View source for Amedi

{{For|the Ahmadi religious movement|Ahmadiyya}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Amedi
| native_name        = ئامێدی
| settlement_type    = Town
| motto              =
| image_skyline      = 173606 The picturesque village of Amedye, Iraq in 2009.jpg
| imagesize          =
| image_caption      = Bird's eye view of Amadiya
| image_flag         =
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| pushpin_map        = #Iraq
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_mapsize    =
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| pushpin_relief     = 1
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| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{IRQ}}
| subdivision_type1  = Region
| subdivision_name1  = [[Kurdistan Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = Governorate
| subdivision_name2  = [[Duhok Governorate|Duhok]]
| subdivision_type3  = District
| subdivision_name3  = [[Amedi District]]
| subdivision_type4  = Subdistrict
| subdivision_name4  =
| government_type    = Mayor
| leader_title       =
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = Before 3000 B.C.
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
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| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3  =
| area_magnitude     =
| unit_pref          = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     =
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| population_total   = 11000
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| timezone           = GMT +3
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| coordinates        = {{coord|37|05|33|N|43|29|14|E|region:IQ_type:city_source:enwiki-GNS|display=it}}
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 1200
| elevation_ft       =
| postal_code_type   = Postcode <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code        = 42008
| website            =
| footnotes          =
| other_name         = Amêdî
| native_name_lang   = ku
}}
'''Amedi''' or '''Amadiye''' ({{langx|ku|ئامێدی|Amêdî}};<ref>{{cite news |title=Li sînorê Gare 12 gund ji ber bombebaranên Tirkiyê hatine valakirin |url=https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/1511201811 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=Rûdaw |language=ku}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ئامێدی {{!}} كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار |url=http://bot.gov.krd/kurdish/duhok-province/amedi |website=bot.gov.krd |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> {{Langx|ar|العمادية}}; {{langx|aij|עמידיא|ʿAmədya}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenblatt |first1=Jared |title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amədya |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-19230-0 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruB5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Amad%3Fya+Jewish+neo-aramaic&pg=PA56 |language=en}}</ref>) is a town in the [[Duhok Governorate]] of [[Kurdistan Region]] of Iraq.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Streck|first=M.|date=1965|title=ʿAmādiya|url=|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam|volume=Second Edition|pages=|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0575}}</ref> It is built on a [[mesa]] in the broader [[Great Zab]] river valley. Amedi is known for its celebrations of [[Newroz]].
== Etymology ==
According to [[ibn al-Athir]], the Arabic name "ʿAmadiyya" is eponymous to [[Imad al-Din Zengi]], who built a Citadel in 1142 on the site of an earlier fortification called āšib.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Michael G. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Two Parthian Rock-Reliefs from Amādiya in Iraqi-Kurdistan |url=https://www.academia.edu/49491391 |journal=Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie}}</ref> Another theory is that the name is named after [[Imad al-Dawla]], but this theory is less likely.<ref name=":0" />
According to Professor Jeffrey Szuchman, Amedi is of [[Hurrians|Hurrian]] or [[Urartian language|Urartian]] origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Szuchman|first=Jeffrey|date=2009-11-01|title=Bit Zamani and Assyria|url=http://journals.openedition.org/syria/511|journal=Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire|language=en|issue=86|pages=55–65|doi=10.4000/syria.511|issn=0039-7946|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==History==
From the [[Early Bronze Age]] until it came under the control of the [[Mitanni]] in the [[16th century BC]], Amedi region was part of [[Kurda]], one of the small kingdoms constituting  [[Subartu]], a region constituting a number of small kingdoms of Hurrian and Semitic origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mieroop|first=Marc Van De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YIC&q=keep+subartu+under+your+control&pg=PA51|title=King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-69534-0|location=|pages=51|language=en|quote=King of Elam to King of Kurda in 1770s BCE: Keep Subartu under your control and don’t give troops to the prince of Babylon. Send a message to Zimri-Lim of Mari that also he should give none to the prince of Babylon.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael C. Astour.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&q=astour++Eblaitica&pg=PA103|title=Hisotory of Ebla, in "Eblaitica"|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1987|isbn=9781575060606|location=|pages=98|quote=According to the renowned Assyriologists Charpin & Durand: for the Old Babylonian kings, Subartu is neither Assur nor Ekallatum but the agglomeration of the little city-kingdoms.}}</ref> During the rule of the Mittani, the inhabitants of this region were known as Subartu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samuel Alfred Browne Mercer & Frank Hudson Hallock|title=The Tell El-Amarna Tablets|publisher=(AMS Press, 1983), V.1|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=341}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gadd|first=C. J.|date=1940|title=Tablets from Chagar Bazar and Tall Brak, 1937-38|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241663|journal=Iraq|volume=7|pages=22–66|doi=10.2307/4241663|jstor=4241663|s2cid=162237376 |issn=0021-0889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallowan|first=M. E. L.|date=1937|title=The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region. Second Campaign, 1936|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241610|journal=Iraq|volume=4|issue=2|pages=91–177|doi=10.2307/4241610|jstor=4241610|s2cid=130109390 |issn=0021-0889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Kazanjian, Garabet, "The Hurrians in the Ancient Near East", Dept. of History and Archaeology, A.U.B, 1969.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote="Zubari undoubtedly means Mitanni, Subartu, or Hurri"}}</ref>
