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{{Short description|Village in Northamptonshire, England}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox UK place
|official_name= Aynho
|static_image_name=Aynho.JPG
|static_image_caption=
|coordinates = {{coord|52.00|-1.25|display=inline,title}}
|label_position=bottom
|os_grid_reference= SP5133
|population= 632
|population_ref= ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]]<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=797326&c=aynho&d=16&e=15&g=473853&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1259136396250&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 Office for National Statistics: Aynho CP: Parish headcounts], retrieved 25 November 2009</ref>)<br>659 (2011 census.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11120269&c=Aynho&d=16&e=62&g=6452392&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1467193957688&enc=1|title=Civil Parish population 2011|accessdate=29 June 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics|work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}</ref>
|civil_parish= Aynho
|shire_district= [[West Northamptonshire]]
|shire_county= [[Northamptonshire]]
|region= East Midlands
|country= England
|constituency_westminster= [[South Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South Northamptonshire]]
|post_town= [[Banbury]]
|postcode_district= OX17
|postcode_area= OX
|dial_code= 01869
|website=
}}
'''Aynho''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|n|h|oʊ}}, formerly spelt ''Aynhoe'') is a village and [[Civil parish#United Kingdom|civil parish]] in [[West Northamptonshire]], [[England]], on the edge of the [[River Cherwell|Cherwell]] valley {{convert|6|mi|km}} south-east of the north [[Oxfordshire]] town of [[Banbury]]<ref>{{cite book |title=AA Book of British Villages |date=1980 |publisher=Drive Publications Limited |isbn=9780340254875 |page=43}}</ref> and {{convert|7|mi|km}} southwest of [[Brackley]].
Along with its neighbour [[Croughton, Northamptonshire|Croughton]] {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the east, it is one of the two southernmost villages in [[Northamptonshire]].
It is the southernmost settlement in Northamptonshire and indeed the entire English [[East Midlands]] region.
==History==
Aynho was founded in [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] times. The [[toponymy|toponym]] is derived from ''Aienho'', [[Old English]] for a spring, grove or hill. The circular village was surrounded by a defensive wall, parts of which can still be seen.
In the 11th century Asgar, a Saxon [[thegn]] and standard bearer to [[Edward the Confessor]] owned the [[Manorialism|manor]] of Aynho. After the [[Norman conquest of England]] he was forced to cede the manor to [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], whose family retained it for several generations. Later the manor passed through the Clavering, Neville, Fitzalan, Shakerley, Tracy and Marmion families. Late in the 16th century [[Aynhoe Park]] was sold to Richard Cartwright (born 1563, a barrister and member of the [[Inner Temple]], from a [[Cheshire]] family) who moved to Aynho in 1616. It then remained in the Cartwright Family for over three hundred years.
Late in the 12th century Roger and Alice FitzRichard founded the Hospital of Saints James and John in Aynho to care for the poor, the sick and the infirm.<ref name=Serjeantson>Serjeantson & Adkins, 1906, pages 150–151</ref> Their son Robert FitzRoger and subsequent benefactors increased the endowments of the hospital but in the 15th century it declined.<ref name=Serjeantson/> In 1483 the [[William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel|16th Earl of Arundel]] granted the hospital's [[advowson]] and patronage to [[William Waynflete]], [[Bishop of Winchester]].<ref name=Serjeantson/> In 1458 Waynflete had founded [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] and in 1485 he granted the hospital to the college.<ref name=Serjeantson/> At some time thereafter the hospital seems to have become a private house.<ref name=Serjeantson/>
==Notable buildings==
[[St Michael's Church, Aynho|The village church]] of [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] has a 14th-century [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic|Decorated Gothic]] [[bell tower|tower]].<ref name=Pevsner96>Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 96</ref> The rest of the church was demolished in 1723 and rebuilt over the next two years in [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style.<ref name=Pevsner96/> The interior retains its [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] [[pulpit]], [[box pew]]s and [[West gallery music|west gallery]].<ref name=Pevsner96/>
A Tudor [[yeoman]]'s house was turned into a free [[Grammar School]] founded in 1654 by John Cartwright, and later became the [[dower house]] of the Manor of [[Aynhoe Park]] on the southern edge of the village.<ref>Osborne, page not cited</ref>
Aynho [[almshouse]]s were built in 1822.<ref>Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 99</ref>
==Transport history==
{{Aynho Junction}}
The [[Oxford Canal]] was built through the western part of the parish in 1787.<ref>Compton, 1976, page 37</ref> Aynho Wharf, {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of the village centre, is on the Aynho – [[Deddington]] road.
Construction of the [[Oxford and Rugby Railway]] between {{stnlnk|Oxford}} and {{stnlnk|Banbury}} began in 1845. By the time the line opened in 1850 the [[Great Western Railway]] had taken it over. [[Aynho for Deddington railway station]] was close to Aynho Wharf of the earlier constructed [[Oxford Canal]] on the Aynho to Deddington road, which thereafter became known as Station Road.
In 1910 the GWR completed the [[Chiltern Main Line#The Bicester cut-off|Bicester cut-off line]], linking it with the Oxford and Rugby Railway at Aynho Junction, a new [[flying junction]] built in the parish. The company provided a second station, [[Aynho Park railway station]], on the new line {{convert|130|yd|m}} east of the existing station. [[British Rail]]ways closed Aynho Park in 1963<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=British Railways Board |title=The Reshaping of British Railways |publisher=HMSO |year=1963 |location=London}}</ref> and Aynho for Deddington in 1964.<ref name=":0" /> Aynho Junction is now used by [[Chiltern Railways]], [[CrossCountry]], [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western Railway]] and freight traffic. As part of Chiltern's Evergreen 3, the junction was relaid and upgraded for higher speeds and a new panel was fitted to Banbury South signal box.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Chiltern Renaissance - the Evergreen Success |url=http://www.globalrailnews.com/blog/2011/10/26/chiltern-renaissance-the-evergreen-success/}}</ref>
The [[M40 motorway]] now runs close to the west of the village with the nearest access at junction 10, with the [[A43 road|A43]] trunk road about {{convert|3.5|mi|km|1}} south.
==Notable residents==
Residents have included the 17th-century politician Sir [[Ralph Winwood]], the 19th-century Irish-based judge [[Charles Burton (judge)|Charles Burton]], the 19th- and 20th-century architect [[Philip Speakman Webb]] and the 20th-century mathematician [[Mary Cartwright]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cartwright.html|title=Mary Cartwright (1900–1998)|website=[[mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk]]|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>
==Amenities==
Aynho has a hotel and restaurant in the village, the Cartwright, named after the family that had until 1954 owned [[Aynhoe Park]].  About half a mile outside the village, there is a [[public house]], the Great Western Arms, controlled since 2009 by the [[Hook Norton Brewery]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hooky.co.uk/our_pubs/the-great-western-arms-in-ayhno/ | title=Great Western Arms, Aynho }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[History of Banbury, Oxfordshire]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |author=Compton, Hugh J. |title=The Oxford Canal |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |isbn=0-7153-7238-6 |page=37}}
*{{Cite book |editor=Osborne, Edgar |title=Aynhoe Park: An Illustrated Survey of the Northamptonshire Home of the Cartwright Family |publisher=English Life Publications |location=Derby }}
*{{cite book |author=Pevsner, Nikolaus |authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner |author2=Cherry, Bridget |title=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]]: Northamptonshire |year=1973 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-071022-1 |pages=96–99}}
*{{Cite book |editor=Serjeantson, R.M. |editor2=Adkins, W.R.D. |title=[[Victoria County History]]: A History of the County of Northampton, Volume 2 |year=1906 |pages=150–151}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{OpenDomesday|SP5133|aynho|Aynho}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Villages in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:West Northamptonshire District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Northamptonshire]]