View source for Assembly of the International Space Station

{{Short description|Process of assembling the International Space Station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
[[File:ISS-assembly-animation.gif|right|thumb|400px|Animation of the assembly of the International Space Station]]
The process of assembling the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) has been under way since the 1990s. ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'', the first ISS module, was launched by a [[Proton (rocket)|Proton rocket]] on 20 November 1998. The [[STS-88]] Space Shuttle mission followed two weeks after ''Zarya'' was launched, bringing ''[[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]]'', the first of three node modules, and connecting it to ''Zarya''. This bare 2-module core of the ISS remained uncrewed for the next one and a half years, until in July 2000 the Russian module ''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' was launched by a Proton rocket, allowing a maximum crew of three astronauts or cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently.
The ISS has a pressurized volume of approximately {{convert|1000|m3}}, a mass of approximately {{convert|410000|kg}}, approximately 100 kilowatts of power output, a truss {{convert|108.4|m}} long, modules {{convert|74|m}} long, and a crew of seven.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/935635454/4-astronauts-aboard-spacex-crew-dragon-successfully-dock-with-space-station|title=4 Astronauts Aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon Successfully Dock With Space Station|date=November 17, 2020|website=www.npr.org|accessdate=August 16, 2021}}</ref> Building the complete station required more than 40 assembly flights. As of 2020, [[#Assembly sequence|36 Space Shuttle flights]] delivered ISS elements. Other assembly flights consisted of modules lifted by the [[Falcon 9]], Russian [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] rocket or, in the case of ''[[Pirs (ISS module)|Pirs]]'' and ''[[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]]'', the [[Soyuz-U]] rocket.
Some of the larger modules include:
* ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' (launched 20 November 1998)
* [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'' Module]] (launched 4 December 1998, also known as Node 1)
* ''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' (launched 12 July 2000)
* [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'' Laboratory Module]] (launched 7 February 2001)
* [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'' Module]] (launched 23 October 2007, also known as Node 2)
* [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'' orbital facility]] (launched 7 February 2008)
* [[Kibō (ISS module)|Japanese Experiment Module]], also known as ''Kibō'' (launched in multiple flights between 2008 and 2009)
* [[Integrated Truss Structure|The truss]], original and [[iROSA]] [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] (unpressurized, truss and original panels launched in multiple flights between 2000 and 2009, iROSAs launched between 2021 and 2023, a final set of iROSAs are planned to be sent in 2025)
* ''[[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]]'' (MLM-U) (launched 21 July 2021)
==Logistics==
[[File:ISSMockupHouston.JPG|thumb|International Space Station [[mockup]] at [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]].]]
The [[space station]] is located in [[orbit]] around the [[Earth]] at an altitude of approximately {{convert|410|km|mi|abbr=on}}, a type of orbit usually termed [[low Earth orbit]] (the actual height varies over time by several kilometers due to [[atmospheric drag]] and [[reboost]]s). It orbits Earth in a [[Orbital period|period]] of about 90 minutes; by August 2007 it had completed more than 50,000 orbits since launch of ''Zarya'' on 20 November 1998.
A total of 14 main pressurized modules were scheduled to be part of the ISS by its completion date in 2010.<ref name="launch manifest">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|title=Consolidated Launch Manifest|access-date=2006-07-15|publisher=NASA| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060707132806/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html| archive-date= 7 July 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> A number of smaller pressurized sections will be adjunct to them ([[Soyuz spacecraft]] (permanently 2 as lifeboats – 6 months rotations), [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] transporters (2 or more), the ''[[Quest Joint Airlock|Quest]]'' and ''Pirs'' airlocks, as well as periodically the [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]]).
The [[US Orbital Segment]] was completed in 2011 after the installation of the [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]] during the [[STS-134]] mission. The [[Russian Orbital Segment]] assembly has been on an indefinite hiatus since the installation of the ''[[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]'' module in 2010 during the [[STS-132]] mission. The ''Rassvet'' module on the ISS right now was originally supposed to be the on-ground dynamic testing mock-up of the now-cancelled [[Science Power Platform]]. The ''[[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]]'' science laboratory module contains new crew quarters, life support equipment that can produce oxygen and water, and a new galley. The ''Nauka'' was originally supposed to be delivered to the ISS in 2007 but cost overruns and quality control problems delayed it for over a decade. The ''Nauka'' module finally launched in July 2021 and docked to the nadir port of Zvezda module after several days of free flight <ref>{{Cite web|title=Новости. Подготовка "Науки" – идет четвёртый стартовый день|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/31925/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.roscosmos.ru}}</ref> followed by the ''Prichal'' which launched on 24 November 2021.
