View source for BGM-71 TOW

{{Short description|American anti-tank missile}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = BGM-71 TOW
| image              = Hires 090509-A-4842R-001a.jpg
| image_size         =
| caption            = An M41 tripod-mounted TOW ITAS-FTL with PADS of the U.S. Army in [[Kunar Province]], Afghanistan, May 2009
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Anti-tank missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
| is_missile         = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1970–present
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars               = {{Tree list}}
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Third Indochina War]]
*[[1982 Lebanon War]]
*[[Soviet–Afghan War]]
*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
*[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]
*[[War in Somalia (1992–1993)|War in Somalia]]
*[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkiEoDyFwUA|title=DOUBLE BARREL TOW MISSILE HEADED FOR INSURGENTS – NO SLACK|last=((FUNKER530 – Veteran Community & Combat Footage))|date=28 December 2011|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125161716/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkiEoDyFwUA|archive-date=25 November 2013}}{{better source needed|reason=youtube|date=August 2018}}</ref>
*[[Iraq War]]
*[[Syrian civil war]]<ref name="France-Soir">{{cite news |url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/etat-islamique-comment-les-djihadistes-emploient-les-missiles-antichars-pour-appuyer-offensives-daech-ei-syrie-irak-armement-tactiques-strategie-djihad-chars-propagande-cham-mossoul-bataille |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501121954/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/etat-islamique-comment-les-djihadistes-emploient-les-missiles-antichars-pour-appuyer-offensives-daech-ei-syrie-irak-armement-tactiques-strategie-djihad-chars-propagande-cham-mossoul-bataille |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2017 |title=Etat islamique: comment les djihadistes emploient les missiles antichars pour appuyer leurs offensives|work=[[France-Soir]]|date=4 May 2017|language=fr|access-date=6 September 2018 }}</ref>
*[[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]<ref name="France-Soir"/>
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1637833178579607552 |title=TOW 2B used in Ukrainian soldier |url-status=dead |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103558/https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1637833178579607552 }}</ref>
*[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War]]
**[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
*[[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|2016 India-Pakistan Border skirmishes]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/shorts/_rJiUh4D1GA?feature=share | title=Pakistani troops use a BGM-71 TOW to destroy an Indian Bunker | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*[[Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir]]
{{Tree list/end}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Hughes Aircraft Company]]
| design_date        = 1963–1968
| manufacturer       =
| unit_cost          = $93,640 (2B Aero), $54,956 (Bunker Buster) FY2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Missile Procurement, Army (FY2021) |url=https://www.asafm.army.mil/Portals/72/Documents/BudgetMaterial/2021/Base%20Budget/Procurement/MSLS_FY_2021_PB_Missile_Procurement_Army.pdf}}</ref><br>£8,500 (1984)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pattie |first1=Geoffrey|title=Weapons and Equipment (Costs)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1984/jul/10/weapons-and-equipment-costs#S6CV0063P0_19840710_CWA_48 |website=millbanksystems|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152057/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1984/jul/10/weapons-and-equipment-costs#S6CV0063P0_19840710_CWA_48 |date=10 July 1984 |archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref>
| production_date    =
| number             = > 700,000<ref>{{cite web |title=US Army orders TOW missiles from Raytheon under contracts totaling $676 million
|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/us-army-orders-more-tow-missiles-from-raytheon-under-676-million-contract/}}</ref>
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label         =
| weight             =
| length             = 1.16–1.17 m with probe folded<br/>1.41–1.51 m with probe extended<br/>(some variants have no probe)
| part_length        =
| width              =
| height             =
| diameter           = 152 mm
| crew               = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          =
| caliber            =
| barrels            =
| action             =
| rate               =
| velocity           =
| range              =
| max_range          =
| feed               =
| sights             = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling            =
| filling_weight     = 3.9–6.14&nbsp;kg (penetration 430–900 mm [[Rolled homogeneous armor|RHA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/tow.htm|title=TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missile – Military-Today.com|last=ARG|website=military-today.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922215332/http://www.military-today.com/missiles/tow.htm|archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
| detonation         =
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour             =
| primary_armament   =
| secondary_armament =
| engine             =
| engine_power       =
| pw_ratio           =
| transmission       =
| payload_capacity   =
| suspension         =
| clearance          =
| wingspan           = 0.46 m
| propellant         =
| fuel_capacity      =
| vehicle_range      = Basic TOW 3,000&nbsp;m, most variants 3,750 m
| ceiling            =
| altitude           =
| boost              =
| speed              = 278–320 m/s
| guidance           = Optically tracked, [[Wire-guided missile|wire-guided]] ([[wireless]] [[Radio guidance|radio-guided]] in RF variants)
| steering           =
| accuracy           =
| launch_platform    =
| transport          =
}}
The '''BGM-71 TOW''' ("Tube-launched, Optically tracked, [[wire-guided missile|Wire-guided]]", pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|t|ou}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-tow.html|title=Official US Army history of TOW (9th paragraph)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703021005/http://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-tow.html|archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> is an American [[anti-tank missile]]. TOW replaced much smaller missiles like the [[SS.10]] and [[ENTAC]], offering roughly twice the effective range, a more powerful warhead, and a greatly improved [[semi-automatic command to line of sight]] (SACLOS) that could also be equipped with [[infrared]] cameras for night time use.
First produced in 1970, TOW is one of the most widely used anti-tank [[Missile guidance|guided missiles]].<ref>{{cite web|title=M-220 Tube-launched, Optically-tracked, Wire-guided missile (TOW) |url=https://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/tow.htm|publisher=fas.org |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103052828/https://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/tow.htm|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> It can be found in a wide variety of manually carried and vehicle-mounted forms, as well as widespread use on [[helicopter]]s. Originally designed by [[Hughes Aircraft]] in the 1960s, the weapon is currently produced by [[RTX Corporation|RTX]].
==History==
===Previous designs===
Late in [[World War II]], the German Army began experimenting with modified versions of the [[Ruhrstahl X-4]] [[wire-guided missile]]. Originally developed for the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' as an anti-bomber weapon, by changing the warhead to one using a [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) design, the new X-7 version made an effective anti-armor weapon with a range of hundreds of meters. This would greatly improve the effectiveness of infantry anti-tank operations, which at that time were generally based on smaller weapons like the [[Panzerfaust]] and [[Panzerschreck]], limited in the best case to ranges on the order of {{convert|150|m|ft}}. X-7 was never fully developed before the war ended.
