken in Simpang Ulim district, East Aceh regency.<ref name="petabahasa"/> Panthe Ketapang dialect spoken in Jaya district, Aceh Jaya regency.<ref name="petabahasa"/>
Geographical dialects: Aceh Besar,<ref name="bahasaaceh">{{Cite book |title=Bahasa Aceh |last=Sulaiman |first=Budi |page=4 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/227146136.pdf |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |year=1979 |location=Jakarta}}</ref><ref name="skripsi">{{cite thesis |last=Rahma|first=Siti |date=2020 |title=Penuturan Bahasa Aceh di Kalangan Masyarakat Sibreh Kecamatan Sukamakmur |degree=S.Hum |publisher=Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry|pages=25–28| url=https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/id/eprint/14156/1/Penuturan%20Bahasa%20Aceh%20di%20Kalangan%20Masyarakat%20Sibreh%20Kecamatan%20Sukamakmur.pdf}}</ref> Pidie,<ref name="bahasaaceh"/><ref name="skripsi"/> Peusangan,<ref name="bahasaaceh"/> Pasai,<ref name="bahasaaceh"/> East Aceh (''Aceh Timur'')<ref name="bahasaaceh"/><ref name="skripsi"/> and West Aceh (''Aceh Barat''),<ref name="bahasaaceh"/><ref name="skripsi"/>  North Aceh (''Aceh Utara''),<ref name="skripsi"/> Bireun,<ref name="skripsi"/> Aceh Jaya<ref name="skripsi"/>
West coast dialects (''dialek pesisir barat''): Tunong, Seunagan, Meulabôh, Daya.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ejaan Bahasa Aceh |last=Berri |first=Muhammad Nabil |page=2 |url=https://bahasaaceh.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/ejaan-bahasa-aceh.pdf  |year=2008 |location=}}</ref>
{{cladogram|title=Dialects
|caption=Dialects
|cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:600px;
|label1=Acehnese
|1={{clade
|label1=Banda Aceh--Aceh Besar dialects
|1={{clade
|1=Banda Aceh dialect
|2=Aceh Besar dialect
|label3=Pidie dialect (in Pidie and Pidie Jaya regency)
|3=
|label4=Pasai/Pase dialect (in North Aceh regency)
|4=
|label5=Meulaboh/Barat-Selatan dialect
|5=
|label6=West coast dialects
|6={{clade
|1=Tunong dialect
|2=Seunagan dialect
|3=Meulabôh dialect
|4=Daya dialect
|label6=North Aceh dialects
|6={{clade
|1=Peusangan dialect
|label7=East Aceh (Aceh Timur) dialect
|7=
|label8=West Aceh (Aceh Barat) dialect
|8=
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}{{Clear}}
== Vocabulary ==
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Acehnese<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-25|title=Kata Ganti Orang dalam Bahasa Aceh|url=https://bahasaaceh.com/2009/10/26/kata-ganti-orang-dalam-bahasa-aceh/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Portal Belajar Bahasa Aceh|language=id-ID}}</ref>
! Indonesian
! English translation
|-
| {{Transl|ace|kèe}}
| {{Lang|id|aku}}
| I
|-
| {{Transl|ace|ulôn}}, {{Transl|ace|lôn}}, {{Transl|ace|lông}}
| {{Lang|id|saya}}
| I (polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|ulôn tuan}}, {{Transl|ace|lôn tuan}}
| {{Lang|id|saya}}
| I (most polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|kamoe}}
| {{Lang|id|kami}}
| we (exclude)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|geutanyoe}}, {{Transl|ace|tanyoe}}
| {{Lang|id|kita}}
| we (include)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|jih}}
| {{Lang|id|dia}}
| he/she/it
|-
| {{Transl|ace|gop nyan}}
