View source for Association for Computing Machinery

{{Short description|US-based international learned society for computing}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Self-published|date=August 2023}}
{{POV|date=December 2021}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox organization
| name         = Association for Computing Machinery
| image        = Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) logo.svg
| image_border =
| size         = 100px
| alt          = "acm" in blue circle with gray rim, surrounded by blue diamond
| caption      =
| formation    = {{start date and age|1947}}
| type         = [[501(c) organization|501(c)(3) not-for-profit membership corporation]]
| headquarters = 1601 Broadway, Times Square, <br />New York City
| membership   = 110,000
| leader_title = President
| leader_name  = [[Yannis Ioannidis]]
| key_people   =
| num_staff    =
| budget       =
| website      = {{URL|acm.org}}
}}
The '''Association for Computing Machinery''' ('''ACM''') is a US-based international [[learned society]] for [[computing]]. It was founded in 1947 and is the world's largest scientific and educational computing society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/20613.html |title=Indiana University Media Relations |publisher=indiana.edu |access-date=October 10, 2012 }}</ref> The ACM is a [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]] professional membership group,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/pub78Search.do?ein1=&names=%22association+for+computing+machinery%22&city=&state=All...&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchCharities&submitName=Search |title=ACM 501(c)3 Status as a group |publisher=irs.gov |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref> reporting nearly 110,000 student and professional members {{as of|2022|lc=y}}. Its headquarters are in [[New York City]].
The ACM is an [[umbrella organization]] for academic and scholarly interests in [[computer science]] ([[informatics]]). Its motto is "Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession".
==History==
In 1947, a notice was sent to various people:<ref>{{cite web |title=Notice on Organization of an 'Eastern Association for Computing Machinery' |url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/cbi_acm/item/1731 |website=ACM Records (CBI 205), Box 3, Folder 6 |date=25 June 1947}}</ref>{{r|robertson}}
<blockquote>
On January 10, 1947, at the Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery at the Harvard computation Laboratory, Professor [[Samuel H. Caldwell]] of Massachusetts Institute of Technology spoke of the need for an association of those interested in computing machinery, and of the need for communication between them.
[...]
After making some inquiries during May and June, we believe there is ample interest to start an informal association of many of those interested in the new machinery for computing and reasoning. Since there has to be a beginning, we are acting as a temporary committee to start such an association:<br>
<br>
:[[Edmund Callis Berkeley|E. C. Berkeley]], [[Prudential Financial|Prudential Insurance Co. of America]], Newark, N. J.
:R. V. D. Campbell, [[Raytheon Technologies|Raytheon Manufacturing Co.]], Waltham, Mass.
:{{interlanguage link|John H. Curtiss|de|J. H. Curtiss}}, [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|Bureau of Standards]], Washington, D.C.
:H. E. Goheen, [[Office of Naval Research]], Boston, Mass.
:[[John Mauchly|J. W. Mauchly]], [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation|Electronic Control Co.]], Philadelphia, Pa.
:T. K. Sharpless, [[Moore School of Electrical Engineering|Moore School of Elec. Eng.]], Philadelphia, Pa.
:R. Taylor, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Mass. Inst. of Tech.]], Cambridge, Mass.
:C. B. Tompkins, [[Engineering Research Associates]], Washington, D.C.
</blockquote>
The committee (except for Curtiss) had gained experience with computers during [[World War II]]: Berkeley, Campbell, and Goheen helped build [[Harvard Mark I]] under [[Howard H. Aiken]], Mauchly and Sharpless were involved in building [[ENIAC]], Tompkins had used "the secret Navy code-breaking machines", and Taylor had worked on [[Vannevar Bush|Bush]]'s [[Differential analyser|Differential analyzers]].<ref name=robertson>{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=L. |title=Anecdotes |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |date=October 2005 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=89–92 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2005.53}}</ref>
The ACM was then founded in 1947 under the name ''Eastern Association for Computing Machinery'', which was changed the following year to the Association for Computing Machinery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.org/about-acm/acm-history|title=ACM History|website=acm.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-of-computation_1948-01_3_21 |title=Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation 1948-01: Vol 3 Issue 21 |date=January 1948 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_june-july-1950_4_3 |title=The American Statistician June-July 1950: Vol 4 Iss 3 |date=June–July 1950 |publisher=American Statistical Association |language=English}}</ref> The ACM History Committee since 2016 has published the A.M.Turing Oral History project, the ACM Key Award Winners Video Series, and the India Industry Leaders Video project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oral Histories |url=https://history.acm.org/projects-and-initiatives/oral-histories/ |website=ACM History Committee |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>
==Activities==
[[File:1601Broadway.jpg|thumb|ACM headquarters are located at 1601 Broadway, Times Square, New York City.]]