There are plans to add 2 or 3 more modules that would attach to ''Prichal'' during the mid-2020s. Adding more Russian modules will help the ''Zvezda'' module greatly because ''Zvezda's'' originally installed central command computers no longer work (three [[ThinkPad]] laptops are now the ''Zvezda's'' central command computers) and its [[ISS ECLSS#Elektron|Elektron oxygen generators]] are not replaceable and failed again for a short time in 2020 after multiple malfunctions throughout their history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxygen supply system deactivated in Russian ISS section due to malfunction |url=https://tass.com/science/1214871 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=TASS}}</ref> In Russian modules all the hardware is launched with the equipment permanently installed. It is impossible to replace hardware like in the US Orbital Segment with its very wide 51 inch (105&nbsp;cm) hatch openings between modules. This potential problem with the ''Zvezda'' was made apparent when in October 2020 the toilet, oven, and Elektron all malfunctioned at the same time and the cosmonauts onboard had to make emergency repairs.<ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/10/20/crew-in-no-danger-after-iss-issues-resolved-russia-a71799 Retrieved 15 December 2020]</ref>
<!-- Do functional descriptions belong in the assembly section?
''Destiny'' was the first science module delivered to the ISS, whereas ''Zarya'' provides electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance functions and ''Zvezda'' provides living quarters, a life support system, a communication system, electrical power distribution, a data processing system, a flight control system, and a propulsion system. Node 1's primary function is to link different modules together; however, fluids, environmental control and life support systems, and electrical and data systems are also routed through Node 1 to supply work and living areas of the station.
-->
The ISS, when completed, will consist of a set of communicating pressurized modules connected to a [[Integrated Truss Structure|truss]], on which four large pairs of [[photovoltaic]] modules (solar panels) are attached. The pressurized modules and the truss are perpendicular: the truss spanning from [[starboard]] to [[Port (nautical)|port]] and the habitable zone extending on the [[aft]]-forward axis. Although during the construction the station [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] may vary, when all four photovoltaic modules are in their definitive position the aft-forward axis will be parallel to the velocity vector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/flash/iss_attitude.html|title=What are the ISS attitudes?|access-date=2006-09-11|format=Flash|publisher=NASA| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060902031603/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/flash/iss_attitude.html| archive-date= 2 September 2006 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
In addition to the assembly and utilization flights, approximately 30 Progress spacecraft flights are required to provide logistics until 2010. Experimental equipment, fuel and consumables are and will be delivered by all vehicles visiting the ISS: the [[SpaceX Dragon]], the Russian Progress, the European [[Automated Transfer Vehicle|ATV]] and the Japanese [[H-II Transfer Vehicle|HTV]], and space station [[downmass]] will be carried back to Earth facilities on the Dragon.<ref name=sen20121224>
{{cite journal |last=Black|first=Charles |title=When Dragon made commercial spaceflight a reality|journal=SEN|date=24 December 2012 |url=http://www.sen.com/news/when-dragon-made-private-space-real.html |access-date=2012-12-26 |quote=''[Dragon's] ability to return goods is currently unique because all the other regular supply ships – Europe's Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), Japan's HTV (or "Kounotori") and Russia's Progress – all burn up during controlled re-entry.''}}</ref>
==''Columbia'' disaster and changes in construction plans==
[[File:Close-up STS-107 Launch - GPN-2003-00080.jpg|thumb|left|[[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] lifting off on its [[STS-107|final mission]].]]
===Disaster and consequences===
[[File:mplm in shuttle.jpg|thumbnail|10 March 2001 – The ''Leonardo'' [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] rests in [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']]{{'}}s payload bay during [[STS-102]].]]
After the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]] on 1 February 2003, there was some uncertainty over the future of the ISS. The subsequent two and a half-year suspension of the U.S. [[Space Shuttle program]], followed by problems with resuming flight operations in 2005, were major obstacles.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
The Space Shuttle program resumed flight on 26 July 2005, with the [[STS-114]] mission of [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]. This mission to the ISS was intended both to test new safety measures implemented since the ''Columbia'' disaster and deliver supplies to the station. Although the mission succeeded safely, it was not without risk; foam was shed by the [[Space Shuttle external tank|external tank]], leading NASA to announce future missions would be grounded until this issue was resolved.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
Between the ''Columbia'' disaster and the resumption of Shuttle launches, crew exchanges were carried out solely using the Russian [[Soyuz spacecraft]]. Starting with [[Expedition 7]], two-astronaut caretaker crews were launched in contrast to the previously launched crews of three. Because the ISS had not been visited by a shuttle for an extended period, a larger than planned amount of waste accumulated, temporarily hindering station operations in 2004. However [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] transports and the [[STS-114]] shuttle flight took care of this problem.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
===Changes in construction plans===
[[File:STS-116 spacewalk 1.jpg|right|thumb|Construction of the International Space Station over New Zealand.]]
