View source for Adhan

{{Short description|First Islamic call to prayer}}
{{Italicized title}}
{{About|the Islamic call to prayer|the settlement in the [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah]]|Athan, Ras Al Khaimah}}
{{Arabicterm
|arabic = {{large|{{Naskh|{{wikt-lang|ar|أذان}}}}}}
|arabic_rom = {{langx|ar|أَذَان|ʔaḏān}}
|literal meaning = "call"
}}
The '''{{transliteration|ar|adhan}}'''{{efn|Also variously transliterated as '''{{transliteration|ar|adhaan}}''', '''{{transliteration|ar|athan}}''', '''{{transliteration|ar|athaan}}''', '''''adhane''''' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Adhane – Appel à la prière depuis la Mecque|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6okulgC3FWo|website=[[YouTube]]| date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> '''''ajan'''''/'''''ajaan''''', '''''azan'''''/'''''azaan''''' (in [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]] and [[South Asia]]), '''''adzan'''''/'''''adzaan''''' (in [[Southeast Asia]]), and '''''ezan'''''/'''''ezaan''''' (in [[Turkey]] and the [[Balkans]]), among other languages.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Dessing|first=Nathal M.|title=Rituals of Birth, Circumcision, Marriage, and Death Among Muslims in the Netherlands|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-9-042-91059-1|page=25}}</ref>}} ({{IPA|ar|ʔaˈðaːn|}}, {{langx|ar|أَذَان|ʔaḏān}}) is the [[Islam|Islamic]] [[call to prayer]], usually recited by a [[muezzin]], traditionally from the [[minaret]] of  a [[mosque]], shortly before each of the [[Salah#The daily prayers|five obligatory daily prayers]]. The adhan is also the first phrase said in the ear of a newborn baby, and often the first thing recited in a new home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Do When a Baby Is Born – Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/7889/what-to-do-when-a-baby-is-born |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref>
It is the first call summoning [[Muslims]] to enter the mosque for obligatory ({{transliteration|ar|[[fard]]}}) prayers ({{transliteration|ar|[[salah|salawat]]}}); a second call, known as the {{transliteration|ar|[[iqama]]}}, summons those already in the mosque to assemble for prayer. Muslims are encouraged to stop their activities and respond to the adhan by performing prescribed prayers, demonstrating reverence for the call to prayer and commitment to their faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Importance Of Praying Salah On-Time in Islam |url=https://www.getsajdah.com/blog/importance-of-praying-salah-on-time-in-islam |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.getsajdah.com |language=en}}</ref>
The five prayer times are known in Arabic as {{transliteration|ar|[[Fajr prayer|fajr]]}} ({{lang|ar|فجر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Zuhr prayer|dhuhr]]}} ({{lang|ar|ظهر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Asr prayer|asr]]}} ({{lang|ar|عصر}}), {{transliteration|ar|[[Maghrib prayer|maghrib]]}} ({{lang|ar|مغرب}}), and {{transliteration|ar|[[Isha prayer|isha]]}} ({{lang|ar|عشاء}}).
In [[Turkey]], they are called {{lang|tr|sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam}}, and {{lang|tr|yatsı}}; the five calls to prayer are sung in different [[Turkish makam|makam]]s, corresponding to the time of day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anayurtgazetesi.com/yazar/EZAN-MAKAMLARI/28088|title=Orhan Selen – Ezan Makkamları|date=23 May 2016 }}</ref>
== Terminology ==
{{transliteration|ar|Adhān}}, [[Arabic]] for 'announcement', from the root {{transliteration|ar|adhina}}, meaning 'to listen, to hear, be informed about', is variously transliterated in different cultures.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
It is commonly written as ''athan'', or ''adhane'' (in [[French language|French]]),<ref name=":3" /> ''azan'' in [[Iran]] and [[south Asia]] (in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Dari language|Dari]], [[Pashto]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), ''adzan'' in [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malaysian]]), and ''ezan'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian Latin]] (езан in [[Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ezani in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]).<ref name=":4" /> Muslims in many parts of South Asia, including the [[Malabar Coast]] of India and the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of India and Pakistan, use the [[Persian language|Persian]] term {{lang|fa|بانگ}}, {{transliteration|fa|bāng}}, for the call to public prayer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/M/Mappila-Muslim-Culture |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |publisher=State University of New York |year=2015 |pages=397}}</ref>
Another derivative of the word {{transliteration|ar|adhān}} is {{transliteration|ar|ʾudhun}} ({{lang|ar|أُذُن}}), meaning 'ear'.
==Announcer==
{{Main|Muezzin}}
[[File:Bilal.jpg|thumb|upright|The announcer of the Adhan is called a "[[Muezzin]]" (miniature depicting [[Bilal ibn Rabah]] the first Muezzin).]]
