View source for Alagoas foliage-gleaner

{{Short description|Extinct species of bird}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Alagoas foliage-gleaner
| status = EX
| extinct = 2011
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=Alagoas Foliage-gleaner ''Philydor novaesi'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22702869A156126928 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22702869A156126928.en |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>
| image = Ticotico de Alagoas (Philydor novaesi).jpg
| genus = Philydor
| species = novaesi
| authority = [[Dante Martins Teixeira|Teixeira]] & [[L.P. Gonzaga|Gonzaga]], 1983
| range_map = Philydor novaesi map.svg
}}
The '''Alagoas foliage-gleaner''' ('''''Philydor novaesi''''') is an extinct [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird [[family (biology)|family]] [[Furnariidae]]. It was [[endemism|endemic]] to Brazil.<ref name=IOC13.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/ovenbirds/ |title=Ovenbirds, woodcreepers |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 13.2 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=July 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=IUCN/>
==Taxonomy and systematics==
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was first collected in 1979 at Murici in [[Alagoas]] and was formally described in 1983. Based on its [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and observed behavior it was placed in genus ''Philydor''. It and the very similar [[black-capped foliage-gleaner]] (''P. atricapillus'') are treated as a [[superspecies]].<ref name=Teixeira>Teixeira, D. M., and L. P. Gonzaga (1983). Um novo Furnariidae do nordeste do Brasil: ''Philydor novaesi'' sp. nov. (Aves, Passeriformes). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Zoologia 124:1–22.</ref>
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner's [[specific epithet]] commemorates the Brazilian ornithologist [[Fernando da Costa Novaes]].<ref name=ALFG-BOW>Sharpe, C. J., C. O. Gussoni, J. V. Remsen, Jr., and G. M. Kirwan (2022). Alagoas Foliage-gleaner (''Philydor novaesi''), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.alfgle1.02 retrieved August 28, 2023</ref>
==Observational history==
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was discovered in 1979 in Murici, Alagoas. Between then and 2009 at least five further sightings came from that site; one was of four individuals and the others of one each. In 2003 up to four were seen at a second site, the private preserve RPPN Frei Caneca in [[Pernambuco]], about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Murici. There was one undocumented sighting at a private preserve adjoining Frei Caneca in 2004. Sightings, some accompanied by photographs and sound recordings, continued at Frei Caneca until 2011. The last documented sighting of the species was there on September 13, 2011, when the bird was video recorded. The last apparent sighting was also at Frei Caneca, in April 2012, but it was not documented.<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref>Mazar Barnett, J., C. J. Carlos, and S. A. Roda (2003). Neotropical News: A new site for the Alagoas endemics. Cotinga 20:13.</ref><ref>Mazar Barnett, J., C. J. Carlos, and S. A. Roda (2005). Renewed hope for the threatened avian endemics of northeastern Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2265–2274.</ref><ref>Lees, A. C., C. Albano, G. M. Kirwan, J. F. Pacheco, and A. Whittaker (2014). The end of hope for Alagoas Foliage-gleaner ''Philydor novaesi''? Neotropical Birding 14:20–28.</ref>
==Description==
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner's dimensions and weights were recorded from three male and one female specimens, all adults. The four ranged from {{Convert|19.3|to|20|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long. The males weighed {{Convert|32|to|34|g|oz|abbr=on}} and the female {{Convert|30|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The species' plumage was described from the specimens, photographs, and sight records. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a pale buff eyering and [[supercilium]], a blackish-brown band behind the eye, dull buffy rufous [[Lore (anatomy)|lores]], and pale buff ear [[Covert feather|coverts]] with a blackish-brown band below them. Their crown is dark brown with faint spots on the forehead and faint streaks in its center. Their back is dull rufous-brown, their rump slightly more rufous, and their uppertail coverts an even brighter rufous. Their tail is bright rufous. Their wings are dark rufous-brown with darker coverts and dark [[fuscous]] tips on the flight feathers. Their chin, throat, and most of their underparts are dull [[rufescent]]; their flanks are slightly duller and their undertail coverts more rufous. Their iris is brown, their [[maxilla]] blackish, their [[mandible]] ivory, and their legs and feet greenish horn. Juveniles are undescribed.<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref name=Teixeira/>