Many changes were made to the originally planned ISS, even before the ''Columbia'' disaster.  Modules and other structures were cancelled or replaced, and the number of Shuttle flights to the ISS was reduced from previously planned numbers. However, more than 80% of the hardware intended to be part of the ISS in the late 1990s was orbited and is now part of the ISS's configuration.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
During the shuttle stand-down, construction of the ISS was halted and the science conducted aboard was limited due to the crew size of two, adding to earlier delays due to Shuttle problems and the Russian space agency's budget constraints.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
In March 2006, a meeting of the heads of the five participating space agencies accepted the new ISS construction schedule that planned to complete the ISS by 2010.<ref>{{cite web | last = Coppinger | first = Rob | date = 3 March 2006 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/03/03/205237/nasa-commits-to-shuttle-missions-to-international-space.html | title = NASA commits to Shuttle missions to International Space Station | publisher = FlightGlobal | access-date = 16 September 2006 }}</ref>
As of May 2009, a crew of six has been established following 12 Shuttle construction flights after the second "Return to Flight" mission [[STS-121]]. Requirements for stepping up the crew size included enhanced environmental support on the ISS, a second Soyuz permanently docked on the station to function as a second 'lifeboat', more frequent Progress flights to provide double the amount of consumables, more fuel for orbit raising maneuvers, and a sufficient supply line of experimental equipment.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}} As of November 2020, the crew capacity has increased to seven due to the launch of [[Crew Dragon]] by [[SpaceX]], which can carry 4 astronauts to the ISS.
Later additions included the [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]] (BEAM) in 2016, and numerous Russian components are planned as part of the in-orbit construction of [[Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex|OPSEK]].{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
==Assembly sequence==
[[File:ISS configuration 2022-12 en.svg|thumb|400px|ISS elements]]
[[File:Iss after installation of all roll out solar arrays.jpg|thumb|Structure of the International Space Station in mid-June 2023, after the installation of six [[iROSA]]s]]
The ISS is made up of 16 pressurized modules: six Russian modules ([[Zarya (ISS module)|''Zarya'']], [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']], [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']], [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'']], [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']], and [[Prichal (ISS module)|''Prichal'']]), eight US modules ([[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module|''BEAM'']],<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/10/nasa-tries-an-inflatable-room-on-the-space-station-likes-it/ Retrieved 27 November 2017.]</ref> [[Leonardo (ISS module)|''Leonardo'']], [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']], [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'']], [[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']], [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'']], [[Cupola (ISS module)|''Cupola'']], and [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']]), one Japanese module ([[Kibō (ISS module)|''Kibō'']]) and one European module ([[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']]).
At least one Russian pressurized module ([[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']]) is deorbited till now.<ref name="nsf-20210725">{{cite web|last=Gebhardt|first=Chris|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/07/farewell-pirs/|title=Farewell, Pirs; ISS module decommissioned, destructively reentered|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=25 July 2021|access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
Although not permanently docked with the ISS, [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]]s (MPLMs) formed part of the ISS during some Shuttle missions. An MPLM was attached to ''Harmony'' (initially to ''Unity'') and was used for resupply and logistics flights.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}
Spacecraft attached to the ISS also extend the pressurized volume. At least one Soyuz spacecraft is always docked as a 'lifeboat' and is replaced every six months by a new Soyuz as part of crew rotation. Table below shows the sequence in which these components were added to the ISS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf|title=Reference Guide to the International Space Station|date=September 2015|website=NASA|access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> Decommissioned and deorbited Modules are shown in gray.
