View source for Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton

{{short description|Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1768 to 1770}}
{{redirect|The Duke of Grafton|other holders of the title|Duke of Grafton}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Grace]]
| name             = The Duke of Grafton
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|PC}}
| image            = Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton.jpg
| caption          = Portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]]
| order            = [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]]
| term_start       = 14 October 1768
| term_end         = 28 January 1770
| monarch          = [[George III]]
| predecessor      = [[The Earl of Chatham]]
| successor        = [[Lord North]]
| office3          = [[Northern Secretary]]
| term_start3      = 12 July 1765
| term_end3        = 14 May 1766
| primeminister3   = [[The Marquess of Rockingham]]
| predecessor3     = [[George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax|The Earl of Halifax]]
| successor3       = [[Henry Seymour Conway]]
| birth_name       = Augustus Henry FitzRoy
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1735|9|28}}
| birth_place      =
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1811|3|14|1735|9|28}}
| death_place      = [[Euston, Suffolk]], England
| resting_place    = St Genevieve Churchyard, Euston, Suffolk, England
| alma_mater       = [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
| party            = [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| father           = [[Lord Augustus FitzRoy]]
| spouse           = {{plainlist}}
*{{marriage|[[Anne FitzPatrick, Countess of Upper Ossory|Anne Liddell]]|29 January 1756|23 March 1769|reason=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Elizabeth Wrottesley]]<br />|24 June 1769}}
{{endplainlist}}
| children         = 12; including {{enum|[[George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton|George]]|[[Lord William FitzRoy|William]]|[[Lord John FitzRoy|John]]}}
| signature        = Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton Signature.svg
}}
'''Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton''' (28 September 1735{{snd}}14 March 1811), styled '''Earl of Euston''' between 1747 and 1757, was a [[British Whig]] statesman of the [[Georgian era]]. He is one of a handful of [[duke]]s who have served as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]].
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], and was the youngest person to hold the office until the appointment of [[William Pitt the Younger]] 15 years later. However, he struggled to demonstrate an ability to counter increasing challenges to Britain's [[global dominance]] following the nation's [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|victory in the Seven Years' War]]. He was [[Corsican Crisis|widely attacked]] for allowing France to annex [[Corsica]], and stepped down in 1770, handing over power to [[Lord North]].
==Background and education==
He was a son of [[Lord Augustus FitzRoy]], a captain in the [[Royal Navy]],{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} and Elizabeth Cosby, the daughter of Colonel [[William Cosby]], who served as a colonial [[Governor of New York]]. Lord Augustus was the third son of the [[2nd Duke of Grafton]] and Lady Henrietta Somerset, which made FitzRoy a great-grandson of both the [[1st Duke of Grafton]] and the [[Charles Somerset, Marquess of Worcester|Marquess of Worcester]]. He was notably a fourth-generation descendant of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and the [[Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland|1st Duchess of Cleveland]]; the surname ''FitzRoy'' stems from this illegitimacy. His younger brother was the [[Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton|1st Baron Southampton]]. Following the death of his [[George FitzRoy, Earl of Euston|uncle]] in 1747, he was styled '''Earl of Euston''' as his grandfather's heir apparent.
[[File:Hackney School Reeve.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Euston was educated at [[Newcome's School]] (pictured)]]
Lord Euston was educated at [[Newcome's School]] in Hackney and at [[Westminster School]], made the [[Grand Tour]], and obtained a degree at [[Peterhouse]], [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=FTSY751AH|name=Fitzory, Augustus Henry}}</ref>
==Political career==
In 1756, he entered [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Boroughbridge]], a [[pocket borough]]; several months later, he switched constituencies to [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]], which was controlled by his family. However, a year later, his grandfather died, and he succeeded as the 3rd Duke of Grafton, which elevated him to the [[House of Lords]].
He first became known in politics as an opponent of [[Lord Bute]],<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fitzroy, Augustus Henry}}</ref> a favourite of [[King George III]]. Grafton aligned himself with the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] against Lord Bute, whose term as prime minister was short-lived largely because it was felt that the peace terms to which he had agreed at the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] were not a sufficient return for [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|Britain's performance in the Seven Years' War]].