==Distribution and habitat==
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner is positively known only from Murici and Frei Caneca, with an undocumented sight record from a site adjacent to Frei Caneca. The habitat at these sites is somewhat hilly tropical [[evergreen forest]] and [[secondary forest]]. The forests are characterized by many vine tangles, [[bromeliad]]s, mosses, and orchids. In elevation they range between {{convert|400|and|550|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref name=IUCN/>
==Behavior==
===Movement===
As far as is known, the Alagoas foliage-gleaner was non-migratory.<ref name=IUCN/>
===Feeding===
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was most often observed as single or paired birds within [[mixed-species foraging flock]]s. It was documented feeding on adult and larval insects of several [[Order (biology)|orders]]. It moved actively and acrobatically between branches and among vine tangles. It captured prey by gleaning from live and dead leaves, bark, and debris. It often vigorously pulled apart clusters of dead leaves and was observed hammering at branches with its bill and pulling larvae from dead wood. It fed at all levels of the forest from the understory to the crown.<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref name=Teixeira/><ref>Gussoni, C. O. A. (2019). Natural history notes of a ghost: the Alagoas Foliage-gleaner ''Philydor novaesi''. Cotinga 41:117–119.</ref>
===Breeding===
Almost nothing is known about the Alagoas foliage-gleaners breeding biology. An immature bird was collected in January.<ref name=IUCN/>
{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Philydor-novaesi |species=Alagoas foliage-gleaner}}
===Vocalization===
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner's song is "a high-pitched rattle descending slightly in pitch and lasting 3–5 sec". "One call is described as a ''thürr'', ''thoor'', or ''theer'', another as a descending ''uüarrr, uüarr'' ".<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref name=Teixeira/>
==Status==
The [[IUCN]] initially assessed the Alagoas foliage-gleaner in 1988 as Threatened. In 1994 it was uplisted to Critically Endangered.<ref name=IUCN/> Following the recommendation of a 2018 study, in 2019 the IUCN declared it Extinct as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-11-01|title=Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach|journal=Biological Conservation|language=en|volume=227|pages=9–18|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014|issn=0006-3207|last1=Butchart|first1=Stuart H.M.|last2=Lowe|first2=Stephen|last3=Martin|first3=Rob W.|last4=Symes|first4=Andy|last5=Westrip|first5=James R.S.|last6=Wheatley|first6=Hannah|bibcode=2018BCons.227....9B |s2cid=91481736 }}</ref><ref name=IUCN/> Brazilian authorities had declared it extinct in 2014.<ref name=ALFG-BOW/><ref>MMA (2014). Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção. Portaria No 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1. Nº 245, quinta-feira, 18 de dezembro de 2014.</ref><ref>Pereira, G. A., S. M. Dantas, L. F. Silveira, S. A. Roda, C. Albano, F. A. Sonntag, S. Leal, M. C. Periquito, G. B. Malacco, and A. C. Lees (2014). Status of the globally threatened forest birds of northeast Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 54:177–194.</ref> The two sites where the species was known are small fragments of the formerly extensive [[Atlantic Forest]], which has been almost totally cleared for timber, charcoal, grazing, and sugar cane production. What is left is threatened by illegal clearing, fire, and the warming effects of [[climate change]].<ref name=IUCN/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/alagoas-foliage-gleaner-philydor-novaesi Species factsheet] - BirdLife International
{{Taxonbar|from=Q575654}}
[[Category:Philydor|Alagoas foliage-gleaner]]
[[Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Brazil]]
[[Category:Critically endangered animals]]
[[Category:Critically endangered biota of South America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1983|Alagoas foliage-gleaner]]