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|-
! Element
! Assembly<br/>flight
! Launch<br/>date
! Launch<br/>vehicle
! Length
! Diameter
! Mass
!class="unsortable"| Isolated View
!class="unsortable"| Station View
|-
| [[Zarya (ISS module)|''Zarya'']] (FGB)
| 1A/R
| 1998-11-20
| [[Proton-K]]
| {{Cvt|12.56|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.1|m}}
| {{Cvt|24,968|kg}}
| [[File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'']] (Node 1)
| rowspan="3" | 2A
| rowspan="3" | 1998-12-04
| rowspan="3" | {{OV|105}} ([[STS-88]])
| {{Cvt|5.5|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.3|m}}
| {{Cvt|11,895|kg}}
| [[File:ISS Unity module.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Sts088-703-019e.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Pressurized Mating Adapter#PMA-1|PMA-1]]
| {{Cvt|1.86|m}}
| {{Cvt|1.9|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,589|kg}}
| [[File:PMA-3 arrives in SSPF.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Pressurized Mating Adapter#PMA-2|PMA-2]]
| {{Cvt|1.86|m}}
| {{Cvt|1.9|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,376|kg}}
| [[File:PMA-3 arrives in SSPF.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']] (Service Module)
| 1R
| 2000-07-12
| [[Proton-K]]
| {{Cvt|13.1|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.2|m}}
| {{Cvt|24,604|kg}}
| [[File:View of the bottom of Zvezda.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Unity-Zarya-Zvezda STS-106.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#Z1 truss|Z1 Truss]]
| rowspan="2" | 3A
| rowspan="2" | 2000-10-11
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|103}} ([[STS-92]])
| {{Cvt|4.6|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.2|m}}
| {{Cvt|8,755|kg}}
| [[File:ISS Unity and Z1 truss structure from STS-92.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:S97e5009.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Pressurized Mating Adapter#PMA-3|PMA-3]]
| {{Cvt|1.86|m}}
| {{Cvt|1.9|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,183|kg}}
| [[File:PMA-3 arrives in SSPF.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| 4A
| 2000-11-30
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-97]])
| {{Cvt|18.3|m}}
| {{Cvt|10.7|m}} deployed
| {{Cvt|15,824|kg}}
| [[File:STS-97 ISS.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:STS-97 ISS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']] (US Laboratory)
| 5A
| 2001-02-07
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-98]])
| {{Cvt|9.2|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.3|m}}
| {{Cvt|14,515|kg}}
| [[File:ISS Destiny Lab.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Sts098-312-0020.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform#ESP-1|ESP-1]]
| 5A.1
| 2001-03-08
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-102]])
| {{Cvt|2.4|m}}
| {{Cvt|0.46|m}}
|
| [[File:STS-102 External Storage Platform 1 crop.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:S102e5350.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2]] (SSRMS)
| 6A
| 2001-04-19
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-100]])
| {{Cvt|17.6|m}}
| {{Cvt|35|cm}}
| {{Cvt|1,800|kg}}
| [[File:STS-114 Steve Robinson on Canadarm2.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:S100e5958 cropped.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'']] (Joint Airlock)
| 7A
| 2001-07-12
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-104]])
| {{Cvt|5.5|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.0|m}}
| {{Cvt|9,923|kg}}
| [[File:ISS Quest airlock.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS on 20 August 2001.jpg|80px]]
|-style="background:#808080"
| [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']] (Docking Compartment)
| 4R
| 2001-09-14
| [[Soyuz-U]] ([[Progress M-SO1]])
| {{Cvt|4.9|m}}
| {{Cvt|2.55|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|3,838|kg}}
| [[File:Pirs docking module taken by STS-108.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:S108e5628.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#S0 truss|S0 Truss]]<ref name="nasa ITS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html|title=Space Station Assembly: Integrated Truss Structure|publisher=NASA|access-date=2007-12-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207081810/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html| archive-date= 7 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| 8A
| 2002-04-08
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-110]])
| {{Cvt|13.4|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.6|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|13,971|kg}}
| [[File:S0 Truss lifted from Shuttles cargo bay.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:International Space Station.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2#Mobile Base System|Mobile Base System]]
| UF2
| 2002-06-05
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-111]])
|
|
| {{Cvt|1,438|kg}}
| [[File:STS-111 Installation of Mobile Base System.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Sts111-711-005.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|S1 Truss]]
| 9A
| 2002-10-07
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-112]])
| {{Cvt|13.7|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.6|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|14,124|kg}}
| [[File:ISS S1 Truss.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:S112e05823.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|P1 Truss]]
| 11A
| 2002-11-23
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-113]])
| {{Cvt|13.7|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.6|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|14,003|kg}}
| [[File:ISS Truss structure.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS Mission STS-113.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform#ESP-2|ESP-2]]
| LF1
| 2005-07-26
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-114]])
| {{Cvt|2.6|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.3|m}}
|