ACM is organized into over 180 local professional chapters<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Chapters |url=https://www.acm.org/chapters/about-chapters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171447/https://www.acm.org/chapters/about-chapters |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> and 38 [[Special Interest Group]]s (SIGs),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=Alphabetical Listing of ACM SIGs |url=https://www.acm.org/special-interest-groups/alphabetical-listing |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104174410/https://www.acm.org/special-interest-groups/alphabetical-listing |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> through which it conducts most of its activities. Additionally, there are over 680 student chapters.<ref name=":0" /> The first student chapter was founded in 1961 at the [[University of Louisiana at Lafayette]].<ref>Note: The school was then [1961] known as the "[[University of Southwestern Louisiana]] (USL)". (Its name was later changed [in 1999] to the "[[University of Louisiana at Lafayette]]".)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Student Chapters |url=https://computing.louisiana.edu/cacs-research/student-chapters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926181101/https://computing.louisiana.edu/cacs-research/student-chapters |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=School of Computing & Informatics |language=en}}</ref>
Many of the SIGs, such as [[ACM SIGGRAPH|SIGGRAPH]], [[SIGDA]], [[SIGPLAN]], [[SIGCSE]] and [[SIGCOMM]], sponsor regular conferences, which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaggalis |first=Nikos |date=7 April 2020 |title=Access ACM Digital Library for Free |url=https://www.i-programmer.info/news/99-professional/13603-access-acm-digital-library-for-free.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=i-programmer.info}}</ref>
ACM also sponsors other computer science related events such as the worldwide [[ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest]] (ICPC), and has sponsored some other events such as the chess match between [[Garry Kasparov]] and the [[IBM Deep Blue]] computer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How IBM's Deep Blue Beat World Champion Chess Player Garry Kasparov - IEEE Spectrum |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-ibms-deep-blue-beat-world-champion-chess-player-garry-kasparov |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[IEEE]] |language=en}}</ref>
==Services==
===Publications===
{{main category|Association for Computing Machinery publications}}
[[File:ACM1970 Conference.png|thumb|Proceedings for the 1970 ACM National Conference]]
ACM publishes over 50 journals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/publications/journals|title=Journals & Magazines|work=acm.org}}</ref> including the prestigious<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Paul Benjamin |last1=Lowry |first2=Denton |last2=Romans |first3=Aaron |last3=Curtis |title=Global Journal Prestige and Supporting Disciplines: A Scientometric Study of Information Systems Journals |journal=[[Journal of the Association for Information Systems]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=29–80 |year=2004 |ssrn=666145|doi=10.17705/1jais.00045 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Journal of the ACM]]'', and two general magazines for computer professionals, ''[[Communications of the ACM]]'' (also known as ''Communications'' or ''CACM'') and ''[[ACM Queue|Queue]]''. Other publications of the ACM include:
*''[[XRDS (magazine)|ACM XRDS]]'', formerly "Crossroads", was redesigned in 2010 and is the most popular student [[Computer magazine|computing magazine]] in the US.
