View source for Al-Kabri

{{About|the former Palestinian village of al-Kabri|the kibbutz that was created in its place|Kabri, Israel|the archaeological site of Tel Kabri, which is on the grounds of the kibbutz|Tel Kabri|other uses|Kabri (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}{{Infobox settlement
| name               = al-Kabri
| native_name        = الكابري
| native_name_lang   = ar
| other_name         = Kabira<br> Le Quiebre (Crusader name)
| settlement_type    = <!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline      = Jexiamcomboio003 (1).jpg
| imagesize          = 220
| image_caption      = the cemetery of Al-Kabri
| etymology          = The Bridge (in Turkish)<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/43/mode/1up 43]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->| pushpin_map        = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| image_map          = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225|name=al-Kabri}}
| map_caption        = A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Kabri (click the buttons)
| pushpin_mapsize    = 200
| coordinates        = {{coord|33|00|56|N|35|09|03|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name          = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position      = 164/269
<!-- location -->| subdivision_type   = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Acre]]
<!-- established -->| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1  = 5, 21 May 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR17  xvii], village #81. Also gives causes of depopulation</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->| unit_pref          = dunam
| area_total_km2     = 28.7
| area_total_dunam   = 28,729
<!-- population -->| population_as_of   = 1945
| population_total   = 1,530<ref name=1945p5>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p05.jpg  5]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank_name_sec1    = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1    = Fear of being caught up in the fighting
| blank1_name_sec1   = Secondary cause
| blank1_info_sec1   = Military assault by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1   = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1   = [[Kabri, Israel|Kabri]],<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Ga'aton]],<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Me'ona]],<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Ein Ya'akov]],<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Ma'alot]],<ref name="Khalidi"/> [[Kefar Vradim]]<ref name="Khalidi"/>
}}
'''Al-Kabri''' ({{langx|ar|الكابري}}) was a [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arab]] town in the [[Galilee]] located {{convert|12.5|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. It was captured by the [[Haganah]] 21 May 1948, a week after the [[Israel|State of Israel]] was declared. In 1945, it had a population of 1,530<ref name=Khalidi19>Khalidi, 1992, p. 19</ref> and a total area cultivated of 20,617<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 20: Citrus, bananas, cereals, fruit and olive trees</ref> [[dunam]]s. It is near the site of [[Tel Kabri]].
==History==
===Crusader era===
In the 13th century, al-Kabri was known as "Le Quiebre" and belonged to the fief of [[az-Zeeb|Casal Imbert]] (az-Zeeb). In 1253, [[Henry I of Cyprus|King Henry]] granted the whole estate of Casal Imbert, including Le Quiebre, to [[John II of Beirut|John of Ibelin]].<ref name=year1253>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n100/mode/1up  84]-85, No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n324/mode/1up 318], No. 1208; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264</ref> Shortly after, in 1256, John of Ibelin leased az-Zeeb and all its dependent villages, including Le Quiebre, to the [[Teutonic Order]] for ten years.<ref name=year1256>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n334/mode/1up 328], No. 1250; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 264</ref> In 1261, az-Zeeb, together with [[Umm al-Faraj|Le Fierge]] and Le Quiebre, were sold to the Teutonic Order, in return for an annual sum for as long as [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] was in Crusader hands.<ref name=year1261>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n122/mode/1up 106]-7, No. 119; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n347/mode/1up 341]-2, No. 1307</ref> In 1283, it was still a part of the Crusader states, as it was mentioned under the name "al-Kabrah", as part of their domain in the ''[[hudna]]'' (truce agreement) between the Crusaders based in Acre and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] sultan [[al-Mansur Qalawun]].<ref>Barag, 1979, p. 203</ref>
===Mamluk period===
According to [[al-Maqrizi]], it was under Mamluk rule by 1291, as it was mentioned under the name of "al-Kabira" in that year when Sultan [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] allocated the town's income to a [[Waqf|charitable organization]] in [[Cairo]].<ref name=Khalidi19/><ref>al-Maqrizi, 1845, vol 2, p.  [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ#page/n137/mode/1up 131]</ref>
===Ottoman era===
[[Image:AcreNE1799.jpg|thumb|right|200px|French map of the area in 1799. Note the [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] between Acre and Kabri, built by [[Jezzar Pasha]].<ref>[[Pierre Jacotin|Jacotin]], 1826. See also [[Siege of Acre (1799)]]</ref>]]
Al-Kabri was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, and by the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]] it was part of ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of [[Acre, Israel|Akka]], part of [[Safad Sanjak]] with an all-[[Muslim]] population of ten households.  The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25%  on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, cotton, beehives and/or goats and occasional revenues; a total of 1,691 [[akçe]]. 7/12 of the revenue went to a [[Waqf]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 193</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=20 April 2019 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref>