| [[File:STS-114 External Storage Platform 2 crop.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS Aug2005.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|P3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]<ref name="boeing-pdf" >{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/docs/P3-P4.pdf|title=P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities, providing a third and fourth solar array|publisher=Boeing|date=July 2006|access-date=2007-12-02}}</ref>
| 12A
| 2006-09-09
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-115]])
| {{Cvt|13.7|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.6|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|15,824|kg}}
| [[File:STS-115 EVA 2 on Day 5.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:STS-115 ISS after undocking.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|P5 Truss]]<ref name="STS-118-presskit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf|title=STS-118 Mission Overview: Build the Station … Build the Future |publisher=NASA PAO|access-date=2007-12-02|date=July 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201130531/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf| archive-date= 1 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| 12A.1
| 2006-12-09
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-116]])
| {{Cvt|3.37|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.55|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|1,864|kg}}
| [[File:STS-116 - ISS P5 Truss awaits installation (NASA ISS014-E-09479).jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS after STS-116 in December 2006.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|S3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| 13A
| 2007-06-08
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-117]])
| {{Cvt|13.7|m}}
| {{Cvt|10.7|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|15,824|kg}}
| [[File:S3-S4 Truss Installed 2.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS after STS-117 in June 2007.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|S5 Truss]]
| rowspan="2" | 13A.1
| rowspan="2" | 2007-08-08
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|105}} ([[STS-118]])
| {{Cvt|3.37|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.55|m|ft}}
| {{Cvt|1,864|kg}}
| [[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISS after STS-118 in August 2007.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform#ESP-3|ESP-3]]
| {{Cvt|2.6|m}}
| {{Cvt|4.3|m}}
|
| [[File:STS-118 ESP-3 on RMS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] (Node 2)
| rowspan="2" | 10A
| rowspan="2" | 2007-10-23
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|103}} ([[STS-120]])
|7.2 m
(24&nbsp;ft)
|4.4 m
(14&nbsp;ft)
|14,300&nbsp;kg (31,500&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:Harmony Relocation.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISS after STS-120 in November 2007.jpg|80px]]
|-
| Relocation of<br>[[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss]]
| {{Cvt|18.3|m}}
| {{Cvt|10.7|m}} deployed
| {{Cvt|15,824|kg}}
| [[File:S6 Truss Transfer (STS-119).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']] (European Laboratory)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html|title=Columbus laboratory|publisher=ESA|access-date=2009-03-06|date=10 January 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330191925/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html| archive-date= 30 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| 1E
| 2008-02-07
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-122]])
| 7 m
(23&nbsp;ft)
| 4.5 m
(15&nbsp;ft)
| 12,800&nbsp;kg (28,219&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:Columbus module - cropped.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:STS-122 ISS Flyaround.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Dextre]] (SPDM)
| rowspan="2" | 1J/A
| rowspan="2" | 2008-03-11
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|105}} ([[STS-123]])
| {{Cvt|3.5|m}}
| {{Cvt|7|m}} outstretched
| {{Cvt|1,662|kg}}
| [[File:S123 Dextre01.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:STS-123 ISS Flyaround cropped.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Experiment Logistics Module]] (ELM)
| 4.21&nbsp;m (13.8&nbsp;ft)
| 4.39&nbsp;m (14.4&nbsp;ft)
|8,386&nbsp;kg (18,488&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:Kibo ELM-PS on ISS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module#Pressurized module|JEM Pressurized Module]] (JEM-PM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |publisher=JAXA |access-date=2009-03-06 |date=25 September 2008 |title=About Kibo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171550/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |archive-date=10 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nasa-jem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html|title=Kibo Japanese Experiment Module|publisher=NASA|date=23 November 2007|access-date=2008-11-22| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081023071601/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html| archive-date= 23 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 1J
| rowspan="2" | 2008-05-31
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|103}} ([[STS-124]])
| 11.19&nbsp;m (36.7&nbsp;ft)
| 4.39&nbsp;m (14.4&nbsp;ft)
|15,900&nbsp;kg (35,100&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:STS-124 Kibo.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISS after STS-124 06 2008.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module#Remote manipulator system|JEM Remote Manipulator System]] (JEMRMS)
| {{Cvt|10|m}}
|
|
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|S6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| 15A
| 2009-03-15
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-119]])
| {{Cvt|18.3|m}}
| {{Cvt|10.7|m}} deployed
| {{Cvt|15,824|kg}}
| [[File:S6 Truss Transfer (STS-119).jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS March 2009.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module#Exposed facility|''Kibo'' Exposed Facility]] (JEM-EF)
| 2J/A
| 2009-07-15
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-127]])
|
|
|