In the immediate post-war era, the design was picked up by development teams in France and Australia. In France, [[Nord Aviation]]'s [[Jean Bastien-Thiry]] developed an updated version of the X-7 using a [[solid fuel rocket]] as the very small and highly portable [[SS.10]]. Development started in 1948, with the first rounds fired in 1952. Evaluations by the [[US Army]] in 1953 concluded it was not ready for operation, but that its progress should be tracked. The Army then instructed the [[Redstone Arsenal]] to develop its own version of the basic concept, which emerged as the [[SSM-A-23 Dart]], a larger design with roughly twice the range of the SS.10. While the development of the Dart continued, Nord delivered a workable version of the SS.10, as well as the extended-range [[SS.11]]. In the summer of 1958, the development of the Dart was canceled in favor of purchasing the two French designs.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
During the same period, the [[British Army]] had been developing its heavyweight long-range weapon with Australia, the [[Malkara (missile)|Malkara]], with a range of about {{convert|4000|yd}}. The tracking system, similar to the SS.11, proved difficult to use and a new project started under the codename [[Orange William]]. This system used a computer to calculate the impact point, sending commands to the missile using an [[infrared]] link. But the link was found not to work in smoke or dust, making it largely useless on the battlefield. A new design emerged, combining the guidance system of the small [[Vickers Vigilant]] with a new and highly maneuverable missile to produce [[Swingfire]]. The goal was to allow the launcher to remain completely undercover while a gunner took a portable sight forward to aim at the targets from a concealed location.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=163}}
===New concept===
In the fall of 1958, the Army's [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|Office of Ordnance Research and Development]] formed the Ad Hoc Working Group at the [[Ballistic Research Laboratories]] (BRL) to define a future replacement for the SS.10 and 11. The team included members from [[Picatinny Arsenal]], [[Frankford Arsenal]], [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Watervliet Arsenal]], [[Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal]] and [[Harry Diamond Laboratories]]. The group almost immediately decided not to attempt to define a weapon concept, and instead spend the next two years studying the problem while researching the possibility of using alternative guidance systems and continually watching foreign developments where the US was lagging.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
It was at some point during this early development that the British became aware of the US developments. Having approved Swingfire to some degree based on the possibility of foreign sales, the emergence of a possible US competitor was a concern. Meetings between [[Solly Zuckerman]] and [[John H. Rubel]] led to the July 1961 Rubel-Zuckerman agreement, wherein the UK would continue development of the long-range Swingfire while the US concentrated on shorter-range missiles, up to {{convert|1000|m}}, with new guidance systems. The US agreed to not introduce a system that competed directly with Swingfire or Vigilant without prior consultation but was free to develop new unguided "assault weapons" to replace the LAW.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=163}} Both the US and [[Canadian Army]] agreed to purchase Swingfire for the long-range role.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=164}}
===HAW===
Despite the efforts to reach an agreement over anti-tank missiles, in the early summer of 1961, the Chief of Ordnance asked BRL to deliver a formal definition for what was then known as the "Heavy Assault Weapon for the Long Range period", or HAW for short.{{efn|Lister speculates the name was chosen deliberately to make it fall under the assault weapon grouping and thus bypass the Rubel-Zuckerman agreement.}} They asked for a weapon to be delivered sometime between 1965 and 1970. BRL assigned the work to the Armored Systems Evaluation Branch of the Weapon Systems Laboratory. David Hardison, the Branch Chief, reconvened the Ad Hoc panel to review a long list of twenty-seven design proposals, all of which were found lacking.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Hardison then began preparing a list of the ideal characteristics of a HAW weapon. Of primary importance was the adoption of some form of semi-automatic guidance, as the manual guidance systems ([[Manual command to line of sight|MCLOS]]) of earlier weapons like SS.11 were found to be difficult to use as the relative movements of the launcher and target increased; MCLOS worked well for stationary launchers and slow-moving targets but had proven much more difficult to use from moving vehicles, and especially [[helicopter]]s.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Experience with the [[MGM-51 Shillelagh]] missile demonstrated that the simplest solution to successfully tracking the missile was to optically track a [[flare]] attached to the missile using an [[infrared seeker]]. This was essentially identical to a [[heat seeking missile]], but tracking its own missile rather than a separate target. Flares, however, were not ideal illumination sources, especially in the case where multiple rounds might be fired and the optical system might track the wrong one. In place of the flare, the panel selected an [[infrared]] (IR) lamp whose output would be modulated with a shutter so each missile would have a unique signal.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Using this style of guidance demanded that the missile be brought into the line-of-sight of the tracking system as soon as possible; in Shillelagh this was almost immediate because the missile was launched from a gun barrel directly into the view of the tracker. Earlier manual weapons like SS.10 and [[ENTAC]] flew upwards after launch to clear the ground when being launched by infantry lying on the ground, and thus would not be immediately visible along the line-of-sight. To ensure the HAW could be tracked successfully, it would have to be launched from a tube, like Shillelagh, but one that was lightweight to ensure mobility.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Finally, Shillelagh sent guidance commands to the missile using an infrared link, but as the British had discovered, this proved relatively unreliable in the field and was subject to countermeasures like random flashing IR lamps. For the shorter ranges envisioned for HAW, wire guidance was perfectly suitable and both much less expensive and largely immune to countermeasures.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
===TOW emerges===
[[File:1st TOW concept mockup.jpg|thumb|right|A U.S. Army soldier in 1964, with the first concept [[mock-up]] of [[Redstone Arsenal]]'s proposed future HAW system (Heavy Antitank Weapon). The HAW ultimately resulted in the modern-day TOW.]]
The resulting design was tube-launched, optically tracked, and wire-guided. BRL programmer Harry Reed immediately christened it "TOW", a name that the system carried into production.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
One problem that was noted early on was that the tube launch would make it difficult for the missile to be launched from a helicopter unless it was pointed relatively directly toward the target. Earlier systems were manually guided and did not need to be "gathered" quickly, so these were easier to launch at high crossing angles. Seeing this might be a major problem in the short term, TOW simply dropped the helicopter-launch requirement.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
When the BRL team returned the HAW/TOW study, the Pentagon gave them six months to come up with an actual requirement instead of a list of desirable features. Reed gathered submissions from the industry and quickly selected three contractors for further details, [[Hughes Aircraft]], [[Martin Marietta]], and [[McDonnell Douglas]]. All three companies concluded the concept was able to be produced.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
On 12 January 1962, the BRL officially assigned the development of the TOW concept to the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM), who in turn formed the Antitank/Aircraft Weapons Commodity Office on 19 November 1962. In December 1962, Hughes was instructed to continue development while a development contract was being drawn up. Budget approval for development was granted in January 1963 as the XM65 TOW, and the final development contract, the first 100 percent cost-plus-incentive-fee, was signed on 3 May 1963. This led to the TOW Project Office opening on 1 October 1964.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
The British learned of the TOW program when it was sent to MICOM. In May, the US suggested they abandon Swingfire in favor of TOW, pointing out that the French were also introducing a long-range missile, and with three similar weapons in the marketplace, the British would find foreign sales difficult. However, the British Army was convinced that the launch vehicle would only survive if it was completely undercover, and TOW required the launcher to remain in sight of the target through the entire flight of the missile. They continued the development of Swingfire.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=165}}
In 1969, the House Authorization Subcommittee considered ending the TOW program in favor of the Shillelagh. A series of presentations by both missile teams followed, and ultimately the decision was made to continue both programs in September 1970.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
===Designs===
Three designs were returned for the initial selection, from Hughes, McDonnell, and Martin. Hughes' design used pop-out fins and a [[gyroscope]] to allow it to automatically maintain an "up" direction. The wire spools were licensed from [[Bofors]] and the rocket motor was made by Hercules. Guidance would be via flare tracking, using an internally-designed IR sensor based on their [[AIM-4 Falcon]] efforts.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=165}}
McDonnell's entry did not attempt to control the spin of the missile, deliberately allowing it to spin during launch and flight like an artillery shell to improve accuracy. Like the Hughes entry, a gyroscope was used to define the up direction; in this case, this constantly changed relative to the missile body as it spun. The IR detector was placed at the end of a vertical V-shaped channel in the launcher. As gravity pulled the missile downward, it would begin to be blocked by the lower side of the V, causing the system to send commands to pull the missile upward. When it reached the top of the view at the end of the V, it stopped the up commands. The result was that the missile bounced up and down {{convert|2|ft}} every {{convert|400|m}} of flight.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=165}}
Finally, Martin's missile used two side-mounted swept-back wings and a rocket that was split into two outlet tubes that were angled downward to give the missile natural lift during flight.{{sfn|Lister|2020|p=165}}
=== Hughes wins===
The initial production contract was awarded to Hughes on 28 June 1968, and the final contract on 29 November 1968. On 10 June 1969, Chrysler's Huntsville Division was awarded the second-source contract.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Many problems emerged with the initial design, notably the early versions of the rocket motors which sometimes ejected burning bits of fuel, presenting a hazard to the gunners. MICOM suggested a new motor using "head end suspended double base" fuel from the [[M72 LAW]] which solved this problem. The IR source had problems due to its use of a fine metal filament that ignited the [[arc lamp]] which often broke during firing. Repeated tests and modifications solved this. The launch tube was designed to be sealed at both ends, with the rear seal being blown off by the rocket motor and the front by pressurized gas released by the guidance system's gyroscope. In practice, both proved unreliable, but remedial action solved the problems.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
Production began at USAF Plant #44 and the first production examples were delivered in August 1969. In September 1970 three training battalions had formed, and by 30 September 1970, the TOW had replaced the Army's existing heavy anti-tank weapon, the [[M40 recoilless rifle]]. It increasingly replaced the French ENTAC missiles purchased earlier.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
===Helicopter launch===
In December 1963 the issue of helicopter launches was once again considered. The problem with the existing semi-automatic systems was that the missile had to be "gathered" by the optical tracker quickly for it to send commands to the missile. In contrast, earlier all-manual systems could be guided by the gunner at any time. With the TOW being launched from a tube, some other system would be needed to ensure it could be guided into the optics field of view after launch. This would be all the more difficult if the helicopter was not flying directly at the target, or was maneuvering.
