View source for Antipope

{{short description|Person who claims to be, but is not recognized as, the legitimate pope}}
{{For|the book by Robert Rankin|The Antipope}}{{Distinguish|Anti-Papalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Catholic Church sidebar|controversies}}
An '''antipope''' ({{langx|la|antipapa}}) is a person who claims to be [[Diocese of Rome|Bishop of Rome]] and leader of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in opposition to the legitimately elected [[pope]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Antipope| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28501/antipope| date=30 May 2023| encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself and [[secular]] rulers.
Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of [[Pope Leo VIII]] and [[Pope Benedict V]].<ref>Of Pope Leo VIII, the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', the [[Holy See]]'s yearbook, says: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes" (note 19 to the list of popes in the ''Annuario Pontificio''). Of Pope Benedict V it says: "If Pope Leo VIII was lawful Pope, [...] Benedict V is an antipope" (note 20 to the list of popes).</ref>
==History==
[[Hippolytus of Rome]] (d.&nbsp;235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against [[Pope Callixtus I]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Saint Hippolytus of Rome| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=2021-12-06| encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021181732/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome | archive-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, [[Pope Pontian]], and both he and Pontian are honoured as [[saint]]s by the Catholic Church with a shared [[feast day]] on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01091997_p-70_en.html| title=The catacombs the destination of the great jubilee| first=Enrico| last=Dal Covolo| date=September 1997| journal=Tertium Millennium| access-date=26 June 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070910175629/https://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01091997_p-70_en.html| archive-date=10 September 2007| url-status=live}}</ref> and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him.
[[Eusebius]] quotes<ref>''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'', V, 28</ref> from an unnamed earlier writer the story of Natalius, a [[Christianity in the 3rd century|3rd-century]] [[priest]] who accepted the bishopric of the [[Adoptionism|Adoptionists]],<ref name=Dix>{{cite book| last1=Dix| first1=Gregory| last2=Chadwick|first2=Henry| title=The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr| year=2013| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-1361-0146-5| page=xvii| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8syjXASpNwC&pg=PR27| access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged [[Pope Zephyrinus]] to receive him into communion.<ref>[[s:Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dictionary/Z/Zephyrinus|Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature: Zephyrinus]]</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm |last1=Chapman |first1=John |author1-link=John Chapman (priest) |title=Monarchians |encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| location=New York| publisher=Robert Appleton| year=1911| access-date=3 September 2007| via=[[New Advent]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012741/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm| archive-date= 30 September 2007| url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Novatian]] (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed the [[Holy See|See of Rome]] in opposition to [[Pope Cornelius]], and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be the first antipope.
The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants ([[anti-king]]s) in Germany to overcome a particular emperor.
The [[Western Schism]]&nbsp;– which began in [[1378]], when the French cardinals, claiming that the election of [[Pope Urban VI]] was invalid, elected antipope [[Antipope Clement VII|Clement VII]] as a rival to the Roman Pope&nbsp;– led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: the [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon line]] as Clement VII moved back to [[Avignon]], and the [[Council of Pisa|Pisan]] line. The Pisan line, which began in [[1409]], was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipope [[Antipope Alexander V|Alexander V]] as a third claimant. To end the schism, in May [[1415]], the [[Council of Constance]] deposed antipope [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] of the Pisan line. [[Pope Gregory XII]] of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In [[1417]], the council also formally deposed antipope [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] of Avignon, but he adamantly refused to resign. Afterwards, [[Pope Martin V]] was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area of influence of Benedict XIII.
== List of historical antipopes ==
The following table gives the names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) and [[Antipope Clement VIII]] (whose following was insignificant).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09725a.htm| title=Pope Martin V| encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia| via=New Advent}}</ref>
An asterisk marks those who were included in the conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there was an [[Antipope John XXIII]], but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also called [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]. For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, see [[Pope John numbering]].
