View source for Aedile

{{Short description|Office of the Roman Republic}}
{{Roman government}}
'''Aedile''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|d|aɪ|l}} {{respell|EE|dyle}}, {{langx|la|aedīlis}} {{IPA|la|ae̯ˈdiːlɪs|}}, from {{lang|la|[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#aedes|aedes]]}}, "temple edifice") was an elected office of the [[Roman Republic]]. Based in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings ({{lang|la|aedēs}}) and regulation of public [[festival]]s. They also had powers to enforce public order and duties to ensure the city of Rome was well supplied and its civil infrastructure well maintained, akin to modern [[local government]].
There were two pairs of aediles: the first were the "plebeian aediles" ([[Latin]]: ''aediles plebis'') and possession of this office was limited to [[plebeians]]; the other two were "curule aediles" (Latin: ''aediles curules''), open to both plebeians and [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]], in alternating years. An ''aedilis curulis'' was classified as a ''[[magister curulis]]''.
The office of the aedilis was generally held by young men intending to follow the ''[[cursus honorum]]'' to high political office, traditionally after their [[quaestor]]ship but before their [[praetor]]ship. It was not a compulsory part of the cursus, and hence a former quaestor could be elected to the praetorship without having held the position of aedile. However, it was an advantageous position to hold because it demonstrated the aspiring politician's commitment to public service, as well as giving him the opportunity to hold public festivals and games, an excellent way to increase his name recognition and popularity.
==History of the office==
===Plebeian aediles===
The plebeian aediles were created in the same year as the [[tribune of the plebs]] (494 BC). Originally intended as assistants to the [[tribune]]s, they guarded the rights of the [[plebeians]] with respect to their headquarters, the [[Temple of Ceres]].  Subsequently, they assumed responsibility for maintenance of the city's buildings as a whole.<ref>McCullough, 938</ref>  Their duties at first were simply ministerial. They were the assistants to the tribunes in whatever matters that the tribunes might entrust to them, although most matters with which they were entrusted were of minimal importance.
Around 446 BC, they were given the authority to care for the decrees of the Senate. When a ''[[senatus consultum]]'' was passed, it would be transcribed into a document and deposited in the public treasury, the ''[[Aerarium]]''. They were given this power because the [[Roman consul|consuls]], who had held this power before, arbitrarily suppressed and altered the documents.<ref name="Liv. III.55">Liv. III.55</ref> They also maintained the acts of the [[Plebeian Council]] (People's Assembly), the "plebiscites". Plebiscites, once passed, were also transcribed into a physical document for storage. While their powers grew over time, it is not always easy to distinguish the difference between their powers, and those of the [[Roman censor|censors]]. Occasionally, if a censor was unable to carry out one of his tasks, an aedile would perform the task instead.
===Curule aediles===
According to [[Livy]] (vi. 42), after the passing of the [[Lex Licinia Sextia|Licinian rogations]] in 367 BC, an extra day was added to the Roman games; the plebeian aediles refused to bear the additional expense, whereupon the patricians offered to undertake it, on condition that they were admitted to the aedileship. The plebeians accepted the offer, and accordingly two curule aediles were appointed—at first from the patricians alone, then from patricians and plebeians in turn, lastly, from either—at the [[Tribal Assembly]] under the presidency of the consul.<ref name="EB1911"/> Curule aediles, as formal magistrates, held certain honors that plebeian aediles (who were not technically magistrates), did not hold.
Besides having the right to sit on a [[curule seat]] (''sella curulis'') and to wear a [[toga|toga praetexta]], the curule aediles also held the power to issue edicts (''jus edicendi''). These edicts often pertained to matters such as the regulation of the public markets, or what we might call "economic regulation".<ref>Cic. Verr. V.14</ref> [[Livy]] suggests, perhaps incorrectly, that both curule as well as plebeian Aediles were sacrosanct.<ref name="Liv. III.55"/> Although the curule aediles always ranked higher than the plebeian, their functions gradually approximated and became practically identical.<ref name="EB1911"/> Within five days after the beginning of their terms, the four aediles (two plebeian, two curule) were required to determine, by lot or by agreement among themselves, what parts of the city each should hold jurisdiction over.<ref>''[[Tabula Heracleensis]]'', ed. Alessio Simmacho Mazzocchi</ref>
===Differences between the two===
There was a distinction between the two sets of aediles when it came to public festivals. Some festivals were plebeian in nature, and thus were under the superintendence of plebeian aediles.<ref>Liv. XXXI.56</ref> Other festivals were supervised exclusively by the curule aediles,<ref>Liv. XXXI.50</ref> and it was often with these festivals that the aediles would spend lavishly. This was often done to secure voters' support in future elections. Because aediles were not reimbursed for public expenditures, most individuals seeking the office were independently wealthy. Since this office was a stepping stone to higher office and the Senate, it helped to ensure that only wealthy individuals (mostly landowners) would win election to high office. These extravagant expenditures began shortly after the end of [[Second Punic War]], and increased as the spoils returned from Rome's new eastern conquests. Even the decadence of the emperors rarely surpassed that of the aediles under the Republic, as could have been seen during [[Julius Caesar]]'s aedileship.<ref>Plut. Caesar, 5</ref>
==Election to the office==
Plebeian aediles and Curule aediles were elected by the [[Tribal Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Rome - Roman Senate, Republic, and Law of Twelve Tables {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-Senate |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=The tribal assembly (comitia tributa) was a nonmilitary civilian assembly. It accordingly met within the city inside the pomerium and elected magistrates who did not exercise imperium (plebeian tribunes, plebeian aediles, and quaestors).}}</ref> Since the plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians rather than by all of the people of Rome (plebeians as well as [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]]), they were not technically [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]]. Before the passage of the ''[[Lex Villia Annalis]]'', individuals could run for the aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven. After the passage of this law in 180 BC, a higher age was set, probably thirty-six.<ref>Livy, XL.44</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |last2=Kleijwegt |first2=Marc |date=1992 |title=Did the Romans like Young Men? A Study of the Lex Villia Annalis: Causes and Effects |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188706 |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=92 |page=182 |jstor=20188706 |issn=0084-5388}}</ref> By the 1st century BC, aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.