MICOM sent contracts to both Hughes and [[Philco Ford]], makers of the Shillelagh, to develop stabilized launch sights for their respective missile designs. They were in the form of a complete system combining the sighting system, launcher tube assembly, and all related equipment as the XM26 weapon system. Hughes won the contest in 1965 and was awarded a second development contract for XM26 in June 1966.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
XM26 was initially developed by a separate organization within BRL, the Aircraft Weapons Commodity Office. This was assigned to the TOW Project Office on 5 April 1970.{{sfn|AMCOM}}
===Replacement===
The U.S. Army is seeking a replacement for the TOW through the Close Combat Missile System-Heavy (CCMS-H) effort. Objectives are for a weapon with increased range out to {{cvt|10000|m|mi|abbr=on}} or more, as well as greater speed, the ability to fire on the move, and lock on before and after launch capability while retaining similar launcher size and arming distance. The Army hopes to field the CCMS-H sometime between 2028 and 2032.<ref>[https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/04/08/army-wants-replace-cold-war-era-tow-missile-new-longer-range-tank-killer.html Army Wants to Replace the Cold War-Era TOW Missile with a New Longer-Range Tank Killer]. ''[[Military.com]]''. 8 April 2021.</ref>
==Design==
In 1997, [[Raytheon]] purchased the missile systems division of Hughes Electronics from General Motors Corporation, so the development and production of TOW systems now come under the Raytheon brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1997/01/17/biz_202677.shtml|title=The Augusta Chronicle: Local & World News, Sports & Entertainment in Augusta, GA|website=The Augusta Chronicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101315/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1997/01/17/biz_202677.shtml|archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The weapon is used in anti-armor, anti-bunker, anti-fortification and anti-amphibious landing roles. TOW is in service with over 45 militaries and is integrated on over 15,000 ground, vehicle and helicopter platforms worldwide.
In its basic infantry form, the system breaks down into some modules: a folding tripod mount, a launch tube (into the rear of which encased missiles are inserted), a mandatory daylight tracker unit, which can be augmented with an optional AN/TAS-4 or AN/TAS-4/A gas-cooled night sight (or an all-in-one tracker unit on the M41 ITAS version), and a traversing unit, which mounts onto the tripod and carries the launch tube and sight, that also includes the weapon's trigger and the bridging clamp, which mates with the missile's umbilical data connector. In addition to this main assembly, there is a separate fire control system (FCS) module, which performs all guidance calculations, and a battery pack to power the system. These two modules link to each other, with the FCS then linked to the daylight tracker by a cable.
[[File:ATGM Stryker firing a TOW misile.jpg|thumb|left|TOW launch showing guidance wires]]
When the target is sighted and the trigger is pulled, there is a 1.5-second firing delay while the missile spins up its internal gyroscope and the thermal battery reaches operating temperature. Once this concludes, the launch motor fires through the rear nozzle propelling the missile from the tube: this soft-launch motor fires for only 0.05 seconds<ref>FM 23-24 ''TOW Weapon System'', Headquarters, Department of the Army, 17 August 1994, p. 1-11, "The launch motor is a solid fuel rocket booster that burns entirely inside the launch tube," p. 1-13 Table 1-2 gives a time of exit at launch +.05 seconds.</ref> and burns out before the missile has exited the tube. As the missile exits the launch tube, the first four wings just forward of the flight motor spring open forward, followed by four tail control surfaces, which flip open rearwards as the missile completely exits the launch tube. As the wings fully extend at about 7 meters from the launcher, the flight motor ignites, boosting the missile's speed to approximately 600 miles per hour (~1,000 kilometers per hour) during its burn time. At 0.18 seconds after launch, around 65 meters from the launcher, the warhead is armed by G-forces from acceleration by the flight motor, a safety feature intended to protect the operator if the flight motor fails to ignite. The flight motor burns out 1.6 seconds after launch, with the missile gliding for the remainder of its flight time. After the tracker captures the missile, IR sensors bore-sighted to the daylight tracker continuously monitor the position of an [[IR beacon]] on the missile's tail relative to the line-of-sight, with the FCS generating course corrections which are sent via the command link to the missile's integral flight control unit. The missile then corrects its flight path via the control surface actuators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aircav.com/cobra/towlife.html|title=TOW missile – beginning to end|first=M.|last=Liden|website=aircav.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092022/http://www.aircav.com/cobra/towlife.html|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> The operator keeps the sight's crosshair centered over the target until impact: if the missile fails to strike a target, the command wires are automatically cut at 3,000 meters on the original TOW and 3,750 meters on most current-production TOWs. An automatic wire cut also occurs if the tracker fails to detect the missile's thermal beacon within 1.85 seconds of launching.
[[File:Wehrtechnische Sammlung der Bundeswehr (39637633461).jpg|thumb|A TOW missile cutaway at a museum in Germany. The warhead is on the left, with its copper liner evident. Behind the warhead is the rocket motor with one exhaust nozzle visible. At the right is the guidance system and wire dispensers.]]
The TOW missile was continually upgraded, with an improved TOW missile (ITOW) appearing in 1978 that had a new warhead triggered by a long probe, which was extended after launch, that gave a stand-off distance of {{convert|15|in|mm|abbr=on}} for improved armor penetration. The 1983 TOW 2 featured a larger {{convert|5.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead with a {{convert|21.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} extensible probe, improved resistance to jamming with a second, shorter wavelength xenon tracking beacon and optical encoders to randomly modulate the pulse frequency of both beacons and a motor that provided around 30% more thrust.<ref>Gunston, page 157.</ref><ref name="TOW Weapon System">
{{cite web |url=https://www.trngcmd.marines.mil/Portals/207/Docs/TBS/FMFRP%206-90-1%20Tow%20Weapon%20System.pdf |title=TOW Weapon System |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=November 2003 |website=Marines Training Command |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> This was followed by the TOW 2A/B, which appeared in 1987.<!-- <ref name="army-technology.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow/ |title=TOW 2 Wire-Guided Anti-Tank Missile, United States of America |access-date=2010-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210041604/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow/ |archive-date=10 December 2009}}</ref> --><ref name="army-technology.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow/ |title=TOW 2 Wire-Guided Anti-Tank Missile, United States of America |access-date=2010-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210041604/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow/ |archive-date=10 December 2009}} . {{cite web |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow-2-missile/ |title=TOW 2 Wire-Guided Anti-Tank Missile, United States of America |date=2022-03-15|access-date=2024-08-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240506225515/https://www.army-technology.com/projects/tow-2-missile/ |archive-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>
Hughes developed a TOW missile with a wireless data link in 1989, referred to as TOW-2N, but this weapon was not adopted for use by the U.S. military. Raytheon continued to develop improvements to the TOW line, but its FOTT (Follow-On To TOW) program was canceled in 1998, and its TOW-FF (TOW-Fire and Forget) program was cut short in 2002 because of funding limitations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=The Army's Plan To Finally Replace The Tank Busting TOW Missile |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40111/the-armys-plan-to-finally-replace-the-tank-busting-tow-missile |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=The Drive |date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314180929/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40111/the-armys-plan-to-finally-replace-the-tank-busting-tow-missile |archive-date=14 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 2001 and 2002, Raytheon and the U.S. Army worked together on an extended range TOW-2B variant, initially referred to as TOW-2B (ER), but now called TOW-2B Aero, which has a special nose cap that increases range to 4.5&nbsp;km. TOW-2B has [[top attack]] capability.<ref name="urlHughes / Raytheon BGM-71 TOW / TOW-2 Heavy Anti-Tank (AT) Weapon System – United States">{{cite web |url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=120 |title=Hughes / Raytheon BGM-71 TOW / TOW-2 Heavy Anti-Tank (AT) Weapon System – United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180725/https://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=120 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although this missile has been in production since 2004, no U.S. Army designation has yet been assigned. Wireless versions of the TOW-2A, TOW-2B, and TOW-2B Aero have been developed that use a "stealthy" one-way radio link, identified with the suffix "RF".<ref name="army-technology.com" /> These missiles require no special alterations to the launcher since the RF transmitter is encased along with the missile and uses the standard umbilical data connector.
In 1999, TOW received the Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS).<ref name="army-technology.com" />
The TOW missile in its current variations is not a [[fire-and-forget]] weapon and like most second-generation wire-guided missiles has [[SACLOS|Semi-Automatic Command Line of Sight]] guidance. This means that the guidance system is directly linked to the platform, and requires that the target be kept in the shooter's line of sight until the missile impacts. A fire-and-forget TOW variant (TOW-FF) was under development but was canceled by the Army in 2002.<ref name="army-technology.com" />
In October 2012, [[Raytheon]] received a contract to produce 6,676 TOW (wireless-guided) missiles for the U.S. military. Missiles that will be produced include the BGM-71E TOW 2A, the BGM-71F TOW 2B, the TOW 2B Aero, and the BGM-71H TOW Bunker Buster.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/raytheon-awarded-349-million-us-army-contract-for-tow-missiles-173100471.html|title=Raytheon awarded $349 million US Army contract for TOW missiles|author=Raytheon Company|date=8 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116024908/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/raytheon-awarded-349-million-us-army-contract-for-tow-missiles-173100471.html|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> By 2013, the U.S. Marine Corps had retired the air-launched TOW missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/20130925.aspx|title=Air Weapons: TOW Fades|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212626/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/20130925.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
===Launch platforms===
[[File:TOW fired from Jeep.jpg|thumb|left|A TOW missile being fired from an [[M151]]]]
TOW is designated as a BGM by the U.S. military: a multiple launch environment (B) surface attack (G) guided missile (M). The B launch environment prefix is used only when the system can be essentially unmodified when launched from a variety of launch platforms.