The list of popes and antipopes in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' attaches the following note to the name of [[Pope Leo VIII]] (963–965):
<blockquote>At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come across [[Papal conclave|elections]] in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of [[theology]] and [[canon law]] make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of [[Saint Peter]]. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes.<ref>{{cite book| title=Annuario Pontificio| year=2012| publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana| isbn=978-88-209-8722-0| page=12}}</ref></blockquote>
Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' lists [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]] as a pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' places him in its ''List of Popes'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm| title=List of Popes| encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia| via=New Advent| access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope.<ref>{{cite book| authorlink=Charles William Previté-Orton| first=Charles William |last=Previté-Orton| title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History| publisher=Cambridge University Press| edition=1975 |year=1952| isbn=978-0-5212-0962-5| volume=1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcI8AAAAIAAJ&q=sylvester+iii| page=477}}</ref>
As Celestine II resigned before being consecrated and enthroned in order to avoid a schism, Oxford's ''A Dictionary of Popes'' (2010) considers he "...is classified, unfairly, as an antipope",<ref name=Kelly>{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095557402| title=Celestine (d. 1124) |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Popes| edition=2| editor1-first=J. N. D.| editor1-last=Kelly| editor2-first=Michael J.| editor2-last=Walsh |editor1-link=John Norman Davidson Kelly |date=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=978-0-1992-9581-4}}</ref> an opinion historian [[Salvador Miranda (historian)|Salvador Miranda]] also shares.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1122.htm#| last=Boccapecora Miranda| first=Salvatore| title=Boccapecora, Teobaldo| work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church| publisher=Florida International University| year=2018| access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Pontificate
! Common English name
! Regnal (Latin) name
! Personal name
! Place of birth
! Age at election/<br>Death or resigned
! Years as<br>antipope<br>(days)
! Notes
! In opposition to
|-
| {{c.|199|200}} ||[[Antipope Natalius|Natalius]] || Natalius || Natalius || c. 159 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]]|| 38 / 48 || {{age in years and days|199|1|1|200|1|1}} ({{age in days|199|1|1|200|1|1}}) || Later reconciled (see above) || [[Pope Zephyrinus|Zephyrinus]]
|-
| rowspan = "3"| 20 Dec 217 – 28 Sep 235 ||rowspan="3"| [[Hippolytus of Rome|Saint Hippolytus]] ||rowspan="3"|  Hippolytus ||rowspan="3"| Hippolytus ||rowspan="3"| 170 [[Rome]]. [[Roman Empire]] ||rowspan="3"| 45 / 65 (†66)   ||rowspan="3"| {{age in years and days|217|12|20|235|9|28}} ({{age in days|217|12|20|235|9|28}}) ||rowspan="3"| Later reconciled with [[Pope Pontian]] (see above) || [[Pope Callixtus I|Callixtus I]]
|-
|[[Pope Urban I|Urban I]]
|-
|[[Pope Pontian|Pontian]]
|-
| rowspan = "4"| Mar 251 – Aug 258 ||rowspan="4"|[[Antipope Novatian|Novatian]] ||rowspan="4"| Novatianus ||rowspan="4"| Novatian  ||rowspan="4"| c. 200 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] ||rowspan="4"| 51 / 58 (†93)  ||rowspan="4"| {{age in years and days|251|3|1|258|8|1}} ({{age in days|251|3|1|258|8|1}}) ||rowspan="4"| Founder of [[Novatianism]] || [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]]
|-
|[[Pope Lucius I|Lucius I]]
|-
|[[Pope Stephen I|Stephen I]]
|-
|[[Pope Sixtus II|Sixtus II]]
|-
|20 Apr 309 – 16 Aug 310 ||[[Antipope Heraclius|Heraclius]] || Heraclius || Heraclius || c. 265 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] || 45 / 46 ||  {{age in years and days|309|4|20|310|8|16}} ({{age in days|309|4|20|310|8|16}}) ||  || [[Pope Eusebius|Eusebius]]
|-
|355 – 26 Nov 365 ||[[Antipope Felix II|Felix II]]* || Felix secundus || Felix || c. 270 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] || 80 / 90 || {{age in years and days|355|1|1|365|11|26}} ({{age in days|355|1|1|365|11|26}}) ||   Installed by [[Roman emperor]] [[Constantius II]] || [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]]
|-
|1 Oct 366 – 16 Nov 367  ||[[Antipope Ursicinus|Ursicinus]]  || Ursicinus || Ursinus || c. 300 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] || 66 / 67  || {{age in years and days|366|10|1|367|11|16}} ({{age in days|366|10|1|367|11|16}}) ||   || [[Pope Damasus I|Damasus I]]
|-
|27 Dec 418 – 3 Apr 419 ||[[Antipope Eulalius|Eulalius]] || Eulalius || Eulalius  || c. 370 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] || 38 / 39 (†42) || {{age in years and days|366|10|1|367|11|16}} ({{age in days|366|10|1|367|11|16}})  || || [[Pope Boniface I|Boniface I]]
|-
|22 Nov 498 – Aug 506/08 ||[[Antipope Laurentius|Laurentius]] || Laurentius  || Lorenzo Celio || c. 460 [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]] || 38 / 46 (†48) || {{age in years and days|498|11|22|508|8|31}} ({{age in days|498|11|22|508|8|31}})|| Supported by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]] || [[Pope Symmachus|Symmachus]]
|-
|22 Sep 530 – 14 Oct 530 ||[[Antipope Dioscorus|Dioscorus]] || Dioscurus || Dióskoros || c. 450 [[Alexandria]] || 70 / 70 || {{age in years and days|530|9|22|530|10|14}} ({{age in days|530|9|22|530|10|14}}) ||  || [[Pope Boniface II|Boniface II]]
|-
|21 Sep 687 ||[[Antipope Theodore|Theodore]] || Theodorus || Theodore || c. 599 [[Rome]], [[Duchy of Rome]]|| 88 / 88 (†92) || {{age in years and days|687|9|21|687|12|27}} ({{age in days|687|9|21|687|12|27}}) ||  ||rowspan="2"| [[Pope Sergius I|Sergius I]]
|-
|21 Sep 687 ||[[Antipope Paschal (687)|Paschal (I)]] || Paschalis || Pascale || c. 598 [[Rome]], Duchy of Rome || 89 / 89 (†94) || {{age in years and days|687|9|21|687|12|27}} ({{age in days|687|9|21|687|12|27}}) ||
|-
|28 Jun 767 – 6 Aug 768 ||[[Antipope Constantine II|Constantine II]] || Constantinus secundus || Konstantinus || c. 700 [[Rome]], Duchy of Rome || 67 / 68 (†69) || {{age in years and days|767|6|28|768|8|6}} ({{age in days|767|6|28|768|8|6}}) ||  || Between [[Pope Paul I|Paul I]] and [[Pope Stephen III|Stephen III]]
|-
|31 Jul 768 ||[[Antipope Philip|Philip]] || Philippus || Philip || c. 701 [[Rome]], Duchy of Rome || 68 / 68 (†99) || {{age in years and days|768|7|31|768|7|31}} ({{age in days|768|7|31|768|7|31}}) ||  Installed by envoy of [[Lombards|Lombard King]] [[Desiderius]] ||  [[Pope Stephen III|Stephen III]]
|-
|25 Jan – 31 May 844 ||[[Antipope John VIII|John VIII]] || Joannes octavus || Giovanni || c. 800 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 44 / 44 (†91) || {{age in years and days|844|1|1|844|5|31}} ({{age in days|844|1|1|844|5|31}}) ||  Elected by [[acclamation]] || [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]]
|-
|Jan 855 – 31 Mar 855 ||[[Anastasius Bibliothecarius|Anastasius III Bibliothecarius]] || Anastasius tertius || Anastasius || c. 810 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 45 / 45 (†68) || {{age in years and days|855|1|1|855|3|31}} ({{age in days|855|1|1|855|3|31}}) ||  || [[Pope Benedict III|Benedict III]]
