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{{Short description|Groups of peasant insurgents in the later Roman Empire}}
'''Bagaudae''' (also spelled '''bacaudae''') were groups of [[peasant]] insurgents in the western parts of the [[late antiquity|later]] [[Roman Empire]], who arose during the [[Crisis of the Third Century]] and persisted until the very [[Decline of the Roman Empire|end of the Western Empire]], particularly in the less-Romanised areas of [[Gallia]] and [[Hispania]]. They were affected by the depredations of the late Roman state, wealthy [[landowner]]s, and clerics.<ref>J. F. Drinkwater, reviewing Léon, ''Los bagaudas'', in ''The Classical Review'', 1999:287.</ref>
The invasions, military anarchy, and disorders of the third century provided a chaotic and ongoing degradation of the regional power structure within a declining Empire. During the chaos, the ''bagaudae'' achieved some temporary and scattered successes under the leadership of members of the [[underclass]] as well as former members of local ruling elites.
== Etymology ==
The name probably means "fighters" in [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]].<ref>Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, 2nd ed., Editions Errance, 2003, pp. 63–64.</ref>   C. E. V. Nixon<ref>Nixon, ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini'' (1994)</ref> assesses the ''bagaudae'', from the official Imperial viewpoint, as "bands of brigands who roamed the countryside looting and pillaging".  J. C. S. Léon interprets the most completely assembled documentation and identifies the ''bagaudae'' as impoverished local free peasants, reinforced by brigands, runaway slaves and deserters from the legions, who were trying to resist the ruthless labor exploitation of the late Roman [[Feudalism|proto-feudal]] [[Colonus (person)|colonus]] [[latifundium|manorial]] and military systems, and all manner of punitive laws and levies in the marginal areas of [[Western Roman Empire|the Empire]].<ref>M.-Cl. L'Huillier, "Notes sur la disparition des sanctuaires païens" in  Marguerite Garrido-Hory, Antonio Gonzalèz, ''Histoire, espaces et marges de l'antiquité: hommages à Monique Clavel-Lévêque'', (series Histoire et Politique '''4''') 2005: 290.</ref>
==Suppression==
After the ''bagaudae'' came to the full attention of the central authorities around 284&nbsp;AD, the re-establishment of the settled social order was swift and severe: the peasant insurgents were crushed in 286&nbsp;AD by the Caesar [[Maximian]] and his subordinate [[Carausius]] under the aegis of the Augustus [[Diocletian]]. Their leaders are mentioned as [[Amandus (rebel)|Amandus]] and [[Aelianus (rebel)|Aelianus]], although E.M. Wightman, in her ''Gallia Belgica''<ref>E.M. Wightman, ''Gallia Belgica'' (London: Batsford) 1985.</ref> proposes that the two belonged to the local [[Gallo-Roman]] landowning class who then became "[[tyrannos|tyrants]]"<ref>''Tyrant'' in the Greek and Latin sense simply means a wielder of unauthorised power, without the connotations that it has since accrued.</ref> and most likely rebelled against the grinding taxation and garnishing of their lands, harvests, and manpower by the predatory agents of the late Roman state (see ''[[frumentarii]]'', ''[[publicani]]'').
The ''[[Panegyrici Latini|Panegyric]] of Maximian'', dating to 289&nbsp;AD and attributed to [[Claudius Mamertinus]], relates that during the ''bagaudae'' uprisings of 284&ndash;285&nbsp;AD in the districts around [[Lugdunum|Lugdunum (Lyon)]], "simple farmers sought military garb; the plowman imitated the infantryman, the shepherd the cavalryman, the rustic harvester of his own crops the barbarian enemy". In fact they shared several similar characteristics with the Germanic [[Heruli]] people.  Mamertinus also called them "two-shaped monsters" (''monstrorum biformium''), emphasising that while they were technically Imperial farmers and citizens, they were also marauding rogues who had become foes to the Empire.
==Recurrences==
The phenomenon recurred in the mid-fourth century in the reign of [[Constantius II|Constantius]], in conjunction with an invasion of the [[Alemanni]].  Although Imperial control was re-established by the Frankish general [[Claudius Silvanus|Silvanus]], his subsequent betrayal by court rivals forced him into rebellion and his work was undone. In around 360&nbsp;AD the historian [[Aurelius Victor]]<ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' 3.16, noted by L'Huillier 2005:290.</ref> is the sole writer to note the attacks of ''bagaudae'' in the peripheries of the larger towns and walled cities.
{{Main|Bagaudae Revolt}}
In the fifth century ''Bagaudae'' are noted initially in the [[Loire valley]] and [[Brittany]], circa 409–417&nbsp;AD,<ref>L'Huillier 2005:290.</ref> fighting various armies sent against them by the last seriously effective Western Roman general, [[Flavius Aëