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The '''Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society''' ({{Langx|de|Österreichischer Wander-, Sport- und Geselligkeitsverein}}, abbreviated ''OeWSGV'' or ''ÖWSGV'') was a name used to [[camouflage]] a secret [[paramilitary]] army in [[Austria]] which operated from 1951 to 1964. It was founded by the head of the [[Austrian Trade Union Federation|Austrian Trade Union Federation (ÖGB)]], [[Franz Olah]], to combat communism in Austria. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] provided finances and support. The organisation was a part of a network of "[[stay-behind]]" organisations left in Europe at the end of [[World War II]] as part of the West's [[Cold War]] defences.
==History==
At the end of [[World War II]], Austria was divided into four [[Allied-occupied Austria|Allied occupation zones]].<ref>Folly M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X2uPBQAAQBAJ&dq=austria+at+end+of+WWII+allied+occupation+zones&pg=PA66 ''Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy during the Cold War''] Rowman and Littlefield, 2014 p. 66 {{ISBN|1442242159}} Accessed at Google Books 11 July 2017.</ref> Rivalry between the [[Western Bloc|Western Allies]] (the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]]) and the [[Soviet Union]] over the future of the newly founded [[Austria|Republic of Austria]] was increasing. When the [[Communist Party of Austria|Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ)]] received only 5.5 percent of the votes in the [[National Council (Austria)|Austrian parliamentary]] elections of November 1945, the fear that Austria might become a communist ruled nation was lessened. However, Austria's economic status remained doubtful and there remained the risk of workers' strikes and demonstrations that might lead to a communist coup.<ref>Barker E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=elGuCwAAQBAJ&dq=allies+and+USSR+argument+austria+1945&pg=PA180 ''Austria 1918 - 1972''] Springer, 1973 p. 180 {{ISBN|134901429X}} Accessed at Google Books 11 July 2017.</ref>
In 1947, Johann Böhm, president of the ÖGB and the politician, [[Franz Olah]] (1910{{ndash}}2009) secretly formed a group of reliably anti-Communist [[trade union]]s leaders. The leadership of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] (SPÖ) and the US High Commissioner and Head of the [[United States Armed Forces]] in Germany, General Lieutenant [[Geoffrey Keyes]] (1888{{ndash}}1967) tacitly accepted the arrangement.
World War II caused extreme deprivation and suffering for the people of [[Europe]]. In these socio-economic circumstances, Western leaders warned of Communist expansionism.<ref>McMahon R. J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYTDAAAQBAJ&q=cold+war ''The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction''] OUP Oxford, 2003 p. 26 {{ISBN|0192801783}} Accessed at Google Books 11 July 2017.</ref> However, in Austria, the Allies feared that the people, unhappy with food shortages and a large number of refugees in the country, might support a resurgence of [[Nazism|National Socialism]]. The Allies were also hunting for [[Nazism|Nazi]] war criminals on the run.<ref>Walton C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=f2cjCQAAQBAJ&dq=werewolf+organisation+post+war+austria&pg=PT63 ''Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence in the Cold War''] The Overlook Press, 2014 {{ISBN|1468310437}} Accessed at Google Books 11 July 2017.</ref> As late as 1947, members of a [[Werwolf]] (National Socialist [[Werwolf|partisan]]s) group were found in Austria.<ref>Biddiscombe A. P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2T5YOy3iTYAC&dq=werwolf+austria+1947&pg=PA394 ''Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944-1946''] University of Toronto Press, 1998 p. 53 {{ISBN|0802008623}} Accessed at Google Books 11 July 2017.</ref>
In 1949, Olah became [[secretary (title)|first secretary]] of the Austrian Building and Woodworkers Union, whose members were known to be the most influential in the ÖGB. In October 1950, a wave of strikes protesting the Fourth Wages and Prices Agreement broke out. The unrest became a threat to the government of [[Leopold Figl]] (1902{{ndash}}1965).<ref>Bischof G. A. et al (Ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pKlWyYA26GMC&dq=fourth+wage+price+agreement+austria&pg=PA150 ''The Marshall Plan in Austria''] in ''Contemporary Austrian Studies'' Vol 8. Transaction Publishers, 2003 p. 150 {{ISBN|1412837731}}</ref> It was the union under Olah's leadership and less so the police, who controlled the violent strikers in Vienna. The police under the SPÖ Minister of the Interior, [[Oskar Helmer]], remained inactive for fear of political consequences and for fear of invoking [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation.
To the US, Olah was the most reliable anti-Communist of the trade unionists in Austria and the OeSWGV would be evidence to the American people that Austria would become a truly Western post-war nation.<ref>Bischof G. et al (Ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl0Waw2PvYYC&dq=franz+olah&pg=PA343 ''Austria in the European Union''] in ''Contemporary Austrian Studies'' Vol 10. Transaction Publishers, 2003 p. 343 {{ISBN|1412817641}}</ref> This is remarkable because while the OeWSGV under Olah would employ socialists and trade unionists, similar entities in other European states were formed by conservatives and nationalists and indeed, some of the middle-class citizens of the [[Austrian People's Party]] had good contacts with the CIA in the post-war period.