The '''M151''' and '''M220''' launchers are used by infantry, but can also be mounted on some vehicles, including the [[M151 MUTT|M151]] [[jeep]], the [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113 APC]], the [[Humvee|M966 HMMWV]] and the [[Humvee|M1045 HMMWV]] (which replaced the M966). These launchers are theoretically man-portable but are quite bulky. The updated M151 launcher was upgraded to include thermal optics to allow nighttime usage and had been simplified to reduce weight. The M220 was specifically developed to handle the TOW-2 series.
TOW systems have also been developed for vehicle-specific applications on the [[M2 Bradley|M2/M3 Bradley IFV/CFV]], the [[LAV-25#Derivatives|LAV-AT]], the [[M1134 anti-tank guided missile vehicle|M1134 Stryker]] ATGM carrier, and the now-retired [[M901 ITV]] (improved TOW vehicle); they are generally referred to as '''TOW under armor''' (TUA).
[[File:M1134 ATGM Vehicle fires TOW missile.jpg|thumb|right|A U.S. Army [[Stryker#Variants|M1134 Stryker]] ATGM carrier at the [[Yakima Training Center]] fires a TOW missile, May 2011]]
In helicopter applications, the [[U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems#AH-1 Cobra|M65 system]] used by the [[AH-1 Cobra|AH-1]] series is the primary system deployed, but the [[U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems#UH-1 Iroquois|XM26]] system was developed for the UH-1, and a system was put into development for the later canceled [[AH-56 Cheyenne|AH-56]] helicopter. TOW has also been used with AH.1 (TOW) and AH.7 variants of [[Westland Lynx]] helicopters, with the attachment of two pylons, each carrying four missiles.
The M41 TOW improved target acquisition system (ITAS) is a block upgrade to the M220 ground/high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)-mounted TOW 2 missile system. The TOW ITAS is currently being fielded to airborne, air assault, and light infantry forces throughout the active and reserve components of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps (where it is called the SABER). The ITAS, in addition to providing better anti-armor capabilities to antitank units, also has capabilities that make it an integral part of the combined arms team. Even when organized in heavy—light task forces, where the preponderance of antiarmor capabilities traditionally has resided in the heavy elements, TOW ITAS-equipped antitank units can not only destroy threat targets but also provide superior reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA), rear area protection, and urban operations capabilities.
The TOW ITAS consists of three new line replaceable units: the target acquisition subsystem (TAS), the fire control subsystem (FCS), and the lithium battery box (LBB); a modified TOW 2 traversing unit; the existing TOW launch tube and tripod; and a TOW Humvee modification kit. The TAS integrates into a single housing the direct view optics and missile tracker, a second-generation [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) [[night vision]] sight (NVS), and a [[laser rangefinder]]. TAS electronics provide automatic boresighting for these components, eliminating both tactical collimation and 180-day verification requirements. The integral cooling system for the IR optics is a modern SADA-II electrically powered cryocooler, removing the need to carry a supply of high-pressure coolant gas cartridges as was necessary for the previous AN/TAS-4 and AN/TAS-4A night sights.
The most recent addition to the ITAS system is the ITAS-FTL (far target location), which incorporates a new module called PADS (position attitude determination subsystem), a device that attaches to the top of the ITAS sighting unit and uses differential GPS tracking to relay precise coordinate data to the operator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/27259/tow-system-upgrade-goes-to-troops-in-afghanistan|title=TOW System Upgrade Goes To Troops in Afghanistan|date=11 September 2009 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135342/https://www.army.mil/article/27259/tow-system-upgrade-goes-to-troops-in-afghanistan|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
==Service history==
In 1968, a contract for full-scale production was awarded to Hughes, and by 1970 the system was being fielded by the U.S. Army. When adopted, the BGM-71 series replaced the M40 106&nbsp;mm [[recoilless rifle]] and the [[ENTAC|MGM-32 ENTAC]] missile system then in service. The missile also replaced the [[SS.11|AGM-22B]] then in service as a heliborne anti-tank weapon.
===1972: Vietnam: first combat use===
[[File:BGM-71 TOW, exhibited in the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the captured TOW-launchers, exhibited in the [[War Remnants Museum]] in Ho Chi Minh City]]
On 24 April 1972, the U.S. ''1st Combat Aerial TOW Team'' arrived in [[South Vietnam]]; the team's mission was to test the new anti-armor missile under combat conditions.<ref name="a1">Starry p. 215</ref> The team consisted of three crews, technical representatives from [[Bell Helicopter]] and [[Hughes Aircraft]], members of the [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Command]], and two UH-1B helicopters; each mounting the XM26 TOW weapons system, which had been taken from storage. After displacing to the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] for aerial gunnery, the unit commenced daily searches for enemy armor.<ref name="a1" /> On 2 May 1972, U.S. Army UH-1 Huey helicopters firing TOWs destroyed [[North Vietnam]]ese [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) tanks near [[Battle of An Loc|An Loc]]. This was heralded as the first time a U.S. unit neutralized enemy armor using American-designed and built guided missiles (in this case, against a captured American-made [[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41]] operated by the PAVN).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Thomas P. McKenna|first=Thomas P. |last=McKenna|title=Kontum: The Battle to Save South Vietnam|series=Battles and Campaigns|year= 2011|publisher=University Press of Kentucky |jstor=j.ctt2jcmsd|page=143|chapter= 11. A New Team for the Defense|isbn=9780813133980 }}</ref> On 9 May, elements of the PAVN's 203rd Armored Regiment assaulted [[Ben Het Camp]] held by [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) [[Vietnamese Rangers|Rangers]]. The Rangers destroyed the first three [[PT-76]] amphibious light tanks of the 203rd, thereby breaking up the attack.<ref name="a2">Starry p. 215–217</ref><ref name="a3">Dunstan</ref> During the battle for the city of [[Kontum]], the TOW missile had proven to be a significant weapon in disrupting PAVN tank attacks within the region. By the end of May, BGM-71 TOW missiles had accumulated 24 confirmed kills of both PT-76 light and [[T-54/55|T-54]] main battle tanks.<ref name="a2" /><ref name="a3" />
On 19 August, the ARVN 5th Infantry Regiment, [[2nd Division (South Vietnam)|2nd Division]] abandoned [[Firebase Ross]] in the [[Que Son Valley]], {{convert|30|mi}} southwest of Da Nang, to the PAVN [[711th Division (Vietnam)|711th Division]]. A dozen TOW missiles were left with abandoned equipment and fell into PAVN hands.<ref> The U.S. confirms enemy captured secret missiles. Washington Post News Service 22 August 1972</ref>
===1982: Lebanon War===
The [[Israel Defense Forces]] used TOW missiles during the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. On 11 June, Israeli anti-tank teams armed with TOW ambushed Syrian armored forces and destroyed many Syrian [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-made [[T-72]] tanks. Estimates vary regarding the number of T-72s destroyed by TOWs (vs. the number destroyed by [[Merkava]] [[Main battle tank|MBT]]s), with the lower end at nine and the high end attributing "the majority" of the 30 T-72s destroyed by Israeli forces in the war to [[Yossi Peled]]'s anti-tank TOW units.<ref>{{cite book|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991|first=Kenneth M.|last=Pollack|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|page=660|year=2004|isbn= 0803287836}}</ref> This was probably the first encounter of the American anti-tank missile with the newer Soviet tank.<ref>עפר שלח ויואב לימור, "שבויים בלבנון, האמת על מלחמת לבנון השנייה", הוצאת ידיעות ספרים, 2007, עמוד 327 (Hebrew)<br /> [[Ofer Shelah]] and Yoav Limor, "Captives in Lebanon – The Truth about the Second Lebanon War", 2007 – page 327.</ref>
===Iran–Iraq War===
[[File:BGM-71 TOW, Iran-Iraq War.jpg|Two Iranian soldiers with a BGM-71 TOW mounted on a Toyota Landcruiser during the Iran-Iraq war.|thumb]]
In the [[Iran–Iraq War]] of the 1980s, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]] used TOW missiles purchased before the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, as well as those purchased during the [[Iran–Contra affair]].
Of the 202 [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1J Internationals]] (export variant of the AH-1J SeaCobra) that Iran purchased from the US, 62 were TOW-capable. Iranian AH-1Js managed to slow down Iraqi tank advances into Iran. During the "[[dogfight]]s" between Iranian SeaCobras and Iraqi [[Mil Mi-24]]s, Iranians achieved several "kills", usually using TOW missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airvectors.net/avcobra_2.html|title=[2.0] Second-Generation Cobras|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012919/http://www.airvectors.net/avcobra_2.html|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
===1991: Persian Gulf War===
TOW was used in multiple engagements during Operation Desert Storm in the [[Persian Gulf War]] of 1991. During the war, both the [[M2 Bradley]] [[Infantry fighting vehicle]] (IFV) and the [[M3 Bradley]] Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) carried TOW missiles. The M2 can also carry seven additional rounds, while the M3 can carry twelve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=5|title=M2 Bradley – Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) – History, Specs and Pictures – Military Tanks, Vehicles and Artillery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701155835/http://militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=5|archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> The M2 and M3 medium-weight [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]]s destroyed more Iraqi tanks during the war than the [[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] heavy Main Battle Tanks.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
Both AT (TOW) Company, [[2nd Tank Battalion]], [[2nd Marine Division]] and AT (TOW) Company, [[3rd Tank Battalion]], [[1st Marine Division]] engaged Iraqi tanks with TOW missiles in their M1045/M1046 [[HMMWV]]s. These vehicles were configured with a roof-mounted TOW launcher and carried six rounds in the cargo compartment with an additional round in the tube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/humvee_hmmwv_variants_light_tacticale_vehicle/m1045_m1045a1_m1045a2_hmmwv_humvee_anti-tank_missile_tow_carrier_vehicle_technical_data_sheet_pictur.html|title=M1045 M1045A1 M1045A2 HMMWV Humvee anti-tank missile Tow carrier vehicle technical data sheet pictur|date=22 March 2012 }}</ref>
The British Army also [[Westland Lynx#United Kingdom|deployed]] TOW-armed, [[Westland Lynx]] helicopters to the conflict, where they were used to attack Iraqi armored vehicles. This was the first recorded use of the TOW missile from a British helicopter.
===1993: Somalia===
On 5 June, 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed by members of [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]'s [[Habr Gidr]] militia; some were skinned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/dec14/analysis14.asp|title=Philadelphia Online – Blackhawk Down|first=Philadelphia|last=Online|website=inquirer.philly.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820132953/http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/dec14/analysis14.asp|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, the United Nations called for the arrest of those responsible. Weeks later they would formally place the blame on Aidid, leader of the Habr Gidr clan. Subsequently, U.N. troops hunted Aidid. Incidents between the two sides worsened, with fighting back and forth. On 12 July, three months before the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]], the United Nations and the United States attempted to defeat [[Aidid]]'s organization by attacking a strategy meeting of his native [[Habr Gidr]] clan under [[Abdi House raid|Operation Michigan]]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described the event as a "slaughter" in which a "half-dozen" [[AH-1 Cobra]] attack helicopters fired 16 TOW missiles and 2,000 rounds from their 20&nbsp;mm cannons into the meeting of the elders and senior combat commanders. The first TOW missile destroyed the stairs, preventing escape. In the aftermath, it was revealed that [[Aidid]] was not in the meeting. The [[Red Cross]] claimed that 54 people had been killed, [[Admiral]] [[Jonathan T. Howe]] reported that 20 had died, while Aidid's [[Somali National Alliance]] produced a list of 73 people who they claimed had been killed.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/de_Waal3/index2.html|title=U.S. War Crimes in Somalia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232325/http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/de_Waal3/index2.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>
===2001: War in Afghanistan===
TOW missiles were used during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|work=The Nation|date=12 April 2016|first=Lyle Jeremy|last=Rubin|access-date=30 October 2016|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/my-experience-of-americas-war-making-haunts-me-it-should-haunt-our-politicians-too/|title=As a Former Marine, America's War-Making Haunts Me—It Should Haunt Our Politicians Too|quote=I remember watching about a half dozen Marines unleash their fury on a village because stray rounds were heard popping near our base, the unit was about to head home, and there were weapon systems and ammunition yet to be deployed. First, they returned fire with their M-4 rifles. Then the M249 light machine gun. Then the M240 machine gun. Then the MK-19 grenade launcher. Then the AT4 anti-tank weapon. Then the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile. Then the vehicle-mounted BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102134423/https://www.thenation.com/article/my-experience-of-americas-war-making-haunts-me-it-should-haunt-our-politicians-too/|archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
===2003: Iraq War===
Ten Humvee-mounted TOW missiles were used by U.S. forces in Iraq during the 22 July 2003 assault that killed [[Uday Hussein|Uday]] and [[Qusay Hussein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3090639.stm|title=Chronology: How the Mosul raid unfolded|work=BBC News|date=23 July 2003|access-date=16 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111192354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3090639.stm|archive-date=11 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although TOW missiles are generally used against armored vehicles, these missiles were used on the house where the two men were located.
===2011: Syrian Civil War===
[[File:Jesus Christ Brigade BGM-71E.png|thumb|A member of the [[Free Syrian Army]] – [[Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)|Southern Front]]'s Sword of al-Sham Brigades prepares to launch a BGM-71E TOW at a [[Syrian Arab Army]] position in southern Syria (December 2014)]]
[[File:Army of Glory fighter launch a BGM-71 TOW missile.png|thumb|right|An [[Army of Glory]] fighter firing a BGM-71 TOW at a Syrian Army target north of [[Hama]], Syria, in March 2017]]
The weapon was spotted as early as April 2014 in at least two videos that surfaced showing [[Syrian opposition]] forces in the [[Syrian civil war]] using BGM-71 TOWs, a weapon previously not seen in use by the opposition.<ref>[//www.stratfor.com/analysis/gauging-syrian-conflict]</ref> Such a video, showing a BGM-71E-3B with the serial number removed, can be seen in a 27 May 2014 episode of the [[PBS]] series [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|''Frontline'']].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=27 May 2014 |title=Syria: Arming the Rebels |medium=Online Video |language=en |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/syria-arming-the-rebels/ |access-date=15 June 2015 |time=8:07 |publisher=PBS |work=Frontline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608121051/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/syria-arming-the-rebels/ |archive-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
In February 2015, [[The Carter Center]] listed 23 groups within the [[Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)|Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army]] that have been documented using US-supplied TOWs.<ref name="carter center">{{cite news |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/syria-conflict/NationwideUpdate-Feb-28-2015.pdf |title=Syria Countrywide Conflict Report No. 5 |publisher=The Carter Center |date=February 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |page=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429060909/http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/syria-conflict/NationwideUpdate-Feb-28-2015.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref>
A sudden influx of TOWs was supplied in May 2015, mostly to [[Free Syrian Army]] affiliated factions, but also independent Islamist battalions; as a requirement of being provided TOWs, these [[Syrian opposition]] groups are required to document the use of the missiles by filming their use and are also required to save the spent missile casings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/ |title=THE MODERATE REBELS: A GROWING LIST OF VETTED GROUPS FIELDING BGM-71 TOW ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILES |publisher=HasanMustafas.wordpress.com |last=Mustafa |first=Hasan |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160612000501/https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/ |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref> Groups provided with TOWs include the [[Hazzm Movement]], the [[13th Division (Syrian rebel group)|13th Division]], [[1st Coastal Division]], [[Syria Revolutionaries Front]], [[Yarmouk Army]], [[Knights of Justice Brigade]], and the [[101st Division (Syrian rebel group)|101st Division]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eaworldview.com/2014/05/syria-9-insurgent-groups-us-made-tow-anti-tank-missiles/ |title=Syria: The 9 Insurgent Groups with US-Made TOW Anti-Tank Missiles |publisher=EA WorldView |last=Lucas |first=Scott |date=9 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329153618/http://eaworldview.com/2014/05/syria-9-insurgent-groups-us-made-tow-anti-tank-missiles/ |archive-date=29 March 2015 }}</ref> Free Syrian Army battalions widely and decisively used TOWs in the [[2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive]].<ref name=Ledger-Enquirer>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2015/05/03/3701353/rebel-worry-how-to-control-islamists.html |title=Rebel worry: How to control Islamists if Assad is pushed from northern Syria |work=[[Ledger-Enquirer]] |agency=[[The McClatchy Company]] |last1=Gutman |first1=Roy |last2=Alhamadee |first2=Mousab |date=3 May 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234911/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2015/05/03/3701353/rebel-worry-how-to-control-islamists.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/world/middleeast/islamist-militants-capture-syrian-town.html?referrer= |title=Islamists Seize Control of Syrian City in Northwest |work=The New York Times |last1=Barnard |first1=Anne |author-link=Anne Barnard |last2=Saad |first2=Hwaida |author2-link=Hwaida Saad |date=25 April 2015 |access-date=27 April 2015 |quote=Other video images posted by fighters and antigovernment activists showed insurgents, including some with Fursan al-Haq, a Free Syrian Army group, using what appeared to be guided antitank missiles to blow up armored vehicles in the battles in Idlib Province in recent days. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181442/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/world/middleeast/islamist-militants-capture-syrian-town.html?referrer= |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Stratfor">{{cite web |url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/syria-stakes-are-high-rebel-offensive |title=In Syria, the Stakes Are High for a Rebel Offensive |publisher=Stratfor |date=24 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090549/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/syria-stakes-are-high-rebel-offensive |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> Russia attempted a rescue operation after a [[Su-24]]M was [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down]] at the Syria–Turkey border on 24 November 2015, a video of [[Free Syrian Army]] [[1st Coastal Division]] using a TOW missile to destroy a disabled Russian helicopter on the ground after its crew had retreated was posted on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/566273-syria-rebels-force-russia-helicopter-into-crash-landing|title=Syria rebels destroy Russian helicopter|publisher=NOW Media|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104094724/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/566273-syria-rebels-force-russia-helicopter-into-crash-landing|archive-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=unreliable source ?|date=August 2018}} In October 2015, [[Saudi Arabia]] delivered 500 TOW missiles to anti-Assad rebels.<ref>"[https://www.businessinsider.com/syria-rebels-and-tow-missiles-2015-10 Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime] ". ''Business Insider''. 10 October 2015.</ref>