*''[[ACM Interactions (magazine)|ACM Interactions]]'', an interdisciplinary HCI publication focused on the connections between experiences, people and technology, and the third largest ACM publication.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Wakkary | first1 = R.| last2 = Stolterman | first2 = E.| doi = 10.1145/1897239.1897240| title = WELCOME: Our first interactions | journal = Interactions| volume = 18| pages = 5| year = 2011| s2cid = 6840587}}</ref>
*''[[ACM Computing Surveys]]'' (CSUR)
*''[[Computers in Entertainment]]'' (CIE)
*''ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems'' (JETC)
*''ACM Special Interest Group: Computers and Society'' (SIGCAS)<ref>{{cite web | title= Home page | url= http://www.sigcas.org/newsletter | website = sigcas.org | publisher= Association for Computing Machinery | access-date = 28 October 2017 }}</ref>
*A number of journals, specific to subfields of computer science, titled ''ACM Transactions''. Some of the more notable transactions include:
**''[[ACM Transactions on Algorithms]]'' (TALG)
**''ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems'' (TECS)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Computer Systems]]'' (TOCS)
**''[[IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics]]'' (TCBB)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Computational Logic]]'' (TOCL)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction]]'' (TOCHI)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Database Systems]]'' (TODS)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Graphics]]'' (TOG)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software]]'' (TOMS)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications]]'' (TOMM)
**''[[IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking]]'' (TON)
**''[[ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems]]'' (TOPLAS)
**[[Games: Research and Practice]]
Although ''Communications'' no longer publishes primary research, and is not considered a prestigious venue, many of the great debates and results in computing history have been published in its pages.
ACM has made almost all of its publications available to paid [[subscriber]]s online at its [[#Digital Library|Digital Library]] and also has a [[ACM Guide to Computing Literature|Guide to Computing Literature]]. ACM also offers insurance, online courses, and other services to its members.
In 1997, ACM Press published ''Wizards and Their Wonders: Portraits in Computing'' ({{ISBN|0897919602}}), written by Christopher Morgan, with new photographs by [[Louis Fabian Bachrach Jr.|Louis Fabian Bachrach]]. The book is a collection of historic and current portrait photographs of figures from the computer industry.
===<span id="Portal"></span><span id="Digital Library"></span>Portal and Digital Library===
The '''ACM Portal''' is an online service of the ACM.<ref name=portal>{{cite web|url=http://portal.acm.org/|title=ACM Digital Library|work=acm.org}}</ref> Its core are two main sections: '''ACM Digital Library''' and the ''[[ACM Guide to Computing Literature]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.libs.uga.edu/research/subject/computer-science |title=The University of Georgia Guide to Online Resources |access-date=July 12, 2015 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004194857/http://www.libs.uga.edu/research/subject/computer-science |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The ACM Digital Library was launched in October 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/dl/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971013171604/http://www.acm.org/dl/|archive-date=October 13, 1997|title=ACM Digital Library|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> It is the full-text collection of all articles published by the ACM in its articles, magazines and conference proceedings. The Guide is a bibliography in computing with over one million entries.<ref name=portal/> The ACM Digital Library contains a comprehensive archive starting in the 1950s of the organization's journals, magazines, newsletters and conference proceedings. Online services include a forum called Ubiquity and Tech News digest. There is an extensive underlying [[bibliographic database]] containing key works of all genres from all major publishers of computing literature. This secondary database is a rich discovery service known as The ACM Guide to Computing Literature.
ACM adopted a hybrid [[Open access|Open Access]] (OA) publishing model in 2013. Authors who do not choose to pay the OA fee must grant ACM publishing rights by either a copyright transfer agreement or a publishing license agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://authors.acm.org/ | title=ACM Author Rights |publisher=Acm.org}}</ref>
ACM was a "green" publisher before the term was invented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM History |url=https://www.acm.org/about-acm/acm-history |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> Authors may post documents on their own websites and in their institutional repositories with a link back to the ACM Digital Library's permanently maintained Version of Record.