==Development==
In 1951, a secret army was raised in order to maintain a fighting force with which the Austrian government could counter any attempt at a Communist [[coup d'état]]. The army was camouflaged by the name, the ''Osterreichischen Wander-, Sport-, und Geselligkeitsverein'', the "Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society Club" (or "Hiking, sport, and conviviality union"). Most of the recruits were young working trade union men. The recruits were trained in camps by senior military personnel. They were trained in shooting, in the use of [[explosive material|explosives]], and in [[close quarters combat]].<ref>Wagnleitner R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4XJuCQAAQBAJ&q=Austrian+Association+of+Hiking,+Sports+and+Society ''Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War''] University of North Carolina Press, 2000 p. 63 {{ISBN|080786613X}}</ref> Weapons were purchased from other armies. Cars were purchased in the name of the club.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} In [[Golling an der Salzach]] near [[Salzburg]], (at that time in the American occupation zone), land was purchased for the mountain and winter training of a 200-man special group. At its largest, the OeWSGV had 2,700 employees.
The extent to which the OeWSGV formed with the initiative or the tolerance of the US occupation authorities is unclear. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] provided funding<ref>Good D. F. and Wodak R. (Ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=gLzRCwAAQBAJ&dq=franz+olah&pg=PA49 ''From World War to Waldheim: Culture and Politics in Austria and the United States''] Berghahn Books, 1999 p. 39 {{ISBN|1782388265}}</ref> and material support to the OeWSGV, including 8 to 10 million [[Austrian schilling]]s and modern radio equipment. In emergencies, the OeWSGV was able to make use of the radio infrastructure of the American occupation authorities such as the [[radio masts and towers|red-and-white radio masts]] in [[Vienna]], [[Linz]], and [[Salzburg]].
The CIA's representative in Vienna was [[Albanian Subversion|John H. Richardson Sr.]] (1913{{ndash}}1998). He was stationed there from 1948 to 1952. In the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] era, he was the station chief in [[Saigon]].
In 1952, two trading companies were formed: Atlanta and Omnia Warenhandels AG. They were formed to camouflage fund raising for "Sonderprojekt Olah" which in turn, funded the OeWSGV.
In 1953, the ''Staatspolizei'' ("StaPo"), the Austrian secret service, under the supervision of Peter Schuller, discovered an OeWSGV station in [[Trofaiach]] in the British occupation zone. A letter in the premises linked the station to the ''Bau und Holz'' trade union (construction and timber workers union). Oswald Peterlunger, head of the Vienna state police from 1947 to 1966,<ref>[https://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://geschichte.univie.ac.at/de/personen/oswald-peterlunger-minr-dr&prev=search "Oswald Peterlunger"] Geschichte website accessed 12 July 2017 (German)</ref> was a friend of Olah. The detainees from the station were released and their transmitters returned without publicity.
In 1955, at the completion of the [[Austrian State Treaty]], the four occupying powers withdrew and by its own law, Austria became a [[neutral country]].<ref>Hey J. A. K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WP1_-k2RGoMC&dq=soviet+leaving+austria+1955&pg=PA96 ''Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior''] Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003 p. 96 {{ISBN|1555879438}}</ref> The withdrawal of Soviet forces decreased the risk of Austria becoming a Soviet [[satellite state]].
However, the CIA did not abandon the OeWSGV and maintained similar entities in other [[NATO]] countries. They were designed to combat internal communist currents, and to function as "stay-behind" organizations to protect the countries in the event of Soviet attack. Although Austria was neutral and not a NATO member, the OeWSGV was loosely integrated into NATO as part of the [[Gladio network]]. In November 1956, Soviet troops entered [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungary]]. More than 200,000 refugees fled to Austria.<ref>Karsh E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eh8lvuuML6cC&dq=hungary1956+refugees+to+austria&pg=PA154 ''Neutrality and Small States''] Routledge, 2012 p. 154 {{ISBN|113572847X}}</ref> NATO assumed some of them might be communist agents and so organisations like the OeWSGV were still required.
==Disbandment==
In 1959, Olah replaced Böhm as president of the Austrian Federation of Trade Unions. The Federation's political influence was increasing. In 1963, Olah became Minister of the Interior in the government of the [[Austrian People's Party]] (ÖVP) Chancellor [[Alfons Gorbach]] (1898{{ndash}}1972). As a result, Austria's police services in general were under the influence of StaPo.
After the 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] a policy of relaxed relations between the US and the Soviets was formed. The Austrian democratic system was considered to be so far established that a communist takeover of power was no longer regarded as a realistic scenario. The OeWSGV had thus become more or less obsolete. Olah gradually phased out the organization and had all its documents and bookkeeping destroyed.