In 1765, Grafton was appointed a [[Privy Counsellor]]; then, following discussions with [[William Pitt the Elder]], he was appointed [[Northern Secretary]] in [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|Lord Rockingham's]] first government. However, Rockingham retired the following year, and Pitt (by then Lord Chatham) formed a ministry in which Grafton was [[First Lord of the Treasury]] but not the prime minister.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Grafton, Dukes of |display=Grafton, Dukes of s.v. Augustus Henry Fitzroy|volume=12|page=317}}</ref>
On 20 September 1769, he was appointed a Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]].
===Prime minister<span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span><!-- linked from redirects [[Premiership of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton]] -->===
{{Further|Grafton ministry}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Grafton3.JPG|thumb|''[[Portrait of the Duke of Grafton]]'' by [[Pompeo Batoni]], 1762. Grafton is shown in the uniform of the [[Suffolk Militia]].]]
Chatham's illness, at the end of 1767, resulted in Grafton becoming the government's effective leader (he is credited with entering the office of prime minister in 1768), but political differences, the impact of the [[Corsican Crisis]] and the attacks of "[[Junius (writer)|Junius]]" led to his resignation in January 1770. Also, in 1768, Grafton became Chancellor of Cambridge University.<ref>{{cite web |author=Institute of Historical Research |title=The University of Cambridge: Chancellors |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp331-333 |website=British History Online |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> He became [[Lord Privy Seal]] in [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North's]] ministry (1771) but resigned in 1775, being in favour of conciliatory action towards the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonists]]. In the second Rockingham ministry of 1782, he was again Lord Privy Seal and continued in the post in the following [[Shelburne ministry]] until March 1783.<ref name="EB1911"/>
==Militia career==
[[File:A Perspective View of Coxheath Camp representing a Grand Review of the Army.png|thumb|350px|right|Coxheath Camp in 1778]]
Grafton was a strong supporter of moves to reform the [[Militia (Great Britain)|militia]] during the Seven Years' War, and as [[Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk]] his county was one of the first to raise its quota, in two regiments on 27 April 1759. He soon took personal command of the [[West Suffolk Militia]] as its [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]]. The militia remained on active service until 1762. The militia was called out again after the outbreak of the [[War of American Independence]] when Britain was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. On 26 March 1778, Grafton was ordered to embody the two regiments once more. In that summer, the West Suffolks under Grafton formed part of a concentration at Coxheath Camp, near [[Maidstone]] in [[Kent]], which was the army's largest training camp. The duke was chosen to train the grenadier companies of all the battalions in camp, and he worked them hard, 7–8 hours a day. Observers of the camp noted that the discipline of the West Suffolk Militia under Grafton was especially good. He resigned his commission on grounds of ill-health in February 1780, and his 20-year-old son and heir, [[George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton|George, Earl of Euston]], succeeded him as colonel of the West Suffolk Militia.<ref>Webb, pp. 424–429.</ref><ref>Western, p. 124; Appendix A.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Herbert |first=Charles |title=Coxheath Camp, 1778—1779 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44226981 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=45 |issue=183 |pages=129–148 |date=1967 |jstor=44226981}}</ref>
==Religious interests==
In later years Grafton was a prominent [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], being one of the early members of the inaugural [[Essex Street Chapel]] under Rev. [[Theophilus Lindsey]] when it was founded in 1774. Grafton had associated with a number of liberal Anglican theologians when at Cambridge, and devoted much time to theological study and writing after leaving office as prime minister. In 1773, in the House of Lords, he supported a bill to release Anglican clergy from subscribing to all the [[Thirty-nine Articles]]. He became a supporter of moral reform among the wealthy and of changes to the church. He was the author of:
*''Hints Submitted to the Serious Attention of the Clergy, Nobility and Gentry, by a Layman'' (1789).
*''Serious Reflections of a Rational Christian from 1788–1797''.