All metadata in the Digital Library is open to the world, including [[abstracts]], linked references and citing works, citation and usage statistics, as well as all functionality and services. Other than the free articles, the full-texts are accessed by subscription. In addition, starting on April 7, 2022, ACM made its publications from 1951 to 2000 open access through the Digital Library in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the organisation's founding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=World's Largest Computing Society Makes Thousands of Research Articles Freely Available; Opens First 50 Years Backfile |url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2022/april/50-years-backfile |website=ACM}}</ref>
In 2020, ACM launched a major push to become a fully open access publisher by 2026. ACM restructured its pricing for the ACM Digital Library on the basis of publishing activity by affiliated [[Lead author|lead authors]] in ACM's journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Under this model, termed "ACM Open," institutions pay set fees for full access to ACM Digital Library contents as well as unlimited open access publishing by their affiliated authors. Authors not affiliated with a participating institution will be expected to pay an [[article processing charge]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Rick |date=2020-02-10 |title=ACM's New Open Access Agreements: A Q&A with Scott Delman |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2020/02/10/acms-new-open-access-agreements-a-qa-with-scott-delman/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Scholarly Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM OPEN (ACM's Transformative Model for Open Access Publication) |url=https://libraries.acm.org/subscriptions-access/acmopen |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=ACM |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2024, ACM reported that more than 1,340 institutions worldwide had signed on for ACM Open, putting ACM at just over halfway to meeting its target of 2,500 participating institutions by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutions Currently Participating in ACM OPEN |url=https://libraries.acm.org/acmopen/open-participants |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |language=en}}</ref>
==Membership grades==
{{main category|Members of the Association for Computing Machinery}}
In addition to student and regular members, ACM has several advanced membership grades to recognize those with multiple years of membership and "demonstrated performance that sets them apart from their peers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acm.org/membership/membership/senior_members/ |title=ACM Senior Members–An Overview |publisher=Acm.org |access-date=November 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118200303/http://www.acm.org/membership/membership/senior_members/ |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The number of Fellows, Distinguished Members, and Senior Members cannot exceed 1%, 10%, and 25% of the total number of professional members, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/advanced-member-grades|title = ACM Advanced Grades of Membership}}</ref>
===Fellows===
{{main|ACM Fellow}}
{{main list|List of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery}}
The [[ACM Fellow]]s Program was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM." There are 1,310 Fellows {{as of|2020|lc=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/fellows/award-winners |title=List of ACM Fellows |publisher=Awards.acm.org |access-date=February 10, 2021}}</ref> out of about 100,000 members.
===Distinguished Members===
In 2006, ACM began recognizing two additional membership grades, one which was called Distinguished Members. Distinguished Members (Distinguished Engineers, Distinguished Scientists, and Distinguished Educators) have at least 15 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous ACM membership and "have made a significant impact on the computing field". In 2006 when the Distinguished Members first came out, one of the three levels was called "Distinguished Member" and was changed about two years later to "Distinguished Educator". Those who already had the Distinguished Member title had their titles changed to one of the other three titles.
List of Distinguished Members of the Association for Computing Machinery <ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/distinguished-members/award-winners|title=List of ACM Distinguished Members|publisher=Awards.acm.org |access-date=November 22, 2020}}</ref>
===Senior Members===
Also in 2006, ACM began recognizing Senior Members. According to the ACM, "The Senior Members Grade recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous Professional Membership who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions".<ref>[https://awards.acm.org/senior-members ACM Senior Members]</ref> Senior membership also requires 3 letters of reference
===Distinguished Speakers===