The muezzin ({{langx|ar|مُؤَذِّن|links=no}} '''''muʾaḏḏin''''') is the person who recites the adhan<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottheil |first=Richard J. H. |date=1910 |title=The Origination and History of the Minaret |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087601 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=132–154 |doi=10.2307/3087601|jstor=3087601 }}</ref><ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp| 470}} from the [[mosque]]. Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Tong Soon |date=1999 |title=Technology and the Production of Islamic Space: The Call to Prayer in Singapore |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/852695 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=86–100 |doi=10.2307/852695|jstor=852695 }}</ref> a recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. However, in many mosques, the message can also be recorded. This is due to the fact that the "call to prayer" has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is usually done by replaying previously recorded "call to prayer" without the presence of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the volume of the message while also not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the sound of the prayer call can be exactly identical between one mosque and another, as well as between one ''Salah'' hour and another, as is the case for the [[London Central Mosque]]. In the event of a religious holidays like ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'', for example in [[Indonesia]], where the ''Kalimah'' (speech) has to be recited out loud all day long, mosque operators use this recording method to create a looping recital of the ''Kalimah''. {{Citation needed| date=March 2018}}
The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the adhan clearly, melodically, and loudly enough for all people to hear. This is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Özdemir |first1=Adil |title=The Call to Prayer |date=2000 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230286894_9 |work=Visible Islam in Modern Turkey |pages=106–114 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230286894_9 |isbn=978-1-349-41721-6 |access-date=2022-10-12 |last2=Frank |first2=Kenneth}}</ref> The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was [[Bilal ibn Rabah]], a freed slave of [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinian]] heritage.<ref>[[William Muir]], ''The Life of Mohammad from Original Sources'', reprinted by Adamant Media {{ISBN| 1-4021-8272-4}}</ref><ref>[[Ludwig W. Adamec]] (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.68. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0810861615}}. Quote: "Bilal, ..., was the first mu'azzin."</ref>
==Words==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Details of what is recited and how many times
|-
! colspan="8" |Recital
! rowspan="3" style="width:30%;" | Arabic<hr>Quranic Arabic
! rowspan="3" style="width:30%;" | Romanization
! rowspan="3" style="width:30%;" | Translation
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Ibadi Islam|Ibadi]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shia Islam|Shia]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Quranism|Quranist]]
|-
![[Maliki school|Maliki]]
![[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
![[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]
![[Hanbali school|Hanbali]]
![[Twelver Shi'ism|Imami]]
![[Zaydism|Zaydi]]
|-
!2x
! colspan="3" |4x
!2x
!4x
! colspan="2" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| [[Takbir|allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}]]
| [[God in Islam|God]] is greatest
|-
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="7" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| [[Shahada|ashhadu an lā ilāha illa llāh{{smallsup|u}}]]
| I testify there is nothing worthy of worship except God
|-
! colspan="1" |4x
! colspan="6" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
| ashhadu anna muḥammadan rasūlu llāh{{smallsup|i}}
|I testify [[Muhammad]] is the [[prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger]] of God
|-
| colspan="5" |None
!2x
'''<small>([[mustahabb|recommended]])</small>'''
| colspan="2" |None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ
|ashhadu anna ʿaliyyan waliyyu llāh{{smallsup|i}}
|I testify [[Ali]] is the [[wali|vicegerent]] of God
|-
! colspan="8" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلصَّلَاةِ
| ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh{{smallsup|ti}}
| Come to prayer
|-
! colspan="8" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلْفَلَاحِ
| ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ{{smallsup|i}}
| Come to success
|-
| colspan="5" |None
! colspan="2" |2x
|None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَىٰ خَيْرِ ٱلْعَمَلِ
| ḥayya ʿalā khayri l-ʿamal{{smallsup|i}}
| Come to the best of deeds
|-
! colspan="4" |2x<br />{{small|([[Dawn prayer]] only)}}
| colspan="4" |None
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱلصَّلَاةُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ ٱلنَّوْمِ
| aṣ-ṣalātu khayrun mina n-nawm{{smallsup|i}}
| Prayer is better than sleep
|-
! colspan="8" |2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}
| God is greater
|-
! colspan="5" |1x
!2x
! colspan="2" |1x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| lā ilāha illā llāh{{smallsup|u}}
| There is nothing worthy of worship except God
|}
Repeating the two testimonies of faith is [[mustahabb|recommended]] according to the Shafi'i school. The first time should be said in low voice to oneself, and the second should be called out; this was the practice of the people of [[Mecca]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Shafi'i|author-link=Al-Shafi'i|title=Al-Umm|volume=2|pages=185–187}}</ref> The Maliki school uses the same adhan, except ''allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}'' should only be said twice in the beginning; this was the practice of the people of [[Medina]]. Both positions also use a [[hadith|narration]] in [[Sahih Muslim]] as evidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Mahdhurah's (Rady Allahu 'anhu) Adhan|url=http://www.shafiifiqh.com/abu-mahdhurah%e2%80%99s-rady-allahu-%e2%80%98anhu-adhan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415100925/http://www.shafiifiqh.com/abu-mahdhurah%e2%80%99s-rady-allahu-%e2%80%98anhu-adhan/|archive-date=April 15, 2012|website=shafiifiqh.com|access-date=Jan 24, 2024|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
On rare occasions, the muezzin may say "''ṣallu fī buyūtikum''" (pray in your homes) or "''ṣallu fī riḥālikum''" (pray in your dwellings) if it is heavily rainy, windy, or cold. Another case where this was said was during the [[COVID-19]] lockdown. It may either be said at the end of the adhan, or replacing "''ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh''" and "''ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ''"; other ways have also been narrated.{{citationneeded|date=January 2024}}
==Religious views==
===Shia===
{{Externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Bhdhys3lX0 Recitation of the Shia adhan]}}
[[Shia Islam|Shia]] sources state Muhammad, according to God's command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shia Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composition of the adhan.<ref name="Sunan Abu Dawood" /><ref name="Sunan al-Tirmidhi" /><ref name="Quran 1">[[Quran]] [http://al-quran.info/?x=y#&&sura=32&aya=21&trans=en-ali_quli&show=both,quran-uthmani&ver=2.00 : Surah Sajda: Ayah 24-25]</ref>
Shia sources also narrate that [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]] was, in fact, the first person to recite the adhan publicly out loud in front of the Muslim congregation.
The fundamental phrase ''lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh'' is the foundation stone of Islam along with the belief in it. It declares that "there is no god but Allah". This is the confession of ''[[Tawhid]]'' or the "doctrine of Oneness [of God]".
The phrase ''Muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh'' fulfills the requirement that there should be someone to guide in the name of God, which states Muhammad is God's Messenger. This is the acceptance of prophethood or ''Nabuwat'' of Muhammad.
[[File:Kalema at Bab al Nasr, Fatimid Cairo.jpg|thumb|right|photo of ''kalima'' at [[Bab al-Futuh|Bab al-Nasr]] of [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty of Cairo with phrase '''ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh''']]
[[File:Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg|thumb|The [[qiblah]] of [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah|Mustansir]] of [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty of, in [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]] of Cairo showing [[shahada|Kalimat ash-shahādah]] with the phrase ''ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh'']]
Muhammad declared [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] [[Succession to Muhammad|as his successor]], at [[Wadi Rabigh|Ghadir Khumm]], which was required for the continuation of his guidance. According to the [[hadith of the pond of Khumm]], Muhammad stated that "Of whomsoever I am the [[mawla|authority]], Ali is his authority". Hence, it is recommended to recite the phrase ''ʿalīyun walī -llāh'' ("Ali is His [God's] [[Wali|Authority]]").
In one of the [[Qiblah]] of [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] (1035–1094) of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira ([[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]]) engraved his name and ''[[shahada|kalimat ash-shahādah]]'' as ''lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh, ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh'' ({{lang|ar|لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ}}).
Adhan reminds Muslims of these three Islamic teaching ''Tawhid'', ''Nabuwat'' and ''[[Imamate]]'' before each prayer. These three emphasise devotion to God, Muhammad and [[Imam]], which are considered to be so linked together that they can not be viewed separately; one leads to other and finally to God.
The phrase is optional to some Shia as justified above. They feel that Ali's ''Walayah'' ("Divine Authority") is self-evident, a testification and need not be declared. However, the greatness of God is also taken to be self-evident, but Muslims still declare ''Allāhu ʾakbar'' to publicize their faith. This is the reason that the most Shia give for the recitation of the phrase regarding Ali.
===Sunni===
[[File:The Adhan - Muslim Call to Prayer.mp3|thumb|right|The Sunni adhan]]
{{Externalvideo
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0TL3SkFMcA Sunni adhan]
}}
[[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] believe that the adhan was not written or said by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, but rather by one of his [[sahabah|companions]]. Abdullah ibn Zayd, a companion of Muhammad, reportedly had a vision in his dream, in which the adhan was revealed to him by God. He related this to his companions; later, this news reached Muhammad, who confirmed it. Because of his stunning voice, Muhammad chose a freed [[Habesha people|Habeshan]] slave by the name of [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]] to make the call for prayers. Muhammad preferred the call over the use of [[bell (instrument)|bells]], used by [[Christians]], and [[shofar|horns]], used by [[Jews]].<ref name="Sunan Abu Dawood">{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/4 |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref name="Sunan al-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi (Arabic) Chapter of Fitan, 2:45 (India) and 4:501 Tradition # 2225 (Egypt); Hadith #2149 (numbering of al-'Alamiyyah)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haykal |first=Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA200 |isbn= 9789839154177|page=200|date=May 1994 |publisher=The Other Press }}</ref>
[[File:Adhan in Shalqar mosque.webm|thumb|265px|Sunni adhan in [[:ru:Мечеть имени Матея Коканулы|Matey Qoqanuly mosque]], [[Kazakhstan]]]]
During the [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayer]] ''(Salat al-Jumu'ah)'', there is one adhan but some Sunni Muslims increase it to two adhans; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the ''[[khutbah]]'' ([[sermon]]). Just before the prayers start, someone amongst the praying people recites the ''iqama'' as in all prayers. The basis for this is that at the time of the [[Caliph]] Uthman he ordered two adhans to be made, the first of which was to be made in the marketplace to inform the people that the Friday prayer was soon to begin, and the second adhan would be the regular one held in the mosque. Not all Sunnis prefer two adhans as the need for warning the people of the impending time for prayer is no longer essential now that the times for prayers are well known.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
==Supplication==
===Shia===
While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to repeat the same words silently, except when the adhan reciter (muezzin) says: "{{lang|ar|أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ}}" and "{{lang|ar|أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ}}" (''ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh{{smallsup|u}} and ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammadan rasūlu -llāh{{smallsup|i}}'') they silently say:
{{blockquote|{{lang|ar|وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) أَكْتَفِي بِهَا عَمَّنْ أَبَىٰ وَجَحَدَ وَأُعِينُ بِهَا مَنْ أَقَرَّ وَشَهِدَ}}
''{{transliteration|ar|wa-ʾanā ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu wa-ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-ʾālihi wa-sallama) ʾaktafī bihā ʿamman ʾabā wa-jaḥada wa-ʾuʿīnu bihā man ʾaqarra wa-šahid{{smallsup|a}}}}''
<br/>
"And I [also] bear witness that there is no deity but God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and I suffice by it (the testimonies) against whoever refuses and fights against it (the testimonies), and I designate by it one who agrees and testifies."<ref name="Al-Kafi Adhan14">{{cite book |last=Al-Kulayni |first=Ya'qub |date=940 |title=الكافي |trans-title=[[Kitab al-Kafi|Al-Kafi]] |url=https://hubeali.com/books/English-Books/AlKafiVol3/AlKafiV3-TheBookOfSalat(2).pdf#page14 |language=ar, en |publisher=Hub-e-Ali }}</ref>}}
Whenever Muhammad's name is mentioned in the adhan or [[Iqama]], it is recommended to recite [[salawat]],<ref name="Al-Kafi Adhan">{{cite book |last=Al-Kulayni |first=Ya'qub |date=940 |title=الكافي |trans-title=[[Kitab al-Kafi|Al-Kafi]] |url=https://hubeali.com/books/English-Books/AlKafiVol3/AlKafiV3-TheBookOfSalat(2).pdf#page8 |language=ar, en |publisher=Hub-e-Ali }}</ref> a form of the [[peace be upon him]] blessing specifically for Muhammad. This salawat is usually recited as either ''{{transliteration|ar|ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallam{{smallsup|a}}}}'' ({{lang|ar|صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ}}), ''{{transliteration|ar|ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālih{{smallsup|ī}}}}'' ({{lang|ar|صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ}}), or ''{{transliteration|ar|ʾallāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʾāli muḥammad{{smallsup|in}}}}'' ({{lang|ar|ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ}}).
Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to sit and recite the following [[dua]] (supplication):
{{blockquote|{{lang|ar|ٱللَّٰهُمَّ ٱجْعَلْ قَلْبِي بَارًّا وَرِزْقِي دَارًّا وَٱجْعَلْ لِي عِنْدَ قَبْرِ نَبِيِّكَ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) قَرَارًا وَمُسْتَقَرًّا}}
''{{transliteration|ar|ʾallāhumma -jʿal qalbī bārran wa-rizqī dārran wa-jʿal lī ʿinda qabri nabīyika (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi waʾ-ālihi wa-sallama) qarāran wa-mustaqarrā{{smallsup|n}}}}''
<br/>
"O God! Make my heart to be righteous, and my livelihood to be constant, and my sustenance to be continuous, and Make for me, in the presence of Your Prophet (God bless him and his progeny and grant him peace) a dwelling and a rest."<ref name="Al-Kafi Adhan14"/>}}
===Sunni===
While listening to the adhan, it is [[mustahabb|recommended]] to silently repeat after the caller, except when they say "come to prayer" (''ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh{{smallsup|ti}}'') and "come to success" (''ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ{{smallsup|i}}''), to which it is recommended to silently say "[[hawqala|there is no ability and no power except by God, [the Most High, Most Great]]]" (''lā ḥawla wa-lā quwwata illā bi-llāh{{smallsup|i}} [l-ʿaliyyi l-ʿaẓīm{{smallsup|i}}]'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|author-link=Al-Bukhari|title=Sahih Bukhari 611|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:611}}</ref><ref name=muslim384>{{cite book|last=Muslim|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=Sahih Muslim 384|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:384}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Muslim|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=Sahih Muslim 385|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:385}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn Qudamah|author-link=Ibn Qudamah|title=Al-Muqni'|url=https://shamela.ws/book/19233/38|volume=1|page=42|quote=It is desirable for whoever hears the caller to say what he says, except 'come to prayer' and 'come to success', where he says 'there is no ability and no power except by God, the Most High, Most Great.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn al-Muflih|first=Ibrahim|title=Al-Mubdi' Sharh al-Muqni'|quote=With regard to 'the Most High, Most Great', I investigated the matter and found it in al-Musnad [Ahmad ibn Hanbal] from the narration of Abu Rafi', that when the Prophet heard the caller, he would say the same thing, until he says, 'come to prayer, come to success,' where he would say, 'there is no ability and no power except with God, the Most High, Most Great.' (This addition was also narrated by Abd al-Razzaq in al-Musannaf and al-Tabarani in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir.)}}</ref> Most scholars, including the [[Maliki school|Malikis]], [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'is]], and [[Hanbali school|Hanbalis]], view this as only recommended; however, others, including the [[Hanafi school|Hanafis]] and [[Zahiri school|Zahiris]], view it as [[fard|necessary]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Nawawi|author-link=Al-Nawawi|title=Al-Majmu'|url=https://shamela.ws/book/2186/1249|volume=3|page=119|quote=Our view is that repeating is recommended and not obligatory, and most of the scholars said this. And al-Tahawi narrated a difference of opinion from some of the predecessors who said it is obligatory, and al-Qadi Iyad narrated it too.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn Qudamah|author-link=Ibn Qudamah|title=Al-Mughni|url=https://shamela.ws/book/6910/595|volume=2|page=89|quote=And if he does not say what he says and opens prayer, there is no harm. Ahmad stipulated this.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://askimam.org/public/question_detail/6819|title=Is it compulsory to give answer to the Adhan?|last=Desai|first=Ebrahim|author-link=Ebrahim Desai|date=Oct 22, 2002|website=askimam.org|access-date=Jan 30, 2023}}</ref>
Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to recite the following [[dua|supplications]]:
1. [[Shahada|A testification of faith]]
{{blockquote|
{{lang|ar|وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ رَضِيتُ بِٱللَّٰهِ رَبًّا وَبِمُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولًا وَبِٱلْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا}}
<br>
''{{transliteration|ar|wa-anā ashhadu an lā ilāha illā llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lah{{smallsup|u}}, wa-anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluh{{smallsup|u}}, raḍītu bi-llāhi rabbā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlā{{smallsup|n}}, wa-bi-l-islāmi dīnā{{smallsup|n}}}}''
<br>
"And I testify that there is nothing worthy of worship except God, alone without a partner, and that Muhammad is his servant and messenger. I am pleased with God as lord, with Muhammad as messenger, and with Islam as religion."<ref>{{cite book|last=Muslim|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=Muslim 386|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:386}}</ref><ref name="muslimgoogle.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|title=Dua after adhan with adhan dua meaning in English - muslim google|access-date=October 10, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174729/https://www.muslimgoogle.com/2020/10/dua-after-adhan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
2. [[Salawat|Prayers and blessings on Muhammad and his family]]
{{blockquote|
{{lang|ar|ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ وَبَارِكْ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ}}
<br>
''{{transliteration|ar|allāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammad{{smallsup|in}}, kamā ṣallayta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīm{{smallsup|a}}, innaka ḥamīdun majīd{{smallsup|un}}, wa-bārik ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammad{{smallsup|in}}, kamā bārakta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīm{{smallsup|a}}, innaka ḥamīdun majīd{{smallsup|un}}}}''
<br>
"O God! Send prayers on Muhammad and on [[Ahl al-Bayt|Muhammad's family]], like you sent prayers on [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious. And send blessings on Muhammad and on Muhammad's family, like you sent blessings on Abraham and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious."<ref name=muslim384></ref>
}}
3. Praying for Muhammad's [[tawassul|station]] and virtousness
{{blockquote|
{{lang|ar|اللَّٰهُمَّ رَبَّ هَٰذِهِ ٱلدَّعْوَةِ ٱلتَّامَّةِ وَٱلصَّلاَةِ ٱلْقَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا ٱلْوَسِيلَةَ وَٱلْفَضِيلَةَ وَٱبْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا ٱلَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ إِنَّكَ لَا تُخْلِفُ ٱلْمِيعَادَ}}
<br>
''{{transliteration|ar|allāhumma rabba hādhihi d-daʿwati t-tāmmati wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qāʾimah{{smallsup|ti}}, āti muhammadan il-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlah{{smallsup|ta}}, wa-bʿathhu maqāman maḥmūdan illadhī waʿadtah{{smallsup|u}}, innaka lā tukhlifu l-mīʿād{{smallsup|a}}}}''
<br>
"O God, lord of this perfect call and established prayer! Give Muhammad the station and virtuousness, and raise him to the praiseworthy station that you promised him. Indeed, you do not neglect promises."<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|author-link=Al-Bukhari|title=Sahih Bukhari 614|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:614}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bayhaqi|author-link=Al-Bayhaqi|title=Al-Sunan al-Kubra 1933|url=https://shamela.ws/book/7861/2195}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamiceducationpk.com/2023/02/DuaafterAzanAdhan.html|title=Dua after azan (adhan) &#124; sunnah of Muhammad (SAW)|date=31 March 2023 }}</ref>
}}
4. Any personal supplication made to God between the adhan and iqamah. It was narrated this is a time when supplications are especially answered and not rejected.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Dawud|author-link=Abu Dawud al-Sijistani|title=Sunan Abi Dawud 524|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:524}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Tirmidhi|author-link=Al-Tirmidhi|title=Jami' al-Tirmidhi 212|url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn Hanbal|first=Ahmad|author-link=Ahmad ibn Hanbal|title=Al-Musnad 12584|url= https://shamela.ws/book/25794/9763}}</ref>