A video produced through Bulgarian Television provides evidence of non-rebel use of this weapon by Islamic-affiliated fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freespeechdefense.net/2017/05/i-wonder-why-this-is-being-censored/|title=I wonder why this is being Censored?|date=22 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917210612/https://freespeechdefense.net/2017/05/i-wonder-why-this-is-being-censored/|archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>
Reports indicate that a small number of TOW missiles have ended up in the hands of [[al-Qaeda in Syria]] and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].<ref>"[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syrian-sniper-us-tow-missiles-transform-cia-backed-syria-rebels-into-ace-marksmen-fight-against-1526468 Syrian sniper: US TOW missiles transform CIA-backed Syria rebels into ace marksmen in the fight against Assad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306032402/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syrian-sniper-us-tow-missiles-transform-cia-backed-syria-rebels-into-ace-marksmen-fight-against-1526468 |date=6 March 2016 }}". ''International Business Times''. 30 October 2015.</ref><ref name="insider isis">[http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-used-us-made-anti-tank-missiles-near-palmyra-2015-6 ISIS used US-made anti-tank missiles near Palmyra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003060845/http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-used-us-made-anti-tank-missiles-near-palmyra-2015-6 |date=3 October 2016}}. ''Business Insider''. 9 June 2015.</ref>
In August 2016 footage of the Syrian military inspecting a captured BGM-71E missile system in Bani Zeit district, Aleppo, was leaked online.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sircliffe|title=AnnaNews – Exclusive: Syrian Army Captured American Arms Depot|date=2016-08-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsVU6ve661o|access-date=2016-08-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102134401/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsVU6ve661o|archive-date=2 January 2017}}{{better source needed|reason=youtube and AnnaNews aren't reliable sources|date=August 2018}}</ref>
On 2 September 2016, rebels released a video of a BGM-71 TOW destroying a French-manufactured [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]] as it was landing on an airstrip near Khattab in Northern Hama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yburtcgEOuY|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102134253/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yburtcgEOuY|archive-date=2 January 2017}}{{better source needed|reason=youtube|date=August 2018}}</ref>
Reports say that the TOW missile has successfully hit Russian [[T-90]]s in Syria, which are equipped with active defenses designed to defeat such missiles.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/20160227_tow_vs_shtora.html TOW Missile Hits a T-90 Tank with 'Soft-Kill' (SHTORA) APS and Reactive Armor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228101027/http://defense-update.com/20160227_tow_vs_shtora.html |date=28 February 2016 }} – Defense-Update.com, 27 February 2016</ref> However, a Russian report claims the tank shows "very little damage" and was still operable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vpk-news.ru/news/29923 |title=Динамическая защита "Контакт-5" спасла Т-90 от американской ракеты &#124; Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805001901/https://vpk-news.ru/news/29923 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===2022: Russo-Ukrainian War===
In August 2022 the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] announced<ref>{{cite web |title=$775 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775-million-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> that it would be sending 1,500 TOW missiles (presumably BGM-71, though not explicitly specified as such) to Ukraine as part of an additional $775m security assistance package to the "meet [[Ukraine]]’s critical security and defense needs" as part of ongoing US military assistance following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].
In April 2023, videos posted to Twitter showed Ukrainian forces using TOW missiles to destroy Russian tanks in the Bakhmut area, including their loading, use and mounting on a vehicle. A former National Security Council official said: “Such videos are just devastating. They show that even older weapons like TOW missiles can have a massive impact on Russian forces. These videos surely damage Russian morale as well."<ref>{{cite web |title='Just Devastating': Ukraine Hits Russian Forces With TOW Tank-Killer Missile |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2023/04/just-devastating-ukraine-hits-russian-forces-with-tow-tank-killer-missile/|website=19fortyfive |author= Jack Buckby |date=12 April 2023|access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref>
On 19 July [[Hanna Maliar]], Ukraine's deputy defense minister, claimed on Telegram that an M2 Bradley had killed Russian infantry during fighting in the Zaporizhzhia region. She further claimed that using TOW missiles the M2 Bradley was able to destroy two Russian [[T-72]] tanks. The Bradley was assigned to the [[47th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|47th Mechanized Brigade]]. These claims could not be independently verified.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://t.me/annamaliar/944 | title=Ганна Маляр }}</ref><ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-says-destroyed-2-russian-t72-tanks-us-bradley-ifv-2023-7 Ukraine says it took out 2 Russian T-72 tanks using a single US-supplied Bradley IFV]. ''Business Insider''.Mia. Jankowicz.  19 July 2023</ref>
==Variants==
[[Raytheon]] (now [[RTX Corporation|RTX]]) has taken over for Hughes in recent years, and now handles production of all current variants, as well as TOW development.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Designation
! Description
! Length
! Diameter
! Wingspan
! Launch weight
! Warhead
! Armor penetration (est.)
! Range
! Speed
|-
|XBGM-71A/BGM-71A
|Hughes Tube launched Optically tracked Wire command link guided (TOW) Missile
| rowspan=2 | 1.16 m
| rowspan=8 | 0.152 m
| rowspan=8 | 0.46 m
| rowspan=2 | 18.9&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=3 | 3.9&nbsp;kg (2.4&nbsp;kg HE) HEAT
| rowspan=2 | 430&nbsp;mm (estimated value)
| rowspan=5 | 65–{{convert|3750|m|mi|abbr=on}}
| rowspan=8 | 278&thinsp;m/s{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
|-
|BGM-71B
|BGM-71A variant; improved range
|-
|BGM-71C
|BGM-71B variant; Improved TOW (ITOW) w/ improved [[shaped-charge]] warhead
|1.41&thinsp;m&nbsp;(probe&nbsp;extended)<br />1.17&thinsp;m&nbsp;(probe&nbsp;folded)
| 19.1&nbsp;kg
| 630&nbsp;mm (exact value)
|-
|BGM-71D
|BGM-71C variant; TOW-2, improved guidance, motor and enlarged main warhead
| rowspan=2 | 1.51&thinsp;m&nbsp;(probe&nbsp;extended)<br />1.17&thinsp;m&nbsp;(probe&nbsp;folded)
| 21.5&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=2 | 5.9&nbsp;kg<br />(3.1&nbsp;kg HE) HEAT
| 900&nbsp;mm
|-
|BGM-71E
|BGM-71D variant; TOW-2A optimized to defeat [[reactive armor]] with [[tandem charge|tandem warheads]]
| rowspan=2 | 22.6&thinsp;kg
| 900&nbsp;mm (behind a layer of ERA)
|-
|BGM-71F
|BGM-71D variant; TOW-2B [[top attack|top-down attack]] variant using [[explosively formed penetrator]]s
|1.168&thinsp;m
| 6.14&thinsp;kg EFP<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanordnance.com/pdf/Tow.pdf |title=TOW Missile (Warhead) |access-date=2013-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926090847/http://www.americanordnance.com/pdf/Tow.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>
| no data
| 200–{{convert|4500|m|mi|abbr=on}}{{efn|4,200m for TOW-2B Aero, 3,750&nbsp;m for TOW-2B.}}<ref name="msltow">[http://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/CCWS/TOW%20PEO%20Website%20Brief.pdf TOW Weapon System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083311/http://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/CCWS/TOW%20PEO%20Website%20Brief.pdf |date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|BGM-71G
|BGM-71F variant; different [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|AP warhead]]; not produced
| no data
| no data
| no data
| no data
| no data
|-
|BGM-71H
|BGM-71E variant; "bunker buster" variant for use against fortified structures
| no data
| no data
| no data
| 200&nbsp;mm double reinforced concrete<ref name="msltow" />
| 65–{{convert|4200|m|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="msltow" />
|}
[[File:TOW family of missiles.jpg|thumb|left-right{{bulleted list|BGM-71A BASIC|BGM-71C ITOW|BGM-71F TOW 2B|BGM-71D TOW 2|BGM-71E TOW 2A}}]]
While the original armor penetration estimates were 600&nbsp;mm for BGM-71A/B and 700–800&nbsp;mm for BGM-71C, a now declassified CIA study shows the CIA's estimated penetration values against a vertical target are much lower—just 430&nbsp;mm for the BGM-71A/B TOW and 630&nbsp;mm for the BGM-71C Improved TOW.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0001066239.pdf |title=U.S. Intelligence and Soviet Armor |access-date=2013-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092830/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0001066239.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
The time to target at maximum range is 20 seconds, therefore, giving an average speed of 187.5&nbsp;m/s.<ref>[http://archive.gao.gov/d31t10/145879.pdf "U.S. INTELLIGENCE AND SOVIET ARMOR" Paul F. Gorman, page 18] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614143539/http://archive.gao.gov/d31t10/145879.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}</ref>
==International==
[[Iran]] has [[reverse engineered]] the type from examples acquired before 1979 and currently manufactures duplicate TOW missiles. These carry the Iranian designation of [[Toophan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p698954/Hezbollah%E2%80%99stic_Examination/|access-date=2014-01-08|title=Hezbollah's Examination|author=Mikhail Barabanov|publisher=Kommersant|date=2006-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108160513/http://www.kommersant.com/p698954/Hezbollah%E2%80%99stic_Examination/|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>
Sweden had SAAB develop a helicopter launch system called HeliTow (Rbs 55H) for the [[MBB Bo 105|Helikopter 9]].