After the fall of the Mittani, Amedi was conquered into Assyria by [[Ashurnasirpal I]] of the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] in the [[11th century BC]] after he fought a vicious campaign against the Mittani Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Luckenbill|first=Daniel David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFW0zQEACAAJ|title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, Volume I: Historical Records Of Assyria From The Earliest Times To Sargon|date=1989|publisher=Histories & Mysteries of Man|isbn=|location=|pages=140, 141, 184|language=en|quote="against the Nairi lands I marched. The city of Barzani their property, their goods, their oxen, their sheep (to tells and) ruins I turned. The head(s) of their fighters (I smashed), of the Nairi lands; horses, donkeys.. Barzani I burned with fire, I devastated, I destroyed, to mounds and ruins [I turned it]... From the pass of the mountain of Amadani I went forth unto the city of Barzanishtun. Unto the city of Damdammusa, the stronghold of Hani of Zamani, I drew nigh. I stormed the city; my warriors flew like birds against them. 600 of their fighting men I struck down with the sword, I cut off their heads. 400 men I took alive, 3,000 prisoners I brought out. That city I took for my own possession. The living men and the heads I carried to Amedi, his royal city, I made a pillar of heads in front of his city gate, the living men I impaled on stakes round about his city. I fought a battle within his city gate, I cut down his orchards. From the city of Amedi I departed. I entered the pass of the mountain of Kashiari (and) of the city of Ahabr &, wherein none among the kings, my fathers, had set foot, or had made an expedition thereto."}}</ref>
After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Amedi region came under the rule of the [[Medes]]. When [[Xenophon]] passed through the region in the [[4th century BC]], he referred to its inhabitants as the Medes and identified the sparsely inhabited area as “ruined Median cities“.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC&pg=PA8|title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers|date=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11641-2|location=|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Later Amedi area was incorporated into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] under the name of Media Magna. Under the rule of the [[Parthian Empire]]  Amedi region was part of the Barchan (Barzan) district.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mclachlan|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvp5DQAAQBAJ&q=parthian+empire+barchan&pg=PT83|title=The Boundaries of Modern Iran|date=2016-11-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-39936-2|language=en}}</ref> eventually it became an integral part of [[Sasanian Empire]] in the district of [[Adiabene]] in [[Asuristan]]  until it was conquered by the Muslims in 640s, after they defeated the Kurds in Tikrit, Mosul and Saharzor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1136|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|date=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09790-2|location=|pages=1136|language=en}}</ref>
Then, for several centuries, after the [[Abbasid Revolution]] in the seventh century, it was ruled by an [[amir]] from the royal [[Abbasid dynasty]], reputed to be one of the richest families in the region.<ref>{{cite book |title= A New and Comprehensive gazetteer, Volume 1 |publisher=T. Kelly |last=Wright |first=George Newenham |author-link=George Newenham Wright |year=1834 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CSMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141 |access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref>
Amedi was the birthplace of the [[List of Jewish messiah claimants|messiah claimant]] [[David Alroy]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1160). In 1163, according to [[Joseph ha-Kohen]]'s ''Emeq ha-Baka'', the Jewish population numbered about a thousand families and traded in [[gall#Uses|gall-nuts]]. Alroy led a revolt against the city but was defeated and killed in the process.<ref>{{cite web|title= Jewish Encyclopedia|year=1906|url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=A&artid=1348|access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> The Spanish Jewish historian [[Solomon ibn Verga]] (1450–1525) portrayed the Jewish community of Amedi at the time of Alroy as wealthy and contented.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights |year=1906|last=Lenowitz|first=Harris|isbn=9780195348941|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PLyb3zV8OmgC&pg=PA81|access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref>