While not technically a membership grade, the ACM recognizes distinguished speakers on topics in computer science. A distinguished speaker is appointed for a three-year period. There are usually about 125 current distinguished speakers. The ACM website describes these people as 'Renowned International Thought Leaders'.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://speakers.acm.org/ |title = Homepage|website = ACM Distinguished Speakers|publisher = Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref> The distinguished speakers program (DSP) has been in existence for over 20 years and serves as an outreach program that brings renowned experts from Academia, Industry and Government to present on the topic of their expertise.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://speakers.acm.org/about/purpose| title = The History of the Distinguished Speakers Program
|website = ACM Distinguished Speakers|publisher = Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>  The DSP is overseen by a committee <ref>{{cite web|url = https://speakers.acm.org/committee| title = ACM Speakers Committee|website = ACM Distinguished Speakers|publisher = Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>
==Chapters==
ACM has three kinds of chapters: [[Special Interest Group]]s,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.acm.org/sigs | title=ACM Special Interest Groups | access-date=August 7, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727190450/http://www.acm.org/sigs | archive-date=July 27, 2010 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Professional Chapters, and [[ACM Student Chapter|Student Chapters]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.acm.org/chapters/ | title=ACM Chapters | access-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref>
{{as of|2022}}, ACM has professional & SIG Chapters in 56 countries.<ref>{{cite web
| title       = Worldwide Professional Chapters
| url       = http://www.acm.org/chapters/maps/
| publisher       = Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
| access-date       = 2012-12-27
| archive-date       = November 28, 2016
| archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20161128093440/http://www.acm.org/chapters/maps/
| url-status       = dead
}}</ref>
{{as of|2022}}, there exist ACM student chapters in 41 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.acm.org/public/chapters/geo_listing/index.cfm?ct=Student&inus=0 |title=Chapters Listing by Geographic Region — Association for Computing Machinery |publisher=Campus.acm.org |access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>
===Special Interest Groups===
{{main category|Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing|SIGACCESS]]: Accessible Computing
* [[ACM SIGACT|SIGACT]]: Algorithms and Computation Theory
* SIGAda: [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] Programming Language
* [[SIGAI]]: Artificial Intelligence
* SIGAPP: Applied Computing
* [[ACM SIGARCH|SIGARCH]]: Computer Architecture
* SIGBED: Embedded Systems
* SIGBio: Bioinformatics
* [[SIGCAS]]: Computers and Society
* [[SIGCHI]]: Computer&ndash;Human Interaction
* [[SIGCOMM]]: Data Communication
* [[SIGCSE]]: Computer Science Education
* [[Special Interest Group on Design Automation|SIGDA]]: Design Automation
* [[SIGDOC]]: Design of Communication
* SIGecom: Electronic Commerce
* SIGEVO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
* [[ACM SIGGRAPH|SIGGRAPH]]: Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
* [[ACM SIGHPC|SIGHPC]]: High Performance Computing
* [[Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval|SIGIR]]: Information Retrieval
* SIGITE: Information Technology Education
* [[SIGKDD]]: Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
* SIGLOG: Logic and Computation<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://siglog.acm.org/
| title = ACM Special Interest Group on Logic and Computation
| publisher=acm.org
| access-date=2015-01-28 }}</ref>
* [[SIGMETRICS]]: Measurement and Evaluation
* SIGMICRO: Microarchitecture
* SIGMIS: Management Information Systems
* [[SIGMM]]: Multimedia
* [[SIGMOBILE]]: Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing
* [[SIGMOD]]: Management of Data
* [[ACM SIGOPS|SIGOPS]]: Operating Systems
* [[SIGPLAN]]: Programming Languages
* SIGSAC: Security, Audit, and Control
* [[SIGSAM]]: Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation
* SIGSIM: Simulation and Modeling
* [[SIGSOFT]]: Software Engineering
* SIGSPATIAL: Spatial Information
* [[SIGUCCS]]: University and College Computing Services
* [[ACM SIGWEB|SIGWEB]]: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web
{{div col end}}
==Conferences==
{{main category|Association for Computing Machinery conferences}}