| [[File:STS-127 JEM-EF.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:ISS & Endeavour Shadow STS-127 2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']] (MRM-2)<ref name="dc1_dc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html|title=Docking Compartment-1 and 2|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|first=Anatoly |last=Zak|access-date=26 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090210130224/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html| archive-date= 10 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris |last=Bergin|date=9 November 2009|access-date=10 November 2009|title=Russian module launches via Soyuz for Thursday ISS docking|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091113190354/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archive-date= 13 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| 5R
| 2009-11-10
| [[Soyuz-U]] ([[Progress M-MIM2]])
| {{Cvt|4.049|m}}
| {{Cvt|2.55|m}}
| {{Cvt|3670|kg}}
| [[File:Poisk.Jpeg|80px]]
| [[File:STS-129 Atlantis approaches below the ISS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-1|ELC-1]]
| rowspan="2" | ULF3
| rowspan="2" | 2009-11-16
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|104}} ([[STS-129]])
|
|
| {{Cvt|6,280|kg}}
| [[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISS ULF3 STS-129.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-2|ELC-2]]
|
|
| {{Cvt|6,100|kg}}
| [[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']] (Node 3)
| rowspan="2" | 20A
| rowspan="2" | 2010-02-08
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|105}} ([[STS-130]])
| 6.706&nbsp;m (22.00&nbsp;ft)
| 4.48&nbsp;m (14.7&nbsp;ft)
|19,000&nbsp;kg (42,000&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:Tranquility-node3.JPG|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISSpoststs130.jpg|80px]]
|-
| ''[[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]]''
| {{Cvt|1.5|m}}
| {{Cvt|2.95|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,880|kg}}
| [[File:Exterior of Cupola - Exp28.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'']] (MRM-1)<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html | title = NASA Extends Contract With Russia's Federal Space Agency | publisher = NASA|date=9 April 2007|access-date=2007-06-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070623120556/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html| archive-date= 23 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" | ULF4
| rowspan="4" | 2010-05-14
| rowspan="4" | {{OV|104}} ([[STS-132]])
| {{Cvt|6|m}}
| {{Cvt|2.35|m}}
| {{Cvt|8,015|kg}}
| rowspan="4"| [[File:STS-132 ISS-23 Rassvet Pirs and Progress M-05M.jpg|80px]]
|  rowspan="4" | [[File:International Space Station after undocking of STS-132.jpg|80px]]
|-
|  [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] Science Airlock
|
|
| {{Cvt|1,050|kg}}
|-
|  [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] RTOd Radiator
|
|
|
|-
|  [[European Robotic Arm|''ERA'']] portable workpost
|
|
|
|-
| [[Permanent Multipurpose Module|''Leonardo'']] (PMM)
| rowspan="2" | ULF5
| rowspan="2" | 2011-02-24
| rowspan="2" | {{OV|103}} ([[STS-133]])
|6.6 m
(22&nbsp;ft)
|4.57&nbsp;m (15.0&nbsp;ft)
|4,082&nbsp;kg (8,999&nbsp;lb)
| [[File:STS-133 ISS-26 Permanent Multipurpose Module.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:STS-133 International Space Station after undocking.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-4|ELC-4]]
|
|
| {{Cvt|3,735|kg}}
| [[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer#AMS-02|AMS-02]]
| rowspan="3" | ULF6
| rowspan="3" | 2011-05-16
| rowspan="3" | {{OV|105}} ([[STS-134]])
|
|
| {{Cvt|7,500|kg}}
| [[File:Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Orbiter Boom Sensor System|OBSS]]
| {{Cvt|15.24|m}}
| {{Cvt|35|cm}}
|
| [[File:STS-120 OBSS repair.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier#ELC-3|ELC-3]]
|
|
| {{Cvt|6,361|kg}}
| [[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Heat Rejection Subsystem Grapple Fixtures|HRSGF]]
| CRS SpX-2
| 2013-03-13
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-2]])
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module|BEAM]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html|title=NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station|date=16 January 2013|publisher=NASA|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
| CRS SpX-8
| 2016-04-08
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-8]])
| {{Cvt|4.01|m}}
| {{Cvt|3.23|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,413|kg}}
| [[File:Beam-instalation-space-station.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:ISS-56 International Space Station fly-around (04).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[International Docking Adapter#IDA-2|IDA-2]]<ref name=SpaceflightInsider-2016-07-18>{{cite news |url= http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/spacex-launches-seventh-mission-2016-nasas-crs-9/ |title= SpaceX Conducts Second Ground Landing After Launch Of CRS-9 Dragon To ISS |author= Jason Rhian |date= 18 July 2016 |publisher= Spaceflight Insider }}</ref><ref name="IDA-2 attached">{{cite news|last1=Harwood|first1=William|title=Spacewalkers attach docking adapter to space station for commercial vehicles|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/08/19/spacewalkers-attach-new-port-to-space-station-for-commercial-spacecraft/|access-date=20 August 2016|agency=Spaceflight|date=19 August 2016}}</ref>
| CRS SpX-9
| 2016-07-18
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-9]])
| {{Cvt|110|cm}}
| {{Cvt|160|cm}}
| {{Cvt|526|kg}}
| rowspan="2" | [[File:IDA-2 upright.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[International Docking Adapter#IDA-3|IDA-3]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2019/08/21/spacewalkers-complete-installation-of-second-commercial-docking-port/|title=Spacewalkers Complete Installation of Second Commercial Docking Port – Space Station|website=blogs.nasa.gov}}</ref>
| CRS SpX-18
| 2019-07-25
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-18]])
| {{Cvt|110|cm}}
| {{Cvt|160|cm}}
| {{Cvt|526|kg}}
|
|-
|[[Columbus External Payload Facility#Bartolomeo|Bartolomeo]]<ref name="Airbus-milestone">{{cite press release |url=https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/03/successful-launch-for-airbus-bartolomeo.html |title=Successful launch for Airbus' Bartolomeo |work=[[Airbus]] |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
| CRS SpX-20
| 2020-03-06
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-20]]).