==Form==
The call to prayer is said after entering the time of prayer. The [[muezzin]] usually stands during the call to prayer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 8 August 2018}}</ref> It is common for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting the adhan. Each [[phrase (music)|phrase]] is followed by a longer [[rest (music)|pause]] and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first [[sentence (linguistics)|statement]] each phrase is limited in [[Range (music)|tonal range]], less [[melisma]]tic, and shorter. Upon [[Repetition (music)|repetition]] the phrase is longer, [[Ornament (music)|ornament]]ed with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an [[octave]]. The adhan's [[musical form|form]] is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another [[Tonic (music)|tonal center]] of one [[Arabic maqam|maqam]] a [[perfect fourth|fourth]] or [[perfect fifth|fifth]] apart. Various geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the adhan in particular maqamat: [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia uses Maqam [[Bayati (maqam)|Bayati]] while [[Mecca]] uses Maqam Hijaz. The [[tempo]] is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed [[antiphon]]ally as a [[duet]].<ref>[[Habib Hassan Touma|Touma, Habib Hassan]] (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', p.157-158, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.</ref> Duration can be 1 minutes, but also longer, and then continuing with the shorter iqama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reciting the Adhan {{!}} Guide to the Islamic call to prayer [History, Meaning and Soundscapes] |url=https://www.uncoveringsound.com/adhan-call-to-prayer-guide/ |date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
== Modern legal status ==
=== Australia ===
There are controversies due to community-centric disagreements at mosques in Australia, such as ongoing parking disputes at Al Zahra in Arncliffe,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tripadvisor.co.nz/ShowUserReviews-g552081-d8727172-r450008981-Al_Zahra_Arncliffe_Mosque-Arncliffe_Rockdale_Greater_Sydney_New_South_Wales.html | title=Inconsiderate Parking Al-Zahra Arncliffe Mosque}}</ref>  noise complaints at Gallipoli Mosque<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZXouPZAga8 | title=First Azan - Muslim call to prayer in Sydney - Australia | website=[[YouTube]] | date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> and [[Lakemba Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/arabic/en/article/sydneys-lakemba-mosque-to-broadcast-muslim-call-to-prayer-over-loudspeakers/pjxydqtlg | title=Sydney's Lakemba mosque to broadcast Muslim call to prayer over loudspeakers }}</ref> in [[Sydney]], and public filming at [[Albanian Australian Islamic Society]] and the Keysborough Turkish Islamic and Cultural Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ3nhwPfMew | title=Emotional Azan by Idris Aslami - Filmed at Mosque in Australia (2017) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=16 January 2017 }}</ref> in [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXJhxczxejs | title=First Adhan Called from Melbourne Mosque Minaret | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
=== Bangladesh ===
In 2016, opposition leader [[Khaleda Zia]] alleged the government was preventing the broadcasting of adhans through loudspeakers, with government officials citing security concerns for [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|the prime minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/110075/Azan-not-being-allowed-thru-loudhailers-for|title=Azan not being allowed thru loudhailers for Hasina's security: Khaleda|date=28 June 2016|publisher=[[Prothom Alo]]|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110161622/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/110075/Azan-not-being-allowed-thru-loudhailers-for|archive-date=2017-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
=== Israel ===
In 2016, [[Israel]]'s ministerial committee approved a draft bill that limits the volume of the use of public address systems for calls to prayer, particularly outdoor loudspeakers for the adhan, citing it as a factor of noise pollution, the draft bill was never enacted and has been in limbo ever since.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel to limit volume of prayer call from mosques|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/israel-limit-volume-prayer-call-mosques}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Israel to ban use of loudspeakers for 'Azaan' despite protest|url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2016/11/14/53061/Israel-to-ban-use-of-loudspeakers-for-%E2%80%98Azaan%E2%80%99|access-date=10 January 2017|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|publisher=Ynet|date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1" />  The bill was submitted by [[Knesset members|Knesset member]] [[Moti Yogev|Motti Yogev]] of the [[Far-right politics|far right]] [[Zionism|Zionist]] party [[The Jewish Home|Jewish Home]] and [[Robert Ilatov]] of the right wing [[Yisrael Beiteinu]].<ref name=":0" /> The ban is meant to affect three mosques in [[Abu Dis]] village of [[East Jerusalem]], disbarring them from broadcasting the morning call ([[fajr]]) prayers.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Hawwash|first1=Kamel|title=Israel's ban on the Muslim call to prayer in Jerusalem is the tip of the iceberg|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161107-israels-ban-on-the-muslim-call-to-prayer-in-jerusalem-is-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/|access-date=10 January 2017|agency=Middle East Monitor|publisher=Middle East Monitor|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The bill was backed by Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] who said: "I cannot count the times — they are simply too numerous — that citizens have turned to me from all parts of Israeli society, from all religions, with complaints about the noise and suffering caused to them by the excessive noise coming to them from the public address systems of houses of prayer."<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Israeli PM backs bill to limit Azan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296253|access-date=10 January 2017|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Israel Democracy Institute]], a non-partisan think tank, expressed concerns that it specifically stifles the rights of Muslims, and restricts their freedom of religion.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
