View source for Advanced Modular Armor Protection

{{Short description|German modular composite armor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
'''Advanced Modular Armor Protection (AMAP)''' is modular [[composite armour]] concept, developed by the German company [[IBD Deisenroth Engineering]], since 2019 part of [[Rheinmetall|Rheinmetall Protection Systems]]. According to IBD AMAP is a 4th generation composite armour, making use of nano-ceramics and modern steel alloy technologies.<ref name="PassivProtection">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/passiv_protection.pdf |title=Passive Protection Concepts |accessdate=15 December 2010 |author=Michael Rust|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031621/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fpassiv_protection.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
AMAP is the successor of [[MEXAS]].<ref name="Defense-Update">{{cite web | url=http://www.defense-update.com/products/a/amap.htm | title='''AMAP Protection System''' IBD | publisher=Defense-Update.com | accessdate=15 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106002208/http://defense-update.com/products/a/amap.htm | archive-date=6 January 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Part of the Advanced Modular Armor Protection concept is to combine different parts of the AMAP product family to create a protection solution custom-tailored to the end user's need, such as e.g. all-around protection.
==Structure==
AMAP is making use of new advanced steel alloys, Aluminium-Titanium alloys, nanometric steels, ceramics and nano-ceramics. The new high-hardened steel needs 30% less thickness to offer the same protection level as [[ARMOX]]500Z High Hard Armour steel.<ref name="PassivProtection" />
While [[Titanium]] requires only 58% as much weight as [[rolled homogeneous armour]] (RHA) for reaching the same level of protection, ''Mat 7720 new'', a newly developed Aluminium-Titanium alloy, needs only 38% of the weight.<ref name="PassivProtection" /> That means that this alloy is more than twice as protective as RHA of the same weight.
AMAP is also making use of new nano-ceramics, which are harder and lighter than current ceramics, while having multi-hit capability. Normal ceramic tiles and a liner backing have a mass-efficiency (E<sub>M</sub>) value of 3 compared to normal steel armour, while it fulfills [[STANAG 4569]]. The new nano-crystalline ceramic materials should increase the hardness compared to current ceramics by 70% and the weight reduction is 30%, therefore the E<sub>M</sub> value is larger than 4.<ref name="PassivProtection" /> Furthermore, the higher fracture toughness increases the general multi-hit capability. Some AMAP-modules might consist of this new [[ceramic]] tiles glued on a backing liner and overlaid by a cover, a concept which is also used by [[MEXAS]].<ref>A graphical rendering from IBD-Deisenroth-Engineering.de called [http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-videos/stream_sandwich.wmv stream_sandwich.wmv] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032503/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-videos%2Fstream_sandwich.wmv |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> Lightweight [[slat armor]] is also part of the AMAP family.
In excess new nano-ceramic armour overlaying a vehicle's base armour, which is backed up by a spall-liner, can achieve a weight reduction of more than 40% to meet the Level&nbsp;3 of [[STANAG 4569]].<ref name="Feb2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news/items/Nano-Tech.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/Newsletter%20February%202011_002.pdf |title=IBD Live February 2011 |accessdate=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043307/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news/items/Nano-Tech.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FNewsletter%20February%202011_002.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, AMAP's glue and lining components work efficiently even at high temperatures (like {{convert|80|°C}}).<ref name="Feb2011" />
AMAP is a modular protection concept, therefore several modules, some of them in different variants according to the required protection level, are formed. The efficiency may be increased if more types of AMAP-modules are used.
== AMAP modules ==
=== AMAP-ADS ===
{{Main|AMAP-ADS}}
An active protection system named AMAP-ADS ('''A'''ctive '''D'''efense '''S'''ystem) was developed to prevent a vehicle from being hit by ballistic threats. The system is also known under the name ''AAC'' in Sweden and under the name ''Shark'' in France.
AMAP-ADS is by now one of the fastest active protection systems. In contrast to millisecond systems like [[Raytheon|Raytheon's]] [[Quick Kill active protection system|Quick Kill]] or [[Israel Military Industries|IMI's]] [[Iron Fist Active Protection System|Iron Fist]] it is a microsecond system, needing only [[microsecond]]s to react. This reduces the minimum defeat distance and enables protection against more different threats like [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPGs]] or [[Explosively formed penetrator|EFPs]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/S%26T%20Int%20Ed.%20II_09_netz%20Active%20Hardkill%20Protection%20Systems.pdf |title=Strategie u. Technik, int. Edition, Autumn, 2009 |accessdate=15 December 2010 |author=Dieter Haug & Hans Joachim Wagner|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031733/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/press-coverage.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FS&T%20Int%20Ed.%20II_09_netz%20Active%20Hardkill%20Protection%20Systems.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
Sensors for target detection and [[countermeasure]]s are installed all around the vehicle. The system weight is 140&nbsp;kg for light vehicles and up to 500&nbsp;kg for heavy vehicles.