Amedi was the seat of the semi-autonomous [[Bahdinan]], which lasted from 1376 to 1843. There are ruins of the Qubahan School in Amedi which was founded during the region of Sultan Hussein Wali of Bahdinan(1534-1576) AD for the study of Islamic Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=the Ancient Qobahan School {{!}} General Directorate of Tourism / Duhok|url=http://duhoktourism.org/place/ancient-qobahan-school|access-date=2021-02-06|website=duhoktourism.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alnumman, Raeed. (2017).|date=|title=ROOTING OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY TO ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS (SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND FORMALITY ELEMENT OF INTERIOR FACADES OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL).|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319200640|journal=The Journal of the University of Duhok. 20. 26-41. 10.26682/Sjuod.2017.20.1.4.|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> There are also ruins of a [[Tomb of the Prophet Hazkiel|synagogue and a tomb attributed to Ezekiel]] a church in the small town. One of the icons of the city is the [[Great Mosque of Amedi]], which dates back to the 12th century and the oldest and largest in the region.<ref>[https://kitabat.com/news/ذو-الكفل-يجمع-المسلمين-والمسيحيين/ “ذو الكفل” يجمع المسلمين والمسيحيين واليهود في العمادية العراقية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235756/https://kitabat.com/news/%D8%B0%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/ |date=2021-03-08 }}. ''Kitabat''. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</ref>
In 1760, the Dominican [[Leopoldo Soldini]] founded a mission for Kurdistan in Amedi, with his colleague Maurizio Garzoni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Filoni|first=Fernando|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp8rDwAAQBAJ&q=Italian-Kurdish+dictionary&pg=PA64|title=The Church in Iraq|date=2017|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-2965-2|location=|pages=64|language=en}}</ref> Garzoni lived there for fourteen years and composed a 4,600 word Italian-Kurdish dictionary and grammar. The dictionary is a key work because it represents the first study of the Kurdish grammar and language; for this reason, Garzoni is often called the “father of Kurdology”.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borbone |first1=Pier Giorgio |last2=Mengozzi |first2=Alessandro |last3=Tosco |first3=Mauro |title=Linguistic and oriental studies in honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti |date=2006 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05484-3 |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CTm1NYWrO0C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bois|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FVtAAAAMAAJ|title=The Kurds|date=1966|publisher=Khayats|isbn=|location=|pages=79}}</ref> In 1907, the population numbered 6,000, of whom 2,500 were [[Kurds]], 1,900 [[Jews]] and 1,600 [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]] [[Assyrian people]].<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web|year=1907|title=Catholic Encyclopaedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01376a.htm|access-date=2009-09-12|publisher=Appleton}}</ref>
[[File:Kurdistan1920.png|thumb|Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent [[Kurdistan]] (in 1920)]]
==Geography==
===Climate===
Amedi has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa'') with hot summers and cool, wet winters. Being the most northerly city in Iraq, it is the mildest major city in the country. Snow falls occasionally in the winter.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Amadiya
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C =  6.2
|Feb high C =  7.8
|Mar high C = 12.1
|Apr high C = 17.8
|May high C = 25.1
|Jun high C = 31.9
|Jul high C = 36.3
|Aug high C = 36.2
|Sep high C = 32.2
|Oct high C = 24.4
|Nov high C = 15.4
|Dec high C =  8.4
|year high C = 21.2
|Jan mean C =  1.9
|Feb mean C =  3.2
|Mar mean C =  7.2
|Apr mean C = 12.5
|May mean C = 18.8
|Jun mean C = 24.6
|Jul mean C = 28.8
|Aug mean C = 28.5
|Sep mean C = 24.5
|Oct mean C = 17.6
|Nov mean C = 10.2
|Dec mean C =  4.2
|year mean C = 15.2
|Jan low C = -2.4
|Feb low C = -1.3
|Mar low C =  2.4
|Apr low C =  7.2
|May low C = 12.5
|Jun low C = 17.4
|Jul low C = 21.4
|Aug low C = 20.9
|Sep low C = 16.8
|Oct low C = 10.9
|Nov low C =  5.0
|Dec low C =  0.0
|year low C = 9.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 126
|Feb precipitation mm = 176
|Mar precipitation mm =	156
|Apr precipitation mm = 128
|May precipitation mm =  56
|Jun precipitation mm =   0
|Jul precipitation mm =   0
|Aug precipitation mm =   0
|Sep precipitation mm =	  1
|Oct precipitation mm =  32
|Nov precipitation mm =  96
|Dec precipitation mm = 126
|Jan precipitation days =  7
|Feb precipitation days =  6
|Mar precipitation days = 10
|Apr precipitation days =  8
|May precipitation days =  4
|Jun precipitation days =  0
|Jul precipitation days =  0
|Aug precipitation days =  0
|Sep precipitation days =  1
|Oct precipitation days =  7
|Nov precipitation days =  7
|Dec precipitation days = 10
|source 1 = ''World Weather Online'' (precipitation days)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldweatheronline.com/v2/weather-averages.aspx?q=Amedi,%20Iraq
| publisher = World Weather Online |title = Weather averages for Amadiya |access-date = September 6, 2014}}</ref>
|source 2 = ''Climate-Data'' (temperatures and rainfall amount)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/935084/
| publisher = Climate-Data |title = Weather averages for Amadiya |access-date = 21 January 2017}}</ref>
|date= January 2017
}}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Badinanporten.jpg|Citadel of Amedi
Badinan-Gate-Amedia-Iraq-August-2009.jpg|The Badinan Gate, and the entrance to the Citadel
File:Minaret of the main mosque in Amedi 2.jpg|[[Great Mosque of Amedi]]
Image:Amadiya gate 1994.jpg
Amedi city, Dihok.jpg
Image:Amedi From Badinan Gate.jpg
</gallery>
== Notable people ==
* [[Tahsin Taha]]
* [[Ali Tatar]]
==See also==
* [[Bahdinan|Badinan kingdom]]
* [[Kurds in Iraq]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Amedi}}{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Amadiya| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraqi Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]]
[[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Iraq]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Mesas]]