| {{Lang|id|beliau}}
| he/she/it (polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|droeneuh nyan}}
| {{Lang|id|beliau}}
| he/she/it (most polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|awak nyoe/nyan}}
| {{Lang|id|mereka}}
| they
|-
| {{Transl|ace|ureueng nyoe/nyan}}
| {{Lang|id|mereka}}
| they (polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|kah}}
| {{Lang|id|kau}}
| you
|-
| {{Transl|ace|gata}}
| {{Lang|id|kamu}}
| you (for younger)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|droeneuh}}
| {{Lang|id|Anda}}
| you (polite)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|awak kah}}
| {{Lang|id|kalian}}
| you (plural)
|-
| {{Transl|ace|ureueng droeneuh}}
| {{Lang|id|kalian}}
| you (plural) (polite)
|}
=== Numerals ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Acehnese<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-28|title=Angka/Bilangan|url=https://bahasaaceh.com/2008/11/29/angkabilangan-dalam-bahasa-aceh/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Portal Belajar Bahasa Aceh|language=id-ID}}</ref>
! Indonesian
! English translation
|-
| {{Transl|ace|sa}}
| {{Lang|id|satu}}
| one
|-
| {{Transl|ace|dua}}
| {{Lang|id|dua}}
| two
|-
| {{Transl|ace|lhèe}}
| {{Lang|id|tiga}}
| three
|-
| {{Transl|ace|peuet}}
| {{Lang|id|empat}}
| four
|-
| {{Transl|ace|limong}}
| {{Lang|id|lima}}
| five
|-
| {{Transl|ace|nam}}
| {{Lang|id|enam}}
| six
|-
| {{Transl|ace|tujôh}}
| {{Lang|id|tujuh}}
| seven
|-
| {{Transl|ace|lapan}}
| {{Lang|id|delapan}}
| eight
|-
| {{Transl|ace|sikureueng}}
| {{Lang|id|sembilan}}
| nine
|-
| {{Transl|ace|siplôh}}
| {{Lang|id|sepuluh}}
| ten
|}
=== Interrogative words ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Acehnese<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-25|title=Kata Tanya|url=https://bahasaaceh.com/2008/11/26/kata-tanya-dalam-bahasa-aceh/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Portal Belajar Bahasa Aceh|language=id-ID}}</ref>
! Indonesian
! English translation
|-
| {{Transl|ace|peue}}, {{Transl|ace|pue}}
| {{Lang|id|apa}}
| what
|-
| {{Transl|ace|soe}}
| {{Lang|id|siapa}}
| who
|-
| {{Transl|ace|pajan}}
| {{Lang|id|kapan}}
| when
|-
| {{Transl|ace|töh}}, {{Transl|ace|siré}}
| {{Lang|id|yang mana}}
| which
|-
| {{Transl|ace|pat}}
| {{Lang|id|di mana}}
| where
|-
| {{Transl|ace|panè}}
| {{Lang|id|dari mana}}
| from where
|-
| {{Transl|ace|ho}}
| {{Lang|id|ke mana}}
| to where
|-
| {{Transl|ace|padum}}, {{Transl|ace|padit}}
| {{Lang|id|berapa}}
| how many
|-
| {{Transl|ace|pakri}}, {{Transl|ace|paban}}
| {{Lang|id|bagaimana}}
| how
|-
| {{Transl|ace|pakön}}
| {{Lang|id|kenapa}}
| why
|}
==Sample text==
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Acehnese, along with the original declaration in English.
* '''''Acehnese text sample:'''''
::'''Latin script'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Peunyata Umum Hak-hak Azasi Manusia Ban Sigom Dônja |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/achehnese |website=OHCHR |language=ace |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}</ref>
::"{{lang|ace|Bandum ureuëng lahé deungon meurdéhka, dan deungon martabat dan hak njang saban. Ngon akai geuseumiké, ngon haté geumeurasa, bandum geutanjoë lagèë sjèëdara. Hak dan keumuliaan}}."