|-
|3 Oct 903 – 27 Jan 904 ||[[Antipope Christopher|Christopher]] || Christophorus || Christoforo || c. 850 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 53 / 54|| {{age in years and days|903|10|3|904|1|27}} ({{age in days|903|10|3|904|1|27}})  || ||Between [[Pope Leo V|Leo V]] and [[Pope Sergius III|Sergius III]]
|-
|Jul 974  ||rowspan="2"|[[Antipope Boniface VII|Boniface VII]]* ||rowspan="2"| Bonifacius || rowspan="2"| Franco Ferrucci || rowspan="2"| c. 900 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] ||rowspan="2"| 73 / 73 and 84 / 85 ||rowspan="2"| {{age in years and days|974|7|1|974|7|31}} ({{age in days|974|7|1|974|7|31}})<br/>{{age in years and days|984|8|20|985|7|20}} ({{age in days|984|8|20|985|7|20}})<br/> total 364 days (364 days) ||rowspan="2"| ||Between [[Pope Benedict VI|Benedict VI]] and [[Pope Benedict VII|Benedict VII]]
|-
|20 Aug 984 – 20 Jul 985 || Between [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV|John XV]]
|-
|Apr 997 – Feb 998 ||[[Antipope John XVI|John XVI]]* || Joannes || John Filagatto || c. 941 [[Rossano]], [[Calabria]], [[Papal States]] (Italy) || 56 / 56 (†59) || {{age in years and days|997|2|1|998|2|1}} ({{age in days|997|2|1|998|2|1}}) ||  Supported by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Basil II]] || [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]]
|-
|Jun 1012 ||[[Antipope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]] || Gregorius Sextus || Gregorio || c. 960 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 52 / 52 (†60)  || {{age in years and days|1012|6|1|1012|6|30}} ({{age in days|1012|6|1|1012|6|30}}) ||  || [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]]
|-
|4 Apr 1058 – 24 Jan 1059 ||[[Antipope Benedict X|Benedict X]]* || Benedictus Decimus || Giovanni Mincio dei [[Count of Tusculum|Conti di Tusculo]] || c. 1000 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]],|| 58 / 59 (†80) || {{age in years and days|1058|4|4|1059|1|24}} ({{age in days|1058|4|4|1059|1|24}} ) ||  Supported by the [[Counts of Tusculum]] || [[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]]
|-
|July 1061 – 31 May 1064|| [[Antipope Honorius II|Honorius II]] || Honorius Secundus || Pietro Cadalus || 1010 [[Verona]], [[Papal States]] || 51 / 54 (†62) || {{age in years and days|1061|7|1|1064|5|31}} ({{age in days|1061|7|1|1064|5|31}}) ||  Supported by [[Agnes de Poitou|Agnes]], regent of the Holy Roman Empire || [[Pope Alexander II|Alexander II]]
|-
| rowspan = "4"| 25 Jun 1080, 21 Mar 1084 – 8 Sep 1100|| rowspan="4"|[[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]] ||rowspan="4"| Clemens Tertius ||rowspan="4"| Guibert of Ravenna  ||rowspan="4"| c. 1029 [[Parma]], [[Papal States]] ||rowspan="4"| 51 / 51, 54 / 71 || rowspan="4" |{{age in years and days|1080|6|25|1100|8|8}} ({{age in days|1080|6|25|1100|8|8}}) ||rowspan="4"|Supported by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] || [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]
|-
|[[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]
|-
|[[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]
|-
|[[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
|-
|8 Sep 1100 – Jan 1101 ||[[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]] || Theodoricus || Theodoro || c. 1030 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]], || 70 / 71 (†72) || {{age in years and days|1100|9|2|1101|1|1}} ({{age in days|1100|9|2|1100|1|1}}) ||  Successor to [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]] || rowspan="3"|[[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
|-