=== Kuwait and the UAE ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait]], some cities changed their adhan from the usual ''hayya 'ala as-salah'', meaning "come to prayer", to ''as-salatu fi buyutikum'' meaning "pray in your homes" or ''ala sallu fi rihalikum'' meaning "pray where you are".<ref>[https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/3/14/kuwait-mosques-tell-believers-to-pray-at-home Kuwait mosques tell believers to pray at home amid coronavirus pandemic] alaraby.co.uk</ref>
Other Muslim countries (notably Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia) also made this change because Muslims are prohibited to pray in mosques during the pandemic as preventive measures to stop the chain of the outbreak. The basis for the authority to change a phrase in the adhan was justified by Muhammad's instructions while calling for adhan during adverse conditions.<ref>[https://sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_1_11.php] Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 11, Number 605</ref>
=== Sweden ===
The [[Fittja Mosque]] in [[Botkyrka]], south of [[Stockholm]], was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayer]], on condition that the sound volume does not exceed 60&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/sthlm/ljudkablar-dras-for-forsta-boneutropet|title=Ljudkablar dras för första böneutropet|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=24 April 2014|language=sv|trans-title=Cables laid out for the first call to prayer}}</ref> In [[Karlskrona]] (province of [[Blekinge]], southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a [[minaret]] in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/blekinge-har-fatt-sin-forsta-minaret|title=Blekinge har fått sin första minaret|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=13 Oct 2017|access-date=21 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=Blekinge has gotten its first minaret|last1=Börje|first1=Anna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aa.com.tr/en/europe/swedish-town-allows-calls-to-prayer-from-minaret/968559|title=Swedish town allows calls to prayer from minaret|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=17 Nov 2017|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The temporary mosque in [[Växjö]] filed for a similar permission in February 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/vaxjos-muslimer-vill-ha-boneutrop|title=Moskén i Växjö vill ha böneutrop|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]]|date=12 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|language=sv|trans-title=The mosque in Växjö wants prayer calls}}</ref> which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6907797|title=Christian Democrat leader opposes Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|publisher=[[Radio Sweden]]|date=15 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|title=Swedish church supports Muslims Adhan|author=Lawal Olatunde|publisher=[[Islamic Hotspot]]|date=14 February 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110727/http://www.islamichotspot.com/swedish-church-supports-muslims-adhan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/this-jewish-leader-is-defending-muslim-mosques-in-sweden|title=This Jewish leader is defending the Muslim call to prayer in Sweden|publisher=[[The New Arab]]|date=19 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> A yearlong permission was granted by the [[Swedish Police Authority]] in May the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/l10A2y/polisen-tillater-boneutrop-via-hogtalare |title=Polisen tillåter böneutrop via högtalare |last=Thorneus |first=Ebba |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Aftonbladet]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/smaland/polisen-ger-klartecken-boneutrop-i-vaxjo |title=Polisen ger klartecken till böneutrop i Växjö |trans-title=The Police gives clearance for prayer calls in Växjö |last=Broke |first=Cecilia |date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]] |access-date=December 27, 2018 |language=sv}}</ref>
=== Tajikistan ===
The usage of loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan was banned in 2009 with ''Law No. 489 of 26 March 2009 on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roznai|first=Yaniv|date=2017-06-07|title=Negotiating the Eternal: The Paradox of Entrenching Secularism in Constitutions|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2982275|journal=Michigan State Law Review|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|volume=253|pages=282|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2982275|ssrn=2982275}}</ref>
=== Turkey ===
As an extension of the [[Atatürk's Reforms|reforms]] brought about by the establishment of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, the [[politics of Turkey|Turkish government]] at the time, encouraged by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]], introduced secularism to Turkey. <!-- As he declared the speech in opening ceremony of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] on November 1, 1937, ''bizim devlet idaresindeki ana programımız, chp programıdır. bunun kapsadığı prensipler, idarede ve siyasette bizi aydınlatıcı ana hatlardır. fakat bu prensipleri, gökten indiği sanılan kitapların dogmalarıyla asla bir tutmamalıdır. biz, ilhamlarımızı gökten ve gaipten değil, doğrudan doğruya hayattan almış bulunuyoruz.''<ref>[http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk_konusma/01_11_1937.pdf TBMM]</ref> --> The program involved implementing a [[Turkish language|Turkish]] adhan program as part of its goals, as opposed to the conventional [[Arabic language|Arabic]] call to prayer.<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/english/ArtCulture/2004/01/article01.shtml The adhan in Turkey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412072422/http://www.islamonline.net/english/ArtCulture/2004/01/article01.shtml |date=April 12, 2009 }}</ref> Following the conclusion of said debates, on the 1 February 1932, the adhan was chanted in Turkish and the practice was continued for a period of 18 years. There was some resistance against the adhan in the Turkish language and protests surged. In order to suppress these protests, in 1941, a new law was issued, under which people who chanted the adhan in Arabic could be imprisoned for up to 3 months and be fined up to 300 Turkish Lira.