*'''The original English version of the text:'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng |website=OHCHR}}</ref>
::"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-1.jpg|Hikayat Akhbarul Karim
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-2.jpg|Hikayat Banta Beuransah
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-4a.jpg|Hikayat Prang Sabi
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{citation
|last = Al-Harbi
|first = Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi
|year=2003
|title = Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account
|journal =Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities
|volume = 15
|issue = 1
|pages = 9–21
|url = http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0.PDF
}}
*{{Citation
|last1=Pillai
|first1=Stefanie
|last2=Yusuf
|first2=Yunisrina Qismullah
|year=2012
|title=An instrumental analysis of acehnese oral vowels
|journal=Language and Linguistics
|volume=13
|issue=6
|pages=1029–1050
|url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_6_01_6901.pdf
|access-date=2014-10-31
|archive-date=2017-10-11
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011130231/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_6_01_6901.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{citation
|last=Asyik
|first=Abdul Gani
|title=The agreement system in Acehnese
|year=1982
|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]
|volume=11
|pages=1–33
|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220014334/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf
|archive-date=2012-02-20
}}
*{{cite book
|last        = Durie
|first       = Mark
|title       = A grammar of Acehnese: on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh
|series      = Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 112
|year        = 1985
|publisher   = Foris Publications
|location    = Dordrecht
|isbn        = 90-6765-074-9
|url         = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/138059
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Durie |date=1988a |title=The So-Called Passive of Acehnese |journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]] |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=104–113 |doi=10.2307/414788 |jstor=414788 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lawler |first=John M. |title=Grammatical Relations |date=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |editor-last=Cole |editor-first=P. |series=Syntax and Semantics 8 |location=New York |pages=219–248 |language=en |chapter=A Agrees with B in Achenese: A Problem for Relational Grammar |doi=10.1163/9789004368866_010 |editor2-last=Sacock |editor2-first=J.}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite thesis|title=A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese Sentences (Complementation).|url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/161507|date=1987|degree=Thesis|language=English|first=Abdul Gani|last=Asyik|hdl=2027.42/161507 }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Daud |first=Bukhari |title=Writing and reciting Acehnese: perspectives on language and literature in Aceh |date=1997 |degree=PhD  |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/37197 |hdl=11343/37197 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Kamus basa Acèh/Kamus bahasa Aceh/Acehnese-Indonesian-English thesaurus |last1=Daud |first1=Bukhari |last2=Durie |first2=Mark |date=1999 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0-85883-506-1 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C, Volume 151 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-C151 |hdl=1885/146590 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Durie |first=Mark |title=A grammar of Acehnese |date=1984 |degree=PhD |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.25911/5d6fa25bcc31c |hdl=1885/138059 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |date=1985a |title=Control and decontrol in acehnese |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.1080/07268608508599335 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |date=1987 |title=Grammatical Relations in Acehnese |journal=Studies in Language |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=365–399 |doi=10.1075/sl.11.2.05dur }}
* {{citation |last=Durie |first=Mark |url=http://www.acehbooks.org/pdf/00438.pdf |title=Proto-Chamic and Acehnese mid vowels: towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic  |date=1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224235149/http://www.acehbooks.org/pdf/00438.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=2010-12-24 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=John M. |date=1988 |title=On the Questions of Acehnese 'Passive' |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/acehnesequestions.pdf |journal=Language |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.2307/414789 |jstor=414789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061334/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/acehnesequestions.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-03 |access-date=2012-03-23 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Legate |first=Julie Anne |author-link=Julie Anne Legate |date=2012 |title=Subjects in Acehnese and the Nature of the Passive |url=https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jlegate/88legate.pdf |journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]] |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=495–525 |jstor=23251862|doi=10.1353/lan.2012.0069 |s2cid=7254201 }}
*{{citation
|last=Thurgood
|first=Graham
|title=The Historical Place of Acehnese: The Known and the Unknown
|year=2007
|url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_grahamthurgood.pdf
|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135359/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_grahamthurgood.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-01-19
}}
* {{Cite web|title=The Austroasiatic substratum of Acehnese {{!}} Linguistics|url=https://lx.berkeley.edu/publications/austroasiatic-substratum-acehnese|access-date=2021-08-24|website=lx.berkeley.edu}}
== External links ==
{{Portal|Indonesia|Malaysia|Languages}}
{{InterWiki|code=ace}}
* [http://bahasaaceh.com Learning Acehnese in Indonesian]
* [http://basaaceh.org BasaAceh.org]
* [http://meurunoe.nasabe.com Learning Acehnese in English and Indonesian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229155835/http://meurunoe.nasabe.com/ |date=2019-12-29 }}
* [http://tambeh.wordpress.com Acehnese literature resources]
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/acehnese.htm Acehnese at Omniglot]
* {{WALS|ace}}
* {{UDHR|ace|Acehnese}}
* [[Paradisec|PARADISEC]] archive of Ache language includes three collections; [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/MD4?items_page=4 MD4], [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/MD5 MD5], and [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/MD6 MD6]. These collections focus on different varieties of Achenese.
* [http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/ace Listen to a sample of Achinese from Global Recordings Network]
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Chamic languages}}
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acehnese Language}}
[[Category:Acehnese language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Languages of Aceh]]
[[Category:Chamic languages]]