ACM and its Special Interest Groups (SIGs) sponsors numerous conferences worldwide. Most of the SIGs also have an annual conference. ACM conferences are often very popular publishing venues and are therefore very competitive. For example, [[SIGGRAPH]] 2007 attracted about 30000 attendees, while CIKM 2005 and [[ACM Conference on Recommender Systems|RecSys]] 2022 had paper acceptance rates of only accepted 15% and 17% respectively.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/action/showFmPdf?doi=10.1145%2F3523227|title=Proceedings of ACM RecSys 2022)|year=2022 |doi=10.1145/3523227 |isbn=9781450392785 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |editor-last1=Golbeck |editor-last2=Harper |editor-last3=Murdock |editor-last4=Ekstrand |editor-last5=Shapira |editor-last6=Basilico |editor-last7=Lundgaard |editor-last8=Oldridge |editor-first1=Jennifer |editor-first2=F. Maxwell |editor-first3=Vanessa |editor-first4=Michael |editor-first5=Bracha |editor-first6=Justin |editor-first7=Keld |editor-first8=Even }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* AIES: [[AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society|Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society]]
* ASPLOS: [[International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems]]
* CHI: [[Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems]]
* CIKM: [[Conference on Information and Knowledge Management]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cikmconference.org/ |title=Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) |publisher=Cikmconference.org }}</ref>
* COMPASS: [[International Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acmcompass.org/|title=ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS)|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601054635/https://acmcompass.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* DAC: [[Design Automation Conference]]
* DEBS: Distributed Event Based Systems<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debs.org/|title=Distributed Event-Based Systems |website = DEBS.org}}</ref>
* FAccT: [[ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency]]
* FCRC: [[Federated Computing Research Conference]]
* GECCO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sig.sigevo.org/index.html/tiki-index.php?page=GECCOs|title=GECCOs |website =Sigevo.org |publisher = ACM }}</ref>
* HT: [[ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media|Hypertext: Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia]]
* JCDL: [[Joint Conference on Digital Libraries]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcdl.org/ |title=Joint Conference on Digital Library (JCDL)&ndash;Home |publisher=JCDL }}</ref>
* MobiHoc: International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing
* SC: [[Supercomputing Conference]]
* SIGCOMM: ACM [[SIGCOMM]] Conference
* SIGCSE: [[SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education]]
* SIGGRAPH: [[International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques]]
* RecSys: [[ACM Conference on Recommender Systems]]
* TAPIA: Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference
{{div col end}}
The ACM is a co&ndash;presenter and founding partner of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) with the [[Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing, Largest Gathering of Women in Computing, Attracts Researchers, Industry|url=http://www.acm.org/press&ndash;room/news&ndash;releases&ndash;2008/hopper&ndash;08&ndash;preview/|access-date=June 27, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Some conferences are hosted by ACM student branches; this includes Reflections Projections, which is hosted by UIUC ACM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acm.illinois.edu/conference|title=ACM@UIUC|date=2017|access-date=January 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616215513/https://acm.illinois.edu/conference|archive-date=June 16, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, ACM sponsors regional conferences. Regional conferences facilitate increased opportunities for collaboration between nearby institutions and they are well attended.
For additional non-ACM conferences, see this [[list of computer science conferences]].
==Awards==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
The ACM presents or co&ndash;presents a number of awards for outstanding technical and professional achievements and contributions in computer science and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/|title=ACM's awards recognize excellence in computer science and information technology.|website=awards.acm.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/list-of-awards|title=List of ACM Awards|website=awards.acm.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ACM Awards |url=https://awards.acm.org/ |access-date=February 10, 2021 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Turing Award|ACM A. M. Turing Award]]
* [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence#ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award|ACM – AAAI Allen Newell Award]]
* [[#Athena Lectures|ACM Athena Lecturer Award]]
* ACM/CSTA Cutler-Bell Prize in High School Computing
* ACM Distinguished Service Award
* ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Shun Receives ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/news/shun-receives-acm-doctoral-dissertation-award|website=School of Computer Science|publisher=[[Carnegie Mellon University]]|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[ACM Eugene L. Lawler Award]]