|Jan 1101 – Feb 1102 ||[[Antipope Adalbert|Adalbert or Albert]] || Adalbertus || Albert || c. 1046 [[Atella]], [[Campania]], [[Papal States]], || 55 / 56 (†85) || {{age in years and days|1101|1|1|1101|2|1}} ({{age in days|1101|1|1|1101|2|1}}) ||  Successor to [[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]]
|-
|8 Nov 1105 – 11 Apr 1111 ||[[Antipope Sylvester IV|Sylvester IV]] || Sylvester Quartus || Maginulf || c. 1050 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 49 / 55 (†56)  || {{age in years and days|1105|11|8|1111|9|28}} ({{age in days|1101|1|1|1101|2|1}}) ||   rowspan="3"| Supported by [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|-
| rowspan = "2"|10 Mar 1118 – 22 Apr 1121 ||rowspan="2"|[[Antipope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]] || rowspan="2"| Gregorius Octavus || rowspan="2"|Maurice Burdain  || rowspan="2"|c. 1057 [[Limousin]], [[Occitania]], [[France]] || rowspan="2"| 61 / 65 (†72) || rowspan="2"|{{age in years and days|1118|3|10|1121|4|22}} ({{age in days|1118|3|10|1121|4|22}}) || [[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]]
|-
|[[Pope Callixtus II|Callixtus II]]
|-
|16 Dec 1124 ||[[Antipope Celestine II|Celestine II]]  || Cœlestinus Secundus  || Teobaldo Boccapecci || c. 1050 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 74 / 74 (†86) || {{age in years and days|1124|12|16|1124|12|16}} ({{age in days|1124|12|16|1124|12|16}}) || || [[Pope Honorius II|Honorius II]]
|-
|14 Feb 1130 – 25 Jan 1138 ||[[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]]  || Anacletus Secundus ||Pietro Pierleoni  || c. 1090 [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] || 48 / 48 || {{age in years and days|1130|2|14|1138|1|25}} ({{age in days|1130|2|14|1138|1|25}}) ||   || rowspan="2"| [[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]
|-
|23 Mar 1138 ||[[Antipope Victor IV (1138)|Victor IV]]  || Victor Quartus ||Gregorio Conti  || c. 1057 [[Ceccano]], [[Papal States]] || 81 / 81 (†90) || {{age in years and days|1138|3|23|1138|5|25}} ({{age in days|1138|3|23|1138|5|25}}) ||   Successor to [[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]]
|-
|7 Sep 1159 – 20 Apr 1164 || [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]]  || Victor Quartus ||Ottavio di Montecelio  || c. 1095 [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]], [[Papal States]] || 64 / 69 || {{age in years and days|1159|9|7|1164|4|20}} ({{age in days|1159|9|7|1164|4|20}}) || rowspan="4"| Supported by [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] || rowspan="4"| [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
|-
|22 Apr 1164 – 28 Sep 1168 || [[Antipope Paschal III|Paschal III]]|| Paschalis Tertius  || Guido di Crema || c. 1110 [[Crema, Lombardy]], [[Papal States]] || 54 / 58 || {{age in years and days|1164|4|22|1168|9|28}} ({{age in days|1164|4|22|1168|9|28}} days)
|-
|Sep 1168 – 29 Aug 1178  || [[Antipope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]|| Callixtus Tertius  || Giovanni of Struma || c. 1090 [[Arezzo]], [[Papal States]]|| 78 / 88 (†90) || {{age in years and days|1168|9|1|1178|8|29}} ({{age in days|1168|9|1|1178|8|29}} days)
|-
|29 Sep 1179 – Jan 1180 || [[Antipope Innocent III|Innocent III]]  || Innocentius Tertius || Lanzo of Sezza || c. 1120 [[Sezze]], [[Papal States]] || 59 / 60 (†63) || {{age in years and days|1179|9|28|1180|1|1}} ({{age in days|1179|9|28|1180|1|1}} days)
|-
|12 May 1328 – 12 Aug 1330 ||[[Antipope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]|| Nicolaus Quintus  || Pietro Rainalducci || c. 1258 [[Corvaro]], [[Papal States]] ||70 / 74 || {{age in years and days|1328|5|12|1330|8|12}} ({{age in days|1328|5|12|1330|8|12}} days)  || Supported by [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] || [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | 20 Sep 1378 – 16 Sep 1394