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nanoracks Bishop Airlock]]
| CRS SpX-21
| 2020-12-06
| [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-21]])
| {{Cvt|1.80|m}}
| {{Cvt|2.014|m}}
| {{Cvt|1,059|kg}}
|[[File:Bishop Airlock Module.jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|
|-
|[[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] 1 and 2
| CRS SpX-22
| 2021-06-03
|[[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-22]])
|
|
| {{cvt|325|kg}}
|[[File:ISS-52 Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) (4).jpg|80px]]
|[[File:View of the ISS taken during Crew-2 flyaround (ISS066-E-080651).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] (MLM-U)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002737/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archive-date=27 September 2007|publisher=Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre|title=FGB-based Multipurpose Lab Module (MLM-U)|access-date=2008-10-31}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | 3R
| rowspan="3" | 2021-07-21
| rowspan="3" |[[Proton-M]]
| {{cvt|13|m}}
| {{cvt|4.25|m}}
| {{cvt|20,300|kg}}
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Nauka Module as seen from Cupola during VKD-51 spacewalk.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:View of the ISS taken during Crew-2 flyaround (ISS066-E-080300).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[European Robotic Arm]]
|{{cvt|11.3|m}}
|
|{{cvt|630|kg}}
|-style="background:#808080"
|  [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] SSPA-GM temporary docking adapter
|
|
|
|-
|[[Nauka (ISS module)#Installation of outfitting equipment|MLM Means of Attachment of Large payloads<br>(LCCS Part)]]
|79P
|2021-10-28
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)#Soyuz 2.1a|Soyuz 2.1a]] ([[Progress MS-18]])
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Prichal (ISS module)|''Prichal'']]
| 6R
| 2021-11-24
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)#Soyuz 2.1b|Soyuz 2.1b]] ([[Progress M-UM]])
| {{cvt|4.91|m}}
| {{cvt|3.3|m}}
| {{cvt|3890|kg}}
|[[File:Russian Spacewalkers dwarfed by the Prichal module (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|
|-
|[[Nauka (ISS module)#Installation of outfitting equipment|MLM Means of Attachment of Large payloads<br>(SCCS Part)]]
|82P
|2022-10-26
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)#Soyuz 2.1a|Soyuz 2.1a]] ([[Progress MS-21]])
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] 3 and 4
| CRS SpX-26
| 2022-11-26
|[[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-26]])
|
|
| {{cvt|325|kg}}
|[[File:ISS-52 Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) (4).jpg|80px]]
|
|-
|[[Roll Out Solar Array|iROSA]] 5 and 6
| CRS SpX-28
| 2023-06-05
|[[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX CRS-28]])
|
|
| {{cvt|325|kg}}
|[[File:ISS-52 Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) (4).jpg|80px]]
|
|}
{{notelist}}
==Future elements==
*In January 2021, NASA announced plans to upgrade the station's solar arrays by installing [[Roll Out Solar Array|new arrays]] on top of all the station's eight existing arrays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-upgrade-space-station-solar-arrays/|title=NASA to upgrade space station solar arrays|date=12 January 2021|website=SpaceNews}}</ref> Six were delivered in three pairs, each pair aboard [[SpaceX CRS-22]] in June 2021, [[SpaceX CRS-26]] in November 2022 and [[SpaceX CRS-28]] in June 2023.<ref name="SFN20210602">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/06/02/new-solar-arrays-ready-to-upgrade-international-space-stations-power-grid/|title=New solar arrays ready to upgrade International Space Station's power grid|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=2 June 2021|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> Two more will be delivered in one pair aboard a future mission in 2025.<ref name="Seventh and Eighth iROSAs announcement">{{cite web | last=Davenport | first=Justin | title=ISS finishes initial iROSA upgrade with two EVAs this month | website=NASASpaceFlight.com | date=June 15, 2023 | url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/06/iss_irosa_roundup/ | access-date=June 18, 2023}}</ref>
*[[Axiom Space]] plans on launching several modules to connect where PMA-2 is currently at as part of the commercial [[Axiom Orbital Segment|Axiom Station]] project. At the end of the ISS's life, Axiom Station could be detached from the ISS and continue in orbit as a commercial low orbit platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station|title=Axiom Commercial Space Station|website=Axiom Space}}</ref>
==Cancelled modules==
[[File:ISS components.svg|thumb|400px|Diagram of the planned ISS circa 1999]]
* [[Interim Control Module]] – not needed once ''Zvezda'' was launched
* [[ISS Propulsion Module]] – not needed once ''Zvezda'' was launched
* [[Habitation Module]] (HAB) – With the cancellation of the Habitation Module, sleeping places are now spread throughout the station. There are two in the Russian segment and four in the US segment. It is not necessary to have a separate 'bunk' in space – many visitors just strap their sleeping bag to the wall of a module, get into it and sleep.