* [[ACM Fellow]]ship, awarded annually since 1993<ref>{{cite journal | author=Anon | journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |title=ACM Inducts Fellows| publisher=Association for Computing Machinery | volume=59 | issue=2 | year=2016 | pages=24 | doi=10.1145/2856228}}</ref>
* [[Gordon Bell Prize|ACM Gordon Bell Prize]]
* [[Grace Murray Hopper Award|ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award]]
* ACM – IEEE CS George Michael Memorial HPC Fellowships
* [[Ken Kennedy Award|ACM – IEEE CS Ken Kennedy Award]]
* [[Eckert–Mauchly Award|ACM – IEEE Eckert-Mauchly Award]]
* ACM India Doctoral Dissertation Award
* ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award
* [[Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award|ACM Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award]]
* ACM Policy Award
* ACM Presidential Award
* [[ACM Prize in Computing]] (formerly: ACM – Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences)
* ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://awards.acm.org/programming-systems-and-languages-paper
|title=ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award
|date=
|publisher=ACM
|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref>
* [[ACM Student Research Competition]]
* [[Software System Award|ACM Software System Award]]
* [[International Science and Engineering Fair]]
* Outstanding Contribution to ACM Award
* [[SIAM/ACM Prize in Computational Science and Engineering]]
{{div col end}}
Over 30 of ACM's Special Interest Groups also award individuals for their contributions with a few listed below.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/sig-awards|title=Special Interest Group (SIG) Awards|website=awards.acm.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ACM [[Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award]]
* ACM [[Maurice Wilkes Award]]
* [[ISCA Influential Paper Award]]
{{div col end}}
==Leadership==
{{category see also|Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery}}
The President of ACM for 2022–2024 is [[Yannis Ioannidis]], Professor at the [[National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM Elects New Officers for 2022-2024 |url=https://www.acm.org/articles/bulletins/2022/may/acm-new-officers-2022 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> He is successor of [[Gabriele Kotsis]] (2020–2022), Professor at the [[Johannes Kepler University Linz]]; [[Cherri M. Pancake]] (2018–2020), professor emeritus at [[Oregon State University]] and Director of the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering (NACSE); Vicki L. Hanson (2016–2018), Distinguished Professor at the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]] and visiting professor at the [[University of Dundee]]; [[Alexander L. Wolf]] (2014–2016), Dean of the [[Jack Baskin School of Engineering]] at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]; [[Vint Cerf]] (2012–2014), American computer scientist and Internet pioneer; Alain Chesnais (2010–2012); and [[Wendy Hall|Dame Wendy Hall]] of the [[University of Southampton]], UK (2008–2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/about/past-presidents |title=ACM Past Presidents |publisher=acm.org |access-date=2014-10-12}}</ref>
ACM is led by a council consisting of the president, vice-president, treasurer, past president, SIG Governing Board Chair, Publications Board Chair, three representatives of the SIG Governing Board, and seven Members-At-Large. This institution is often referred to simply as "Council" in ''Communications of the ACM''.
==Infrastructure==
ACM has numerous boards, committees, and task forces which run the organization:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM Boards and Committees |url=https://www.acm.org/about-acm/boards-and-committees |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=acm.org |language=en}}</ref>
# ACM Council
# ACM Executive Committee
# Digital Library Board
# Education Board
# Practitioner Board
# Publications Board
# SIG Governing Board
# [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion|DEI]] Council
# ACM Technology Policy Council
# ACM Representatives to Other Organizations
# [[Computer Science Teachers Association]]
==ACM Council on Women in Computing==
{{main|ACM Council on Women in Computing}}
[[ACM-W]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://women.acm.org/|title=Home|work=acm.org}}</ref> the ACM council on [[women in computing]], supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in computing. ACM–W's main programs are regional celebrations of women in computing, ACM-W chapters, and scholarships for women CS students to attend research conferences. In India and Europe these activities are overseen by ACM-W India and ACM-W Europe respectively.  ACM-W collaborates with organizations such as the [[Anita Borg Institute]], the [[National Center for Women & Information Technology|National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT)]], and [[CRA-W: Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research|Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W)]].