|rowspan="2" | [[Antipope Clement VII|Clement VII]]
|rowspan="2" | Clemens
|rowspan="2" | Robert of Geneva
|rowspan="2" |1342 [[Annecy]], [[Kingdom of Franks|France]]
|rowspan="2" | 36/52
|rowspan="2" | {{age in years and days|1378|9|20|1394|9|16}} ({{age in days|1378|9|20|1394|9|16}} days)
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]''
|[[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]]
|-
|rowspan="4" | 28 Sep 1394 – 23 May 1423
|rowspan="4" | [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]
|rowspan="4" | Benedictus
|rowspan="4" | Pedro de Luna
|rowspan="4" | 25 November 1328 [[Illueca]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]
|rowspan="4" | 65/94
|rowspan="4" | {{age in years and days|1394|9|28|1423|5|23}} ({{age in days|1394|9|28|1423|5|23}} days)
|rowspan="4" | ''[[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]''
|-
|[[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]]
|-
|[[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]
|-
|[[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]
|-
|25 Jun 1409 – 3 May 1410 ||[[Antipope Alexander V|Alexander V]]* || Alexander || Pietro Philarghi || c. 1339 [[Crete]], [[Republic of Venice]] || 70 / 71 || {{age in years and days|1409|6|25|1410|5|3}} ({{age in days|1409|6|25|1410|5|3}} days) || ''[[Council of Pisa|Pisa]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]
|-
|25 May 1410 – 29 May 1415   || [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] || Ioannes Vicecimus Tertius || Baldassare Cossa || c. 1365 || 45 / 50 (†54) || {{age in years and days|1410|5|25|1415|5|31}} ({{age in days|1410|5|25|1415|5|31}} days)|| ''[[Council of Pisa|Pisa]]''
|-
|10 Jun 1423 – 26 Jul 1429 || [[Antipope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]] || Clemens Octavus|| Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón || 1370 [[Teruel]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] || 52 / 59 (†77) || {{age in years and days|1423|6|10|1429|7|29}} ({{age in days|1423|6|10|1429|7|29}} days) || [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]] || rowspan="3"| [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]
|-
|1424–1430 || [[Antipope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]] || Benedictus Quartus Decimus || Bernard Garnier || 1370 [[France]] || 54 / 59 (†89) || {{age in years and days|1424|1|1|1430|7|31}} ({{age in days|1424|1|1|1430|7|31}} days) || Claimed successor to [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] –&nbsp;aka "The hidden pope" &nbsp;
|-
|1430–1437 || [[Antipope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]] || Benedictus Quartus Decimus|| Jean Carrier || c. 1370 [[France]]  || 59 / 66 ||{{age in years and days|1430|1|1|1437|8|31}} ({{age in days|1430|1|1|1437|8|31}} days) ||
|-
|rowspan="2" | 5 Nov 1439 – 7 Apr 1449
|rowspan="2" | [[Antipope Felix V|Felix V]]
|rowspan="2" | Fœlix
|rowspan="2" | Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy
|rowspan="2" | 4 September 1383 [[Chambéry]], [[Savoy]]
|rowspan="2" | 56/65 (†67)
|rowspan="2" | {{age in years and days|1439|11|5|1449|4|7}} ({{age in days|1439|11|5|1449|4|7}})
|rowspan="2" | Elected by the [[Council of Florence|Council of Basel]]
|[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]
|-
| [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]
|-
|}
=== Quasi-cardinal-nephews ===
{{Main|List of cardinal-nephews}}
Many antipopes created cardinals, known as ''[[quasi-cardinal]]s'', and a few created [[cardinal-nephew]]s, known as ''quasi-cardinal-nephews''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!  width="10%" | Quasi-cardinal
!  width="11%" | Nephew of
!  width="10%" | Elevated
!  width="*" | Notes
|- valign="top"
|[[Giacomo Alberti]]