* [[Crew Return Vehicle|Crew Return Vehicle (CRV)]] – replaced by crewed spacecraft docked to the station at all times ([[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]], [[SpaceX Dragon 2]])
* [[Centrifuge Accommodations Module]] (CAM) – would have been attached to ''Harmony'' (Node 2)
* [[Nautilus-X#ISS centrifuge demonstration|Nautilus-X Centrifuge Demonstration]] – If produced, this centrifuge would have been the first in-space demonstration of sufficient scale centrifuge for artificial partial-g effects. It was designed to become a sleep module for the ISS crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/51592987/Nautilus-X-Holderman-1-26-11|title=Nautilus X Holderman – 1 26 11 &#124; PDF &#124; Flight Controller &#124; International Space Station|website=Scribd}}</ref>
* [[Science Power Platform]] (SPP) – power will be provided to the Russian segments partly by the US solar cell platforms
* [[Russian Research Module]]s (RM1 and RM2) – replaced by single [[Multipurpose Laboratory Module]] (''Nauka'')
* [[Universal Docking Module]] (UDM) – cancelled along with the Research Modules which were to connect to it
* [[Science-Power Module-1|Science Power Module]] (NEM) – cancelled in April 2021 and used as the core module of the proposed [[Russian Orbital Service Station]] (ROSS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/30863/ |title=Научно-энергетический модуль запустят на "Ангаре" с Восточного |trans-title=The Science Power Module will be launched on an Angara from Vostochny |work=[[Roscosmos]] |date=24 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ros.html |title=Russian Orbital Service Station, ROSS |work=RussianSpaceWeb |date=16 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
==Unused modules==
The following module was built, but has not been used in future plans for the ISS as of January 2021.
* American [[Node 4]] – Also known as the Docking Hub System (DHS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/iss-managers-long-term-configuration-international-space-station/|title=ISS Managers review long-term configuration of International Space Station|first=Pete|last=Harding|date=20 December 2010}}</ref> would allow the station to have more docking ports for visiting vehicles and would allow inflatable habitats and technology demonstrations to be tested as part of the station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1008/31node/|title=Spaceflight Now &#124; Breaking News &#124; Test article could facilitate space station applications|website=spaceflightnow.com}}</ref>
== Cost ==
The [[International Space Station|ISS]] is credited as the most expensive item ever built, costing around $150 billion (USD),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/robert_inventor/is_the_international_space_station_the_most_expensive_single_item_ever_built-156922|title=Is The International Space Station The Most Expensive Single Item Ever Built?|date=2014-08-27|website=Science 2.0|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> making it more expensive than Skylab  (costing US$2.2 billion) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1579/1|title=The Space Review: Costs of US piloted programs|website=www.thespacereview.com|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> and Mir (US$4.2 billion).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/russians-find-pride-and-regret-in-mir-s-splashdown.html|title=Russians Find Pride, and Regret, in Mir's Splashdown|last=Tyler|first=Patrick E.|date=2001-03-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station]]
* [[Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station]]
* [[Manufacturing of the International Space Station]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}
==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130204055855/http://www.tietronix.com/CreativeServices/ExamplePages/ISSAssemblyAnim.html Animated ISS assembly process], mission designations and dates are included.
* [https://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/components_detail.htm Diagram of planned components of the ISS], positions of cancelled modules can be seen.
;Media articles
* [http://www.howitworksdaily.com/space/video-iss-nears-completion/ How It Works magazine – ISS nears completion]
{{ISS modules}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assembly of the International Space Station}}
[[Category:International Space Station]]