==Discovery==
In 1964, Olah was found to have [[misappropriation|misappropriated]] trade union funds to support the [[Freedom Party of Austria]] (FPÖ). On 21 September 1964, he resigned. His successor in the Cabinet of [[Josef Klaus]] (1910{{ndash}}2001) was Hans Czettel (1923{{ndash}}1980). Olah was expelled from the SPÖ. In 1966, he joined the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Austria)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (DFP) to contest the National Council elections. His popularity among workers brought votes from the SPÖ to the DFP. (The DFP received just over three percent of votes.) For the first time, the ÖVP gained an absolute majority of seats, albeit a narrow one, and was able to form a [[majority government]] under Klaus.
In 1969, Olah was prosecuted for his misappropriation of trade union funds in 1959 when he was president of the ÖGB. Olah had used the money to assist [[Hans Dichand]] restart the [[Kronen Zeitung]] newspaper.<ref>Pelinka A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tywrDwAAQBAJ&dq=franz+olah&pg=PA229 ''Sexuality in Austria''] Routledge, 2017 Vol. 15 p. 229 {{ISBN|1351491083}}</ref> In the course of the prosecution, details of the OeWSGV were published for the first time. Olah defended the OeWSGV as a patriotic measure in the struggle against communism to be judged in the context of the Cold War.
Olah was accused of building a private army. In his defence, he named prominent [[conscript]]s. However, they were all men who had died before 1969 and therefore unable to deny or corroborate Olah's defence. They included the former President of Austria, [[Adolf Schärf]] (1890{{ndash}}1965); former Minister of the Interior, Oskar Helmer, and former President of the ÖGB, Johann Böhm. Other men connected with the OeWSGV included the trade unionist Karl Flottl, the Viennese SPÖ municipal councillor, Hans Bock and the head of the Chamber of Labor, Franz Horr. Heinrich Daurer was said to be responsible for weapons training and Walter Jeschko for radio training. The American trade unionist, Wesley Cook was said to be the agent for financing the group. Olah was convicted and sentenced to one year's imprisonment. He left Austrian politics for good. At the time, it was Olah's fraudulent activities that caught the public's interest. It was much later, at the end of the Cold War, when the OeWSGV was re-examined in the context of Austria's international relations.
==Investigations==
Gladio was the name of a secret Cold War paramilitary force in Italy. In 2005, the Swiss historian [[Daniele Ganser]] published a comprehensive and scientific review of its network. [[Projekt-26]] was a similar force in [[Switzerland]].<ref>de Graaff B. and Nyce J. M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_00UDQAAQBAJ&dq=projekt+26&pg=PA391 ''Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures''] Rowman & Littlefield, 2016 p. 391 {{ISBN|1442249420}}</ref>
In 1991, [[Peter Pilz]] an Austrian Member of Parliament representing the [[The Greens - The Green Alternative|Austrian Green Party]], gave a parliamentary question about "activities of the Gladio secret service, or any other NATO-related news service, on Austrian territory". Both the Minister of Defence, Werner Fasslabend and the Minister of the Interior, [[Franz Löschnak]] denied the existence of any such army in Austria and denied knowledge of any such party existing in the past.
In 1995, Olah published a book entitled ''The Memoirs''.<ref>Olah F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lcIiAQAAIAAJ&q=die+erinnerung+olah ''Die Erinnerungen''] Amalthea, 1995 {{ISBN|3850023656}}</ref> In it he gave details beyond those revealed in the 1960s.
In 1996, [[Swanee Hunt]], US [[ambassador]] to Austria, made public US intelligence documents from the time of the Cold War. During its occupation of Austria, the US created over one hundred secret weapon depots, mostly in areas of impassable or mountainous terrain. It is unclear whether the weapons were for the OeWSGV or for US agents. The Austrian federal government commissioned the historian, [[Oliver Rathkolb]] of the [[University of Vienna]], to apply for the publication of further US documents. However, the relevant authorities and the CIA replied that there were none to be had.
In 1965, Austrian [[Gendarmerie|gendarmes]] had discovered a gun depot in a mine near Windisch Bleiberg in [[Carinthia]]. This led to British authorities publishing a list of a further 33 weapons stores.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
In Austria, verifying contacts between particular men has assisted in determining the sources of finance for the OeWSGV. For example, Olah knew Wesley Cook, who served as a representative of the [[American Federation of Labor]] in the [[Marshall Plan]] for three years for the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] in Vienna. Another example involves funds donated by [[Jay Lovestone]] and [[Irving Brown]], both high-ranking US trade union officials. In 1952, they had worked through the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] to make submissions to the CIA.<!--The son of John H. Richardson also published in 2005 a book about the agent's activity of his father, with further details. However, this has not yet been evaluated by Austrian historians. - Source-->
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Austria]]
[[Category:Stay-behind organizations]]