|[[Antipope Nicholas V]]
|15 May 1328
|[[Excommunicated]] by [[Pope John XXII]].<ref name="mxiv">{{cite web| last=Miranda| first=Salvador| year=1998| url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiv.htm |title=14th Century (1303–1404)| work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church| publisher=Florida International University| access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Amedeo Saluzzo]]
|[[Antipope Clement VII]]
|23 Dec 1383
|Abandoned [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] after having been deposed by him on 21 October 1408; participated in the [[Council of Pisa]], the election of [[Pope Alexander V]] (now regarded as an antipope), the [[Council of Constance]], and the conclave of [[Pope Martin V]].<ref name="mxiv"/>
|-
|[[Tommaso Brancaccio]]
|[[Antipope John XXIII]]
|6 Jun 1411
|Attended the [[Council of Constance]], and the conclave of [[Pope Martin V]].<ref>{{cite web| last=Miranda| first=Salvador| year=1998| url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1411.htm#Lando |work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Biographical Dictionary| title=Antipope&#93; John XXIII (1410–1415): Consistory of 6 June 1411 (I)| publisher=Florida International University| access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gil Sánchez Muñoz]]
|[[Antipope Clement VIII]]
|26 Jul 1429
|Submitted to [[Pope Martin V]] after his uncle abdicated.<ref name="mxv">{{cite web| last=Miranda| first=Salvador| year=1998| url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xv.htm| title=15th Century (1404–1503)| work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church| publisher=Florida International University}}</ref>
|}
== Modern minor claimants ==
Antipopes still exist today, but all are minor claimants, without the support of any Cardinal. Examples include [[Palmarian Catholic Church|Palmarians]], [[Apostles of Infinite Love]] Antipopes, and an unknown number of many other [[Sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]] claimants.
== Antipope of Alexandria ==
As the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], [[Egypt]], has historically also held the [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria#Episcopal title|title of pope]], a person who, in opposition to someone who is generally accepted as a legitimate [[pope of Alexandria]], claims to hold that position may also be considered an antipope. [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic]] [[lector]] Max Michel became an antipope of Alexandria, calling himself Maximos I. His claim to the Alexandrine papacy was dismissed by both the [[Coptic Orthodox]] [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Pope Shenouda III]] and [[Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria|Pope Theodore II]] of the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa|Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copticpope.org/downloads/commondec/commondec-2-2006eng.pdf |title=Common Statement Between The Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa Regarding Max Michel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511170645/http://www.copticpope.org/downloads/commondec/commondec-2-2006eng.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Coptic pope of Alexandria and the Greek pope of Alexandria currently view one another, not as antipopes, but rather as successors to differing lines of [[apostolic succession]] that formed as a result of [[christology|christological]] disputes in the fifth century.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
== In fiction ==
Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in [[historical fiction]], as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes.