He was a sponsor of Richard Watson's ''Consideration of the Expediency of Revising the Liturgy and Articles of the Church of England'' (published in 1790), and he funded the printing of 700 copies of Griesbach's edition of the Greek [[New Testament]] in 1796.{{sfn|Durrant|2004|page=928}}
==Horseracing==
The Duke also had [[horse racing]] interests. His [[Horse racing colours in Great Britain|racing colours]] were sky blue, with a black cap.<ref name=RC1801>
{{cite journal|last=Weatherby|first=Edward and James|journal=Racing Calendar|title=COLOURS WORN BY THE RIDERS OF THE FOLLOWING NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, &c.|year=1801|
volume=28|page=52|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=jeMNAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PP1}}</ref>
==Legacy==
[[Grafton County, New Hampshire]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gannett|first=Henry|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ|year=1905|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n139 140]}}</ref> in the United States, is named in his honour, as is the city of [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]], New South Wales, Australia, the town of [[Grafton, New York]], the unincorporated community of [[Grafton, Virginia]], and possibly the township (since 1856 a city) of [[Grafton, West Virginia]]. The Grafton Centre Shopping Mall in Cambridge is also named after him and indeed lies on Fitzroy Street. [[Cape Grafton]] in [[Far North Queensland]] was named after him by Lieutenant [[James Cook]] during his [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of discovery]].
Grafton had the longest post-premiership of any prime minister in British history, [[List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by age|totalling {{age in years and days|28 January 1770|14 March 1811|sep=and}}]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shipman |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Shipman |title=Liz still thinks Trussonomics was right and she's selling her message in America |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/liz-still-thinks-trussonomics-was-right-and-shes-selling-her-message-in-america-kp6gt0856 |url-access=subscription|access-date=11 December 2022 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=2022-12-10 |quote=The Duke of Grafton, who retired in 1770 aged 34 and lived for another 41 years, was both the youngest prime ministerial retiree and had the longest post-premiership.}}</ref>
==Family==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Lucas, David - Anne, Duchess of Grafton (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = engraving of Anne Liddell
| caption1 = Grafton's first wife, [[Anne FitzPatrick, Countess of Upper Ossory|Anne Liddell]]
| image2 = Thomas Gainsborough - Elizabeth Wrottesley, later Duchess of Grafton - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = painting of Elizabeth Wrottesley
| caption2 = Grafton's second wife, [[Elizabeth Wrottesley]]
}}
On 29 January 1756, he married [[The Hon. Anne Liddell]], daughter of [[Henry Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth]] (1708–1784), at Lord Ravensworth's house in St James's Square, by licence. The marriage was witnessed by Lord Ravensworth and [[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford|Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Earl of Hertford]].<ref>''The Register of Marriages solemnized in the Parish Church of St James within the Liberty of Westminster & County of Middlesex. 1754–1765.'' No. 406. 29 January 1756.</ref>
Augustus and Anne had three children:
* Lady Georgiana FitzRoy<ref>{{cite web|title=Portrait of Lady Georgina Smyth and her son 1780c. |url=http://www.historicalportraits.com/Gallery.asp?Page=Item&ItemID=1057&Desc=Lady-Georgina-Smyth-%7C-George-Romney |website=Historical Portraits Image Library|publisher=Philip Mould Fine Paintings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234107/http://www.historicalportraits.com/Gallery.asp?Page=Item&ItemID=1057&Desc=Lady-Georgina-Smyth-%7C-George-Romney |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> (8 May 1757{{snd}}18 January 1799),<ref>''The Register of Births & Baptisms in the Parish of St James within the Liberty of Westminster Vol. IV. 1741–1760''. 5 June 1757.</ref> who married [[John Smyth (1748–1811)|John Smyth]] (12 February 1748{{snd}}12 February 1811) on 4 June 1778.