The ACM-W gives an annual Athena Lecturer Award to honor outstanding women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to computer science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/athena|title=About ACM Athena Lecturer Award|website=awards.acm.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> This program began in 2006. Speakers are nominated by SIG officers.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ACM-W Athena Lecturers Award Winners
| url = http://women.acm.org/ACM-W-Athena-Lectures
| publisher = ACM
| access-date = 2013-12-01
}}</ref>
==Partner organizations==
ACM's primary partner has been the [[IEEE Computer Society]] (IEEE-CS), which is the largest subgroup of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE). The IEEE focuses more on hardware and standardization issues than theoretical [[computer science]], but there is considerable overlap with ACM's agenda. They have many joint activities including conferences, publications and awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACM / IEEE-CS Cooperation — Association for Computing Machinery|url=http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop|website=acm.org|language=en|access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101141809/http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop|archive-date=January 1, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ACM and its SIGs co-sponsor about 20 conferences each year with IEEE-CS and other parts of IEEE.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACM / IEEE-CS Jointly Sponsored Conferences —Association for Computing Machinery|url=http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop/conferences|website=acm.org|language=en|access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101141814/http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop/conferences|archive-date=January 1, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Eckert-Mauchly Award]] and [[Ken Kennedy Award]], both major awards in computer science, are given jointly by ACM and the IEEE-CS.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACM / IEEE-CS Joint Awards — Association for Computing Machinery|url=http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop/awards|website=acm.org|language=en|access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406143733/http://www.acm.org/acm-ieeecs-coop/awards|archive-date=April 6, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> They occasionally cooperate on projects like developing computing curricula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2534860 |title=Computer Science Curricula 2013: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Science|author1 = Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula|author2 = Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)|author3 = IEEE Computer Society|year=2013|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|isbn=9781450323093|author-link3=IEEE Computer Society}}</ref>
ACM has also jointly sponsored on events with other professional organizations like the [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] (SIAM).<ref>{{cite web|title=SIAM: ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA17)|url=https://www.siam.org/meetings/da17/|website=siam.org}}</ref>
==Criticism==
In December 2019, the ACM co-signed a letter with over one hundred other publishers to President [[Donald Trump]] saying that an [[open access]] mandate would increase costs to taxpayers or researchers and hurt [[intellectual property]]. This was in response to rumors that he was considering issuing an [[executive order]] that would require federally funded research be made freely available online immediately after being published. It is unclear how these rumors started.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=2019-12-20 |title=Rumours fly about changes to US government open-access policy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03926-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03926-1|pmid=33340013 |s2cid=214378269 }}</ref> Many ACM members opposed the letter, leading ACM to issue a statement clarifying that they remained committed to open access,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM Letter to OSTP |url=https://www.acm.org/articles/bulletins/2020/january/acm-letter-to-ostp |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=acm.org |language=en}}</ref> and they wanted to see communication with stakeholders about the potential mandate. The statement did not significantly assuage criticism from ACM members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Timothy B. |date=2019-12-27 |title=Trump could mandate free access to federally funded research papers |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/12/publishers-blast-rumored-ban-on-paywalls-for-federally-funded-research/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>
The [[Symposium on Computational Geometry|SoCG conference]], while originally an ACM conference, parted ways with ACM in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=About ACM affiliation|url=http://computational-geometry.org/about_acm_affiliation.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=computational-geometry.org}}</ref> because of problems when organizing conferences abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erickson|first=Jeff|date=2014-06-05|title=A Brief History of SOCG and ACM|url=https://makingsocg.wordpress.com/2014/06/05/a-brief-history-of-socg-and-acm/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Making SOCG|language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[ACM Classification Scheme]]
* [[Franz Alt (mathematician)|Franz Alt]], former president
<!-- * [[Association of Information Technology Professionals]] -->
* [[Edmund Berkeley]], co-founder
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Computing]]
* [[Bernard Galler]], former president
* [[List of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery|Fellows of the ACM (by year)]]
* [[:Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery|Fellows of the ACM (category)]]
* [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]]
<!-- * [[Institution of Analysts and Programmers]] -->
* [[:Category:Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery|Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
* [[Timeline of computing hardware before 1950]]
* [[Turing Award]]
* [[List of academic databases and search engines]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Association for Computing Machinery}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{cite book |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/1141880 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery <!-- |access-date=27 April 2022 --> |language=en |doi=10.1145/1141880 |date=2006 |quote=FREE|last1=Unknown |title=ACM Oral History interviews on |isbn=9781450317719 }}
*[http://portal.acm.org/ ACM portal] for publications
*[http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm ACM Digital Library]
*[http://purl.umn.edu/51982 Association for Computing Machinery Records, 1947–2009], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota.
* [http://upe.acm.org/about.html ACM Upsilon Phi Epsilon]. [[honor society]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110208/http://upe.acm.org/about.html |date=April 9, 2018 }}.
{{Association for Computing Machinery}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Association For Computing Machinery}}
[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery| ]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Computer science-related professional associations]]
[[Category:International learned societies]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in New York City]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1947]]
[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]