In [[Pierre Jacotin]]'s map from 1799 the village was called ''Kabli''.<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 160] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=22 December 2019 }}</ref> The place was well known for its springs, including Ayn Mafshuh, Ayn Fawwar, Ayn al-'Asal, and Ayn Kabri. The number of springs made al-Kabri the main supplier of water in the [[Acre Sanjak|District of Acre]]. Ancient aqueducts supplied water from the springs to Acre, and two additional canals were built by [[Jazzar Pasha|Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar]] in 1800, and [[Sulayman Pasha al-Adil]] in 1814.<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p. 20</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/156/mode/1up 156]</ref>
In 1875, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village:
<blockquote>Many of the houses are built of good materials, which seem ancient. They are constructed of stones finely cut, mixed with simple rubble, perfectly jointed by means of little stones so placed as to fill up spaces and to make the whole compact. The site of an ancient church, now completely destroyed, is still, to a certain extent, to be traced. Many [[columns]] have been removed from it, and numbers of cut stones of medium size. Above the village, the ruins of houses prove that the place was once much more populous than now.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n48/mode/1up  32] -33, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.   [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/169/mode/1up 169]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>At twenty-five minutes walk from El Kabry is a spring called Neba Fawara. Formerly received in a basin, of which the foundations only are now visible, it runs away in a considerable stream, which waters several gardens.	Enormous fig-trees show the extraordinary fruitfulness of the soil. A little farther I pass along arcades entirely covered with high bushes, which form part of the [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] of El Kabry. The ground rises here, so that the canal supported by these arcades is at the level of the ground, then it disappears altogether, reappearing again, according to the level of the ground. El Kabry is in a very advantageous position, thanks to its precious springs, which must always have caused the foundation of a group, more or less considerable, of houses. The name of Kabry shows that it was once called Gobara, a name given by [[Josephus]] to a place in another part of Galilee. It contains two abundant springs; one is received in a reservoir similar to that of Et Tell, and from there, by an opening made expressly, the water runs off in a cascade to turn mills and water gardens. The second spring gushes from the bottom of a kind of vaulted cave, into which one descends by steps, and it feeds the aqueduct, which, sometimes subterranean, sometimes on the level of the ground, sometimes borne in arcades, supplies Akka with water. Reconstructed by Jezzar Pasha at the end of the last century, this aqueduct has succeeded one much older, of which traces yet remain.
<br>
Besides these two springs there is a third not far off, called Ain Jatun, of equal importance, which fertilises the proverbially fruitful territory of Kabry.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n48/mode/1up  32] -33, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.   [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/146/mode/1up 146]</ref></blockquote>
In 1881 the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' described the village as a "village built of stone, containing about 400 Moslems, situated on the edge of the plain, with gardens and olives, figs and mulberries, apples and pomegranates; there is a large spring and birket here, at which the aqueduct conveying water to 'Akka commences."<ref name=SWP146>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/146/mode/1up 146]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, pp. 19-20</ref>
A population list from about 1887 showed ''el Kabry'' to have about 690 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up  190]</ref>
===British Mandate period===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], al-Kabri had a population of 553 inhabitants, all [[Muslim]]s,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up 36]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 728 Muslims in 173 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas  101]</ref> During this period, al-Kabri's houses were built of stone, [[adobe|mud]], and reinforced concrete. The village contained a [[mosque]] and a boys' elementary school. Agriculture was the base of the economy with villagers cultivating olives, citrus, and bananas and engaged in animal husbandry, including raising cattle.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
The population grew to 1,530 in the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], still all Muslim.<ref name=1945p5/><ref>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf Village Statistics The Palestine Government, April 1945] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }}, p. 3</ref> Together with the nearby [[Tarshiha]], the villages had 47,428 [[dunam|dunum]]s of land at this time.<ref name=Hadawip41>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945''. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-041.jpg 41]</ref> Of this, a total of 743 [[Dunam|dunums]] of land in the two villages was used for citrus and bananas, 5,301 were plantation and irrigable land, 14,123 for cereals,<ref name=Hadawip80>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-081.jpg 81]</ref> while 252 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref name=Hadawip131>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-131.jpg 131]</ref>
===1948 war and destruction===
{{Further|Al-Kabri massacre}}
{{Nakba}}
During the [[1948 Palestine war]], Al-Kabri was first badly shaken by the [[Palmach]] raid on the village on the night 31 January/1 February 1948, in which the house of the main [[al-Husayni]]-affiliated notable, Fares Efendi Sirhan, was partly demolished by a huge explosion. After this, Sirhan and his family fled to [[Lebanon]].<ref name="Morris, 2004, p. 253">Morris, 2004, p. 253</ref>