* [[Jean Raspail]]'s novel ''[[l'Anneau du pêcheur]]'' (the fisherman's ring), and [[Gérard Bavoux]]'s ''Le Porteur de lumière'' (the light-bringer).<ref>Jean Raspail, ''L'Anneau du pêcheur'', Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p. {{ISBN|2-226-07590-9}}</ref><ref>Gérard Bavoux, ''Le Porteur de lumière'', Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. p. 329 {{ISBN|2-85704-488-7}}</ref>
* The fictional synth-pop artist [[Santo Cilauro|Zladko Vladcik]] claims to be "The Anti-Pope" in one of his songs.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYo5SHzIz5s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/NYo5SHzIz5s| archive-date=2021-11-22 | url-status=live|title=Zladko Vladcik – I am the Antipope|date=21 January 2007|via=YouTube|access-date=20 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Dan Simmons]]'s novels ''[[Endymion (Simmons novel)|Endymion]]'' and ''[[The Rise of Endymion]]'' feature a Father Paul Duré who is the routinely murdered antipope Teilhard I. At the end of the last novel, it is mentioned that the person calling himself the pope of the Technocore loyal Catholics is recognized by very few even among those, and he is referred to as an antipope.
* In the ''[[Girl Genius]]'' comics series, set in a [[gaslamp fantasy]] version of Europe thrown into chaos by mad science (among other things), there is a brief reference to the existence of seven popes—all of whom apparently ordered a particular text [[Book burning|burned]].
* [[Ralph McInerny]]'s novel ''The Red Hat'' features a schism between liberals and conservatives following the election of a conservative African Pope; the liberal faction elect an Italian cardinal who calls himself "Pius XIII".
* In the video game ''[[Crusader Kings II]]'' by Swedish developer [[Paradox Interactive]], Catholic rulers may appoint one of their bishops as an antipope. An emperor-tier ruler such as the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] may declare war on the [[Papal States]] to install their antipope as the "true" pope, thereby [[vassal]]izing the papacy.
* In the video game ''[[Age of Empires II]]'' the third scenario in the game's [[Frederick Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] campaign is called "Pope and Antipope" and is based on the [[Siege of Crema]] and the subsequent [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines]].
* In episode 3 of ''[[The Black Adder]]'' (set in the late 15th century), "[[The Archbishop]]", [[Baldrick]] remarks on selling counterfeit papal pardons, that one for the highest crimes requires the signatures of "both popes" (implying one pope and one antipope). At the end of the episode, the [[Abbess|Mother Superior]] of the local [[convent]] informs [[Edmund Blackadder|Edmund]] that he has been [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by "all three popes".
*''The Last Fisherman'' by Randy England features an anti-pope John XXIV elected in opposition to Pope Brendan I.
*Bud McFarlane's ''Pierced by a Sword'' includes an anti-pope John XXIV who is elected when the assassination attempt on Pope Patrick (fictional successor to [[John Paul II]]) is believed to have succeeded. He commits suicide at the end of the book.
*''[[Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (TV series)|Chilling Adventures of Sabrina]]'' features an antipope who leads the Churches of Darkness. This antipope reigns in the Vatican Necropolis beneath Rome.
* In ''[[The New Pope]]'', after the fictional Pius XIII is put in a coma, Pope Francis II is elected as a replacement. Francis II later dies and is replaced by John Paul III, the titular protagonist. Pius XIII later wakes up, creating a situation where both men have a claim on the Papacy.
==See also==
* [[List of papal elections]]
* [[Papal conclave]]
* [[Papal selection before 1059]]
* [[Sedevacantism]]
* [[Pretender]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links and bibliography ==
{{Wiktionary|antipope}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01582a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': "Antipope"]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28501/antipope ''Encyclopædia Britannica'': "Antipope"]
* [http://media.isnet.org/kristen/Ensiklopedia/AntiPope.html ''The Pope Encyclopaedia'': "Antipope"]
* Kelly, J.N.D, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', [[Oxford University Press]], US (1986), {{ISBN|0192139649}}.
* Raspail, Jean, '''L'Anneau du pêcheur'', Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|2226075909}}.
* Bavoux, Gérard, ''Le Porteur de lumière'', Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. 329 pp. {{ISBN|2857044887}}.
{{Antipopes|state=collapsed}}
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