=== AMAP-AIR ===
AMAP-AIR is designed to protect aircraft like the [[Eurocopter Tiger]]. Aircraft require special lightweight armour.
=== AMAP-B ===
AMAP-B ('''b'''allistic) provides protection against [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s such as [[bullet]]s, autocannon calibers such as [[20 mm]] to [[30 mm]], and against [[APFSDS]] of [[tank gun]]s like modern 120&nbsp;mm or 125&nbsp;mm rounds. Like [[MEXAS]] AMAP-B exists in three versions. Light offers protection against small arms for light armoured or soft-skinned vehicles, helicopters, aircraft and boats.<ref name="BBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-b.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-B.pdf Brochure of AMAP-B]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802235601/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-b.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-B.pdf |date=2 August 2010 }}</ref> The medium version of AMAP-B is normally used on medium armoured vehicles such as the [[infantry fighting vehicle|IFVs]] and [[armoured personnel carrier|APCs]]. These vehicles normally need protection against autocannons up to 30&nbsp;mm caliber. The heavy AMAP-B version is for use on [[tank]]s.<ref name="BBro" />
=== AMAP-IED ===
AMAP-[[Improvised explosive device|IED]] is designed for protection against mines. Mines have caused high losses to troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. AMAP-IED is used in two protection levels, level 1 provides protection against small arms fire, fragments and blasts, upgraded to level two it is also protecting against EFPs and rocket-propelled grenades like the [[RPG-7]].<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-ied.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-IED.pdf AMAP-IED brochure]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015234556/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-ied.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-IED.pdf |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref> The level 2 also includes a mine protection.
===AMAP-L===
[[File:Aluminium plate spalling.gif|thumb|[[Spalling]] of an aluminium plate]]
AMAP-L ('''l'''iner) is the spall liner of AMAP. AMAP-L can be attached to soft-skinned or armoured vehicles. The [[spall]] cone which is normally 87° can be reduced to only 17°.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-l.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-L.pdf AMAP-L brochure]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015234223/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-l.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-L.pdf |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref> Over 30,000 vehicles have been fitted with spall lining systems of IBD.
=== AMAP-M ===
AMAP-M ('''m'''ine) is a mine protection armour module. It fulfills [[STANAG 4569]] and has a lower weight than conventional mine protection systems.
===AMAP-MPS===
AMAP-MPS ('''m'''ulti '''p'''urpose '''s'''eat) is a special blast-protected seat. Contrary to normal seats, it is not attached to the vehicle floor or roof, so shock-energy can be absorbed by the seats.
=== AMAP-P ===
AMAP-P uses retractable modules, similar to side skirts or slat armour, to effectively defeat [[rocket propelled grenade|RPGs]]. It is a modern variant of [[spaced armour]]. AMAP-P is multi-hit-capable. Its areal density is lower than 15&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-p.html AMAP-P on IBD's website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204085532/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-p.html |date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>
=== AMAP-R ===
AMAP-R ('''r'''oof) is designed to protect the roof of a vehicle against artillery [[bomblet]]s and [[explosively formed penetrator|EFPs]]. AMAP-R consists of two armour layers, called AMAP-R Level 1 and AMAP-R Level 2. Compared to conventional roof protection, which can have an aerial [[density]] of up to 450&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>, AMAP-R is very lightweight (Level 1 has an aerial density of only 25&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>, Level 1 and 2 together have an aerial density of 120&nbsp;kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The normal vehicle armour is overlaid by one or two layer of AMAP-R. Level 1 provides protection against bomblets, while Level 2 protects against EFPs.<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-r.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-R.pdf AMAP-R brochure]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204085538/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-r.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-R.pdf |date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>
===AMAP-S===
AMAP-S ('''s'''tealth) is IBD's solution of reducing vehicle signature. AMAP-S can be fitted to naval vehicles, like ships, land vehicles and aircraft.<ref name="SBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-s.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-S.pdf Brochure of AMAP-S]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031827/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-s.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-S.pdf |date=8 October 2011 }} on IBD's Website</ref> The facility of IBD has own instruments to measure the signatures of a vehicle.<ref name="SBro" />
=== AMAP-SC ===
AMAP-SC ('''s'''haped '''c'''harge) has a very high mass-efficiency, the E<sub>M</sub> is between 8 and 10.<ref name="SCBro">[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-sc.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/AMAP-SC.pdf AMAP-SC brochure]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032242/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/amap-sc.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FAMAP-SC.pdf |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> AMAP-SC has multi-hit capability and protects also against other threats including mines.<ref name="SCBro" /> Since AMAP-SC is passive armour, in contrast to [[Explosive reactive armour|ERA]], no explosives are used, so [[collateral damage]] is reduced to a minimum.
=== AMAP-T ===
AMAP-T ('''t'''ransparency) is the [[bulletproof glass]] component of AMAP. The use of modern ceramic armour reduces the weight by up to 50% compared to normal [[bulletproof glass]] of the same protection level. It meets [[STANAG 4569]] levels 1 to 4.