==Powers of the office==
[[Cicero]] ([[de Legibus|Legg.]] iii. 3, 7) divides these functions under three heads:
(1) Care of the city:
the repair and preservation of temples, sewers and aqueducts; street cleansing and paving; regulations regarding traffic, dangerous animals and dilapidated buildings; precautions against fire; superintendence of baths and taverns; enforcement of [[sumptuary]] laws; punishment of gamblers and usurers; the care of public morals generally, including the prevention of foreign superstitions and the registration of [[meretrix|meretrices]].  They also punished those who had too large a share of the ''[[ager publicus]]'', or kept too many cattle on the state pastures.
(2) Care of provisions:
investigation of the quality of the articles supplied and the correctness of weights and measures; the purchase of grain for disposal at a low price in case of necessity.
(3) Care of the games:
superintendence and organization of the public games, as well as of those given by themselves and private individuals (e.g., at funerals) at their own expense.
Ambitious persons often spent enormous sums in this manner to win the popular favor with a view to official advancement.<ref name="EB1911"/>
==Under the Empire==
In 44 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] added two plebeian aediles called ''cereales'', whose special duty was the care of the cereal (grain) supply.  Under [[Augustus]] the office lost much of its importance, its judicial functions and the care of the games being transferred to the [[praetor]], while its city responsibilities were limited by the appointment of an [[Praefectus urbi|urban prefect]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Augustus took for himself its powers over various religious duties. By stripping it of its powers over temples, he effectively destroyed the office, by taking from it its original function. After this point, few people were willing to hold such a powerless office, and Augustus was even known to compel individuals into holding the office. He accomplished this by randomly selecting former tribunes and [[quaestor]]s for the office.<ref>Dio Cassius LV.24</ref> Future emperors would continue to dilute the power of the office by transferring its powers to newly created offices. However, the office did retain some powers over licentiousness and disorder, in particular over the baths and brothels, as well as the registration of prostitutes.<ref>Tacitus ''Annales'', II.85</ref> In the 3rd century, it disappeared altogether.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied. It seems as though they were usually chosen annually.<ref>De Aedil. Col, &c. Otto. Lips. 1732</ref>
==Modern day==
Today in [[Portugal]] the county mayor can still be referred to as ''edil'' (e.g. 'O edil de Coimbra', meaning 'the mayor of [[Coimbra]]'), a way of reference used also in [[Brazil]] and in Romania for any mayors (ex. 'Edil al Bucureștiului', meaning 'mayor of Bucharest'){{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}. In Spain (and Latin America) the members of municipal councils are called ''concejales'' or ''ediles''.
== Shakespeare ==
In his play ''[[Coriolanus]]'', [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] references the aediles. However, they are minor characters, and their chief role is to serve as policemen.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Shakespeare
|first=William
|title=The Tragedies of William Shakespeare
|year=1994
|publisher=Random House, Inc.
|isbn=0-679-60129-5
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tragediesofwilli00will/page/1266 1266]
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/tragediesofwilli00will/page/1266
}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Aedile |volume=1 |page=244}} This cites:
* Schubert, ''De Romanorum Aedilibus'' (1828)
* Hoffmann, ''De Aedilibus Romanis'' (1842)
* Göll, ''De Aedilibus sub Caesarum Imperio'' (1860)
* Labatut, ''Les Édiles et les moeurs'' (1868)
* [[Joachim Marquardt|Marquardt]]-[[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]], ''Handbuch der römischen Altertümer'', ii. (1888)
* Soltau, ''Die ursprüngliche Bedeutung und Competenz der Aediles Plebis'' (Bonn, 1882).</ref>
}}
==Books==
*{{cite book|author=Berry, Joanne|year=2007|title=The Complete Pompeii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fazpAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05150-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Boatwright, Mary T., Daniel J. Gargola, Richard J.A. Talbert|year=2006|title=A Brief History of the Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_kYAQAAMAAJ|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518714-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Brennan, Brain|year=2012|title=Herculaneum: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZXruAAACAAJ|url-access=registration|publisher=Ancient History Seminars|isbn=978-0-9756963-3-0}}
{{Ancient Rome topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cursus honorum]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman occupations]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman titles]]
[[Category:Roman aediles| ]]