On 17 June 1950, a new government led by [[Adnan Menderes]], restored Arabic as the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182|title=The issue of chanting the adhan in languages other than Arabic and related social reactions against it in Turkey|last=Aydar|first=Hidayet|date=2006|website=dergipark.gov.tr|pages=59–62|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195037/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Uzbekistan ===
In 2005, former Uzbek president [[Islam Karimov]] banned the Muslim call to prayer from being broadcast in the country; the ban was lifted in November 2017 by his successor, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=An Uzbek spring has sprung, but summer is still a long way off |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/12/14/an-uzbek-spring-has-sprung-but-summer-is-still-a-long-way-off |access-date=2022-11-13 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
In other countries, there is no written law forbidding the distribution of the call to prayer in mosques and prayer halls.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
==In popular culture==
=== In television ===
In some [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]], television stations usually broadcasts the adhan at prayer times, in a similar fashion to radio stations. In [[television in Indonesia|Indonesia]] and [[television in Malaysia|Malaysia]], it is mandatory for all television stations to broadcast the adhan at Fajr and Magrib prayers, with the exception of non-Muslim religious stations. Islamic religious stations often broadcast the adhan at all five prayer times. Since the 1970s the adhan has been broadcast from mosques in the U.S., such as the American Moslem Society, which was established in Dearborn, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Mornings in Michigan: Dearborn residents wake up to sacred chant |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/news/2018-02-02/mornings-in-michigan-dearborn-residents-wake-up-to-sacred-chant |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Michigan Public |language=en}}</ref>
The adhan are commonly broadcast with a visual cinematic sequence depicting mosques and worshippers attending to the prayer. Some television stations in both Malaysia and Indonesia often utilize a more artistic or cultural approach to the cinematic involving multiple actors and religious-related plotlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F7yawnsPJH8|title=Adzan Maghrib RCTI 2015 (from YouTube)|website=[[YouTube]] |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
The 1991-1994 recording of [[Masjid al-Haram]] muezzin, ''[[Sheikh]]'' [[Ali Ahmed Mulla]] is best known for its use in various television and radio stations.
=== Turkish National Anthem ===
The adhan is referenced in the eighth verse of ''[[İstiklâl Marşı]]'', the Turkish [[national anthem]]:
{{blockquote|The sole wish of my soul, oh glorious God, from You is that,<br>No heathen would ever, on the bosom of my temple, lay hand!<br>These adhans, whose testimonies are the ground of religion,<br>Should resound far and wide over my eternal homeland.}}
=== "The Armed Man" ===
The adhan appears in [[The Armed Man|"The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace"]] composed by [[Karl Jenkins]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Barechu]] - Jewish call to prayer
* [[Church bell#Call to prayer|Church bells]] - Christian call to prayer
* [[Dhikr]]
* [[Tashahhud]]
==Notes==
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==References==
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==External links==
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCV569SrAyA Adhan from the Grand Mosque (Masjid al Haram) recited by Sheikh Ali Ahmed Mulla]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84s51RQ_uYM Adhan from the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid Nabawi), Madinah al Munawarah]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=400u6XD9W1c Adhan (call for prayer) from a mosque]
* [https://www.dawn.com/news/1541609 Tweaking the Azaan and other measures Muslim countries have taken to combat the virus]
* [http://islam.about.com/cs/prayer/f/adhan_english.htm Meaning of the adhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303202201/http://islam.about.com/cs/prayer/f/adhan_english.htm |date=March 3, 2017 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlpLqOH2osc ''Ezan'' video at Hagia Sophia]
{{Islamic prayer}}
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[[Category:Dhikr]]
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[[Category:Salah terminology]]