==Applications==
[[File:GTK Boxer side.jpg|thumb|right|The MRAV Boxer is armoured with AMAP composite armour.]]
Some of the known applications for AMAP include following armoured vehicles:<ref>[http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/products-in-use.html User List on IBD's website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612162104/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/products-in-use.html |date=12 June 2010 }}</ref>
===Light and medium vehicles===
* {{flagicon|SWE}} – [[Combat Vehicle 90]]:<ref name="Defense-Update" /> ''AMAP-M'', only some variants. Norwegian CV90s have been upgraded with a new protection suite developed by IBD and [[Rheinmetall]] Chempro.<ref name="Feb2011" />
* {{flagicon|ITA}} – [[Iveco LMV|VTLM]]: ''AMAP-B'', ''AMAP-L'', ''AMAP-M'', ''AMAP-IED'' and ''AMAP-T''
* {{flagicon|FIN}} – [[Patria AMV]]:<ref name="Defense-Update" /> ''AMAP-B''
* {{flagicon|GER}} – [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]]: ''AMAP-B'' and ''AMAP-SC''
* {{flagicon|NED|size=10px}}{{flagicon|GER|size=10px}} – [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|MRAV Boxer]]: ''AMAP-B'', ''AMAP-L'', ''AMAP-M'' and ''AMAP-IED''
* {{flagicon|ITA}} – [[B1 Centauro|VBC]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} – [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] IBD has received an order to equip this vehicle type with a new mine-protection<ref name="Feb2011" />
===Heavy vehicles===
[[File:Upgraded Leopard 2A4 SG NDP 2010.JPG|thumb|right|Leopard 2SG]]
;{{flagicon|GER}} [[Leopard 2]] tanks:Leopard 2A4 ''Evolution'':<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/brochures_uk/Leopard%202%20A4%20Evolution.pdf | title='''Leopard 2 A4 Evolution''' Legacy Platform – Future Generation Survivability | publisher=IBD Deisenroth Engineering| accessdate=15 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152704/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2Fbrochures_uk%2FLeopard%202%20A4%20Evolution.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> All Leopard 2SGs of the [[Singapore Army]] are upgraded with an active defence system [[AMAP-ADS]] by [[IBD Deisenroth Engineering]], [[Elbit Systems|Elbit Israel's]] [https://elbitsystems.com/product/coaps-l/ COAPS] electro-optics, and also fitted with [[Slat armor|slat armour]] for additional rear and side protection.
: Leopard 2 ''Revolution'': A Leopard 2 upgrade developed by [[Rheinmetall]] based on IBD's evolution concept. 61 from 103 Leopard 2A4+ of the [[Indonesian Army]] are upgraded to Revolution standard, known as "Leopard 2RI".<ref>{{Cite web|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|date=2020-09-13|title=Gagah,Tank Leopard 2RI Milik Kostrad Buatan Jerman Unjuk Kebolehan|url=https://www.viva.co.id/militer/militer-indonesia/1301757-gagah-tank-leopard-2ri-milik-kostrad-buatan-jerman-unjuk-kebolehan|access-date=2020-09-13|website=viva.co.id|language=id}}</ref>
: Strv 122B+ ''Evolution'': An upgrade developed to increase the all-round [[survivability]] of Swedish Strv 122 tanks. The upgrade increases the weight by {{convert|350|kg}} and raises the vehicle's width to {{convert|4|m}}.<ref name="Feb2011" /> Newly developed SLAT armour is used to protect the rear.
===Aircraft===
* {{flagicon|FRA|size=10px}}{{flagicon|GER|size=10px}} – [[Eurocopter Tiger]]: ''AMAP-AIR'' only
The active protection system [[AMAP-ADS]] have already been tested on several vehicles including the [[Marder (IFV)|SPz Marder]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files/resources/content-pdfs/Newletter%20St%20Barbara%20Technology%20Day%202008.pdf |title=St. Barbara Symposium 2008 |publisher=IBD Deisenroth Engineering|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152650/http://www.ibd-deisenroth-engineering.de/news.html?file=tl_files%2Fresources%2Fcontent-pdfs%2FNewletter%20St%20Barbara%20Technology%20Day%202008.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2011}}</ref> [[Splitterskyddad EnhetsPlattform|SEP]], [[CV90120]], [[AMV 8x8]] and [[Iveco LMV|LMV]].
==External links==
*[http://www.rheinmetall-chempro.com/en/rhc/systeme_und_produkte/produktuebersicht/index.php Webpage of the manufacturer]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513070802/http://www.defense-update.com/products/a/ads-ibd.htm Active Defence System (ADS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080718220942/http://compositesworld.com/hpc/issues/2007/January/1572 The Art of Armor Development]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Vehicle armour]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment]]
[[Category:Land active protection systems]]
[[Category:Weapons countermeasures]]