==Operators==
[[File:BGM-71 operators 2023.Png|center|thumb|600x600px|Map with BGM-71 operators in blue]]
===Current===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{AFG}}
*{{ARG}}: TOW-2.<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|377}}
*{{BHR}}: BGM-71A TOW.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|318}}
*{{BEL}}: [[AgustaWestland AW109]] A109 AH(L)-TOW helicopter only
*{{BWA}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|436}}
*{{CMR}}:<ref name="armstrade.sipri.org">{{Cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|publisher=armstrade.sipri.org|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mounted on Jeeps.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|440}}
*{{CAN}}: 147 launchers in service in 2000<ref name ='SAS 2001'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2001.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2001/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2001-Chapter-02-EN.pdf|chapter=Half a Billion and Still Counting: Global Firearms Stockpiles|title=Small Arms Survey 2011: Profiling the Problem |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015|author=[[Small Arms Survey]]|ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2001}}|page=74|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234856/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2001.html|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{CRO}}
*{{CHI}}
*{{TCD}}
*{{COL}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|391}}
*{{flaglist|Denmark}}{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1014}}
*{{EGY}}: Produced under license by Arab-British Dynamics<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forecastinternational.com/samples/656_2005.pdf |title=The Market for Anti-Tank Missiles |access-date=2023-12-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020452/http://www.forecastinternational.com/samples/656_2005.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref>
*{{SWZ}}
*{{ETH}}
*{{FIN}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mil.fi/maavoimat/kalustoesittely/00048_en.dsp|title=Puolustusvoimat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515055248/http://www.mil.fi/maavoimat/kalustoesittely/00048_en.dsp |archive-date=15 May 2007|access-date=20 April 2007}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Syria|1932}} [[Free Syrian Army]]<ref name="carter center" />
*{{DEU}}{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1015}}
*{{GRE}}:<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|98}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Απόφαση προμήθειας αντιαρματικών TOW 2B Aero RF για τους ΛΑΤ | website=Δούρειος Ίππος | date=2024-04-11 | url=https://doureios.com/apofasi-promithias-antiarmatikon-tow-2b-aero-rf-gia-tous-lat/ | ref={{sfnref | Δούρειος Ίππος | 2024}} | access-date=2024-04-13}}</ref>
* [[File:InfoboxHez.PNG|22px|border]] [[Hezbollah]]<ref name="GuidedWeapons">{{cite book |last1=Rigual |first1=Christelle |title=Armed Groups and Guided Light Weapons: 2014 Update with MENA Focus (Research Note 47) |date=15 December 2014 |publisher=Small Arms Survey |page=3 |url=https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/resource/armed-groups-and-guided-light-weapons-2014-update-mena-focus-research-note-47 |access-date=13 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*{{HUN}}
*{{IRN}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|324}} Local production under the name "[[Toophan]]" (طوفان)
*{{IRQ}}: Iranian version used by PMF militias.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2021/07/24/attn-centcom-iran-built-its-own-iraqi-army/ | title=ATTN CENTCOM: Iran Built Its Own Iraqi Army | date=23 July 2021 }}</ref>
*{{ITA}}:{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1016}} Total of 432 launchers. 5,000 BGM-71 missiles and 130 launchers delivered in 1974; 10,000 missiles delivered in 1976–1978; 2,311 ITOWs delivered in 1982–1984; 6,629 BGM-71C ITOWs delivered in 1986–1989 for $67 million (of which 1,239 were practice missiles); 1,440 BGM-71D TOW2s for [[A129 Mangusta]] delivered in 1990–1996
*{{JPN}}
*{{JOR}}:<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|334}}
*{{KUR}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Military & Defense |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T |title=Peshmerga Military Equipment |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023747/http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{KEN}}<ref name=IISS>{{cite book |last=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|date=2021|title=The Military Balance|page=472|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781032012278}}</ref>
*{{KUW}}<ref name=IISS/>
*{{KOS}}<ref name=IISS/>
*{{LBN}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|338}}
*{{LUX}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|112}}
*{{MEX}}
*{{MAR}}: 70 launchers in service;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/moyen_orient/Maroc/Index_Morocco_army_ground_foces_military_equipment.htm|title=Military army ground forces equipment Morocco Army|author=Army Recognition Alain Servaes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101111228/http://www.armyrecognition.com/moyen_orient/Maroc/Index_Morocco_army_ground_foces_military_equipment.htm|archive-date=1 January 2008}}</ref> 1,200 BGM-71-4B-RF TOW 2A RF missiles on order, approved for export on 8 December 2016<ref>{{cite web
|url         = http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/government-morocco-tow-2a-radio-frequency-rf-missiles-bgm-71-4b-rf-and-support
|title       = Government of Morocco – TOW 2A, Radio Frequency (RF) Missiles (BGM-71-4B-RF) and Support
|publisher   = Defense Security Cooperation Agency
|date        = 8 December 2016
|access-date  = 9 December 2016
|url-status     = live
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161211101118/http://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/government-morocco-tow-2a-radio-frequency-rf-missiles-bgm-71-4b-rf-and-support
|archive-date = 11 December 2016
}}</ref>{{needs update|date=August 2024}}
*{{OMN}}<ref name="OmanTaiwanTOWArmyRecognition">{{cite web|title=Taiwan and Oman order Raytheon's TOW anti-tank guided missile|url=http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|website=Army Recognition|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504163907/http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
*{{PAK}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Foreign_Military_Sale_Pakistan___TOW_2A_Anti_Armor_Guided_Missiles_999.html|title=Foreign Military Sale: Pakistan – TOW-2A Anti-Armor Guided Missiles|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501015620/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Foreign_Military_Sale_Pakistan___TOW_2A_Anti_Armor_Guided_Missiles_999.html|archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
*{{PHI}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Manila receives precision-guided missiles from Washington|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/11/23/manila-receives-precision-guided-missiles-from-washington/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{POR}}: Used by the Army and Marines.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|124–125}}
*{{SAU}}: TOW-2A used by the Army and National Guard.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|351}}
*{{SIN}}
*{{flag|South Korea}}:<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|266}}
*{{ESP}}: TOW and TOW-2 variants used by the Army and Marines.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|134–135}}
*{{SWE}}{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1020}}
*{{flag|Switzerland}}{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1021}}
*{{flag|Syria}}: Captured from rebel groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-army-lays-claim-to-dozens-of-us-built-tow-missiles-hidden-in-cave-in-east-qalamoun/|title=VIDEO: Syrian Army lays claim to dozens of US-built TOW missiles hidden in cave in east Qalamoun|author=Andrew Illingworth|work=Al-Masdar News|date=21 April 2018|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053717/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-army-lays-claim-to-dozens-of-us-built-tow-missiles-hidden-in-cave-in-east-qalamoun/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Taiwan}}<ref name="OmanTaiwanTOWArmyRecognition"/>
*{{THA}}: Used by the Army and Marines.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|295–296}}
*{{TUN}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|358}}
*{{TUR}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|142}}
*{{UKR}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|202}}
*{{ARE}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|359}}
*{{flag|United States}}: Used by the Army and Marine Corps.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|37;42}}