* [[George Henry FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton]] (1760–1844)
* General [[Lord Charles FitzRoy (British Army officer)|Lord Charles FitzRoy]] (14 July 1764{{snd}}20 December 1829), who married, firstly, Frances Mundy (1773{{snd}}9 August 1797) on 20 June 1795, and had one son. He married, secondly, Lady Frances Stewart (24 June 1777{{snd}}9 February 1810) on 10 March 1799 and had three children. His sons [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Sir Charles FitzRoy]] (1796–1858), governor of [[New South Wales]], and [[Robert FitzRoy]], the hydrographer, were notable for their achievements.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
In 1764, the Duke had a very public affair with the courtesan [[Anne Parsons|Nancy Parsons]]<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=88658|title=Anne Fitzpatrick}}</ref> whom he kept at his townhouse and took to the opera, where they allegedly were found ''[[in flagrante delicto]]''. This brazen lack of convention offended society's standards. After the Duchess had become pregnant by her own lover, the [[John FitzPatrick, 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory|Earl of Upper Ossory]], she and the Duke were divorced by Act of Parliament, passed 23 March 1769.{{sfn|Durrant|2004}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}} Three months later, on 24 June 1769, the Duke married [[Elizabeth Wrottesley]] (1 November 1745{{snd}}25 May 1822), daughter of the [[Sir Richard Wrottesley, 7th Baronet|Reverend Sir Richard Wrottesley]], [[Dean of Worcester]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hellicar|1978|p=28}}</ref> They had the following children:
* Lord Henry FitzRoy (9 April 1770{{snd}}7 June 1828), clergyman; he married Caroline Pigot (died 1 January 1835) on 10 September 1800 and had five children. Ancestor of [[Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick]].
* Lord Frederick FitzRoy (born 16 September 1774; died young).
* Lady Augusta FitzRoy (1779{{snd}}29 June 1839), who married Rev. George F. Tavel (died 1829) on 19 November 1811.
* Lady Frances FitzRoy (1 June 1780{{snd}}7 January 1866), who married the [[1st Baron Churchill]] on 25 November 1800.
* [[Admiral]] [[Lord William FitzRoy]] (1 June 1782{{snd}}13 May 1857), who married Georgiana Raikes (died 2 December 1861) in 1816 and had two children.
* [[Lord John Edward FitzRoy]] (24 September 1785{{snd}}28 December 1856), MP, died unmarried.
* Lady Charlotte FitzRoy (died 23 June 1857).
* Lady Elizabeth FitzRoy (died 13 March 1839), who married her cousin [[William FitzRoy (1773–1837)|Lt. Gen. The Hon. William FitzRoy]] (1773–1837), son of the [[Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton|1st Baron Southampton]], on 4 July 1811.
* Lady Isabella FitzRoy (died 10 December 1866), who married Barrington Pope Blachford (3 December 1783{{snd}}14 May 1816) on 11 August 1812.
Grafton is thus the first British prime minister before [[Anthony Eden]]<ref>Eden's divorce was in 1950 and he remarried in 1952, prior to reaching office as prime minister.</ref> (and one of only three) to have been divorced, and the second, after [[Robert Walpole]], to marry while in office.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Grafton would be the only prime minister to divorce and remarry while in office until [[Boris Johnson]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shearing |first1=Hazel |name-list-style=& |author2=Kathryn Snowdon |title=Boris Johnson marries Carrie Symonds at Westminster Cathedral |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57296472 |access-date=31 May 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-05-30}}</ref>
FitzRoy died on 14 March 1811.
==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Arms of the Duke of Grafton.svg
|crest = On a Chapeau Gules doubled Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or crowned with a ducal-coronet Azure and gorged with a Collar countercompony Argent and of the Fourth
|coronet =
|escutcheon = [[Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of England|Royal arms of King Charles II (differenced)]], ''viz:'' [[Ordinary (heraldry)|grandquarterly]], 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure
|supporters =
|motto = ''Et decus et pretium recti'' (By Grace, the prize of rectitude)
}}
==Cabinet of the Duke of Grafton==
{{transcluded section|source=Grafton ministry}}
{{#section::Grafton ministry|October 1768 to January 1770}}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Durrant|first=Peter|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume=19|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861369-5|title-link=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}
* Lt-Col E.A.H. Webb, ''History of the 12th (The Suffolk) Regiment 1685–1913'', London: Spottiswoode, 1914/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-116-0.
* J.R. Western, ''The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century: The Story of a Political Issue 1660–1802'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Hellicar|first=Eileen|title=Prime Ministers of Britain|chapter=Duke of Grafton (Augustus Henry Fitzroy)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj9nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Duke+of+Grafton+%28Augustus+Henry+Fitzroy%29%22|date=1 January 1978|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=978-0-7153-7486-3}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041205043245/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/pms/grafton.htm The Third Duke of Grafton]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080825210341/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/duke-of-grafton More about Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton] on the 10 Downing Street website.
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-augustus-fitzroy | the Duke of Grafton }}
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