On 27 March 1948, the [[Yehiam convoy]] bringing supplies to besieged [[Kibbutz Yehiam]] was ambushed while passing by al-Kabri and 46 Haganah members were killed.<ref>Benvenisti, 2000, p.[https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich/page/138  138]</ref><ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 20. Gives the date as 28 March and that ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported 49 Jews dead and six Arabs, and that the convoy consisted of five trucks and an armored car.</ref>
In April 1948, the [[Haganah]] prepared an initial blueprint for an operation called "Ehud", which provided for attacks on al-Kabri, [[al Nahar]], [[al-Bassa]] and [[Az-Zeeb|al-Zib]] for "the destruction of the gangs [and] the menfolk, [and] the destruction of property".<ref name="Morris, 2004, p. 253"/> Yaacov Pundaq, a Haganah commander in the [[Carmeli Brigade]]'s 21st Battalion, who was responsible for the area around [[Nahariya]]  designated to be part of the future Arab state in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|1947 United Nations Partition Plan]], had repeatedly caused damage to the Kabri aqueduct nearby, the primary conduit for feeding Acre. In the face of successful repair work by Arabs, he contaminated the site's waters with flasks of [[typhoid]], or typhoid and [[diphtheria]] bacteria. This was the most serious use of Israel's deployment of [[biological warfare]] in 1948.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], [[Benjamin Z. Kedar]],    [https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448 ‘Cast thy bread’: Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War] [[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]  19 September 2022, pages =1-25 p.7.</ref>
The village was likely occupied on the night of 20–21 May during the second stage of [[Operation Ben-Ami]], by which time most of the inhabitants had fled.<ref name="Khalidi"/> During their dispersal in [[Galilee]] some of the villagers were killed when it was discovered that they came from al-Kabri, in retaliation for the convoy ambush.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 20, quoting Nazzal, 1978, pp. 58-63</ref>
According to Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]], the remaining structures in al-Kabri's lands in 1992 were "crumbled walls and stone rubble, overgrown with thorns, weeds, and bushes."
A Jewish community by the same name, [[Kabri, Israel|Kabri]], was built on land adjacent to the site of the Palestinian village, which is also for agriculture and pasture land.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
==Geography==
Al-Kabri was at the eastern end of the Western Galilee coastal plain. It was less than {{convert|5|km|mi}} from the [[Mediterranean Sea|sea]], with the [[Ga'aton River]] nearby to the south. The closest modern city is [[Nahariyya]] to the west. The villages lands were home to four springs: Ayn Mafshuh, Ayn Fawwar, Ayn al-'Asal, and Ayn Kabri.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
{{sfnp|Tsuk|2002|p=15}} It is these springs that have brought people to the site since the Neolithic.{{sfnp|Tsuk|2002|p=15}}
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Abu-'Uqsa|first=Hanaa|date=2007-06-06|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=526&mag_id=112|title=El-Kabri Final Report|journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=119}}
*{{cite book |author=Al-Maqrizi |author-link=Al-Maqrizi |title=Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M7oWAAAAQAAJ |volume=2 |others=Translator: [[Étienne Marc Quatremère]] |year=1845 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland |location=Paris |language=fr, la }}
*{{cite journal | author = Barag, Dan  | title = A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem| journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume = 29 | issue = 3/4| year = 1979 | pages = 197–217| jstor = 27925726}}
*{{cite book |editor =Barron, J.B. |title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher =Government of Palestine |year =1923 }}
*{{cite book |title=Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 |first=M. |last=Benveniśtî |author-link=Meron Benvenisti |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC |isbn=978-0-520-23422-2 }}
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*{{cite book
|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer
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*{{cite journal |last=Porat |first=Leea |date=2006-06-11 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=359&mag_id=111 |title=Akko, the aqueduct |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=118 }}
*{{cite book |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title=(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}}
*{{cite journal
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| title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Smithline |first=Howard |date=2004-05-04 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=3&mag_id=108 |title=El-Kabri |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=116 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Smithline |first=Howard |date=2007-02-14 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=485&mag_id=112 |title=Tel Kabri Final Report |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=119 }}
*{{cite book
|editor-last=Strehlke | editor-first = E.| editor-link = Ernst Strehlke
|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher=Weidmanns|location=Berlin}}
*{{cite book |last=Tsuk |first=T. |editor-first=Kempinski |editor-last=A.|title=Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons |publisher=Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology |year=2002 |pages=15–18 |chapter=Chapter 3: The Springs of Kabri |isbn=978-965-266-015-2}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100219225818/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/al-Kabri/index.html Welcome to al-Kabri] Palestine Remembered.
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49215 al-Kabri], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366  IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.03.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/acre/alkabri.htm Al-Kabri] at [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713083815/http://www.jalili48.com/pub/xENShowGallery.aspx?Sub=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&Sub2=Al-Kabri Al-Kabri photos], from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabri, Al-}}
[[Category:District of Acre]]
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Teutonic Order]]