*{{VIE}}
*{{YEM}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|362}}
*{{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Houthis]]: [[Toophan]].<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|362}}
* [[People's Defense Units]] (YPG)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
===Former===
*{{flag|Islamic State}}<ref name ="France-Soir"/>
*{{flag|Israel}}{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1016}}
*{{NED}}: The decision to replace the [[M47 Dragon]] (in use with reconnaissance units) and TOW (in use with mechanized infantry) with the [[Spike (missile)|"Gill MRAT"]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/landmacht/materieel/bewapening/gill-antitankraket|title= Gill-antitankraket|author= <!--Not stated-->|website= Defensie.nl|publisher= Ministerie van Defensie|access-date= 2018-02-13|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195342/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/landmacht/materieel/bewapening/gill-antitankraket|archive-date= 13 February 2018}}</ref> was made in 2001, with deliveries expected in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/dossier/27400-X/kst-27400-X-45?resultIndex=6&sorttype=1&sortorder=4|title= nr. 45 BRIEF VAN DE STAATSSECRETARIS VAN DEFENSIE|last= van Hoof|first= H.A.L.|date= 2001-06-22|access-date= 2018-02-13|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195103/https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/dossier/27400-X/kst-27400-X-45?resultIndex=6&sorttype=1&sortorder=4|archive-date= 13 February 2018}}</ref> The first Gill MRAT was issued in 2004 to the [[Regiment van Heutsz]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dutchdefencepress.com/netherlands-fire-their-first-gill/|title= Netherlands fire their first GILL|last= van Westerhoven|first= Leo|website= Dutch Defence Press|date= 20 May 2004|access-date= 2018-02-13|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180213211044/http://www.dutchdefencepress.com/netherlands-fire-their-first-gill/|archive-date= 13 February 2018|url-status= live}}</ref>
*{{flaglist|Norway}}:{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=1018}} Replaced by [[FGM-148 Javelin]].
*{{SOM}}: Used during the [[Siad Barre]] era.<ref name="IISS1989">{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |page=113 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
*{{UK}}: Operated from [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] [[Westland Lynx]] helicopters
===Failed bids===
*{{YUG}}: In the early 1980s, negotiations to supply Yugoslavia with modern United States-manufactured TOW anti-tank guided missiles broke down after the revelation that Yugoslavia had violated the terms of a prior [arms] transfer by sending [[M47 Patton|M-47 tanks]] to the [[Derg|new revolutionary regime in Ethiopia]] in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon) |last2=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |title=Yugoslavia: a country study |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=United States Govt Printing Office |isbn=978-0844407357 |page=269 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91040323/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:TOW missile Fort Pickett.jpg|Launch, trailing wire is noticeable
File:Integrated Task Force Weapons Company Marines conduct defensive operations for MCOTEA assessment 150328-M-ZM882-554.jpg|A US Marine carrying a BTM-71E practice round
File:U.S. Marines of BSRF conduct platoon attacks while live fire training during exercise Platinum Eagle 14-2 140523-M-DW621-150.jpg|A TOW fired from a US Marine Corps [[Humvee]] during training, in 2014
File:M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg|An M901 ITV in Israel, in 2005
File:TOW on the ground.jpg|A Greek TOW on the ground
File:Tow on the ground2.jpg| Greek soldiers manning a TOW unit
File:TOW antitank greek.jpg| The sight on a Hellenic Army BGM-71 TOW
File:The M220 E4 Tow2 System.jpg| A ground-mounted TOW system
File:Wiesel 1 TOW.jpg|A BGM-71 TOW-armed [[Wiesel AWC]] of the [[German Army]]
File:ITAS Tow Missile system 2007.jpg|US Army soldiers assembling an ITAS (Improved Target Acquisition System) TOW Missile system, in Iraq, in 2007
File:One 4-round XM65 Missile Launcher on Outboard Hardpoint of ROCA AH-1W 20110813.jpg|An AH-1W SuperCobra of the [[Republic of China Army]] armed with an XM65 launcher and four TOW missiles
File:HMS Ocean conducting a VERTREP with RFA Fort Austin. MOD 45145962.jpg|A Lynx AH.7 of the [[847 Naval Air Squadron|Royal Marines]] fitted with TOW missile launchers
File:FVM.142922 (01).jpg | Swedish light anti-tank helicopter 9A ([[MBB BO 105]]) with HeliTOW launchers mounted
</gallery>
==See also==
*{{lwc|MILAN}}
*{{lwc|MAPATS}}
*{{lwc|Nag (missile)|Nag ATGM}}
*{{lwc|Swingfire}}
*{{lwc|HOT (missile)}}
*{{lwc|9M113 Konkurs}}
*{{lwc|9K111 Fagot}}
*{{lwc|9M133 Kornet}}
*{{lwc|OMTAS}}
*{{lwc|Shershen}}
*{{lwc|M47 Dragon}}
*{{lwc|FGM-148 Javelin}}
*{{lwc|ALAS (missile)}}
*{{lwc|HJ-8}}
*{{lwc|AGM-179 JAGM}}
*[[Abu TOW]]
*[[History of UAVs decoys]]
*[[List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/tow/welcome.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121194506/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/tow/welcome.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2009-11-21
|title=TOW
|publisher=Redstone Arsenal
|ref=CITEREFAMCOM
}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070527095812/http://www.raytheon.com/products/tow_family/ The TOW Family]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070528080735/http://www.raytheon.com/products/itas/ TOW Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090131131120/http://realmilitaryflix.com/public/395.cfm The TOW Anti-Tank Missile in Vietnam]
*Dunstan, Simon (1982). ''Vietnam Tracks-Armor in Battle''. Osprey Publications. {{ISBN|0-89141-171-2}}.
*Gunston, Bill (1983). ''An Illustrated Guide to Modern Airborne Missiles''. London: Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|0-86101-160-0}}.
*[[Donn A. Starry|Starry, Donn A.]] General. ''Mounted Combat in Vietnam''. Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90–17.
*{{cite book
|first=David |last=Lister
|title= The Dark Age of Tanks: Britain's Lost Armour, 1945–1970
|publisher= Pen and Sword
|date= 2020
|isbn=9781526755179
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=An3oDwAAQBAJ
}}
*{{Loccs|country=Yugoslavia|abbr=yu|author=Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon) and Library of Congress. Federal Research Division.|section=National Security|date=1992}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Foss |editor1-first=Christopher F. |editor1-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005-2006 |date=2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2686-8 |language=en}}
==External links==
{{Commons and category|BGM-71 TOW}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161019172351/https://cyberevoblog.blogspot.com/2016/02/development-of-tow-xbgm-71-and-xm-26.html From early developmental XBGM-71 testing to the BGM-71A TOW]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210115110626/https://www.trngcmd.marines.mil/Portals/207/Docs/TBS/FMFRP%206-90-1%20Tow%20Weapon%20System.pdf FM 3-22.34 US Marines Field Manual]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220624234451/https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/tow.htm M-220 Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided missile (TOW)]
*[http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-71.html More information at Designation Systems.net]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-akbhcsjmg Discovery Channel program on "Modern Missiles" with best video information on TOW today. TOW part starts at two minutes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306140624/http://sei.ckcest.cn/product_img/360001/8385/531544/Document/rtn_rms_ps_tow_2adatasheet.pdf TOW 2A Wireless]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306140657/http://sei.ckcest.cn/product_img/360001/8385/531544/Document/rtn_rms_ps_tow_2bdatasheet.pdf TOW 2B Aero Wireless]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170306140322/http://sei.ckcest.cn/product_img/360001/8385/531544/Document/rtn_rms_ps_tow_bbdatasheet.pdf TOW Bunker Buster Wireless]
*[https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/wsh2013/312.pdf Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) Missiles]
{{ModernUSInfWeaponsNav}}
{{US missiles}}
{{Canadian Forces Land Force Command}}
[[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the United States|BGM-071]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the United States|BGM-071]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Cold War missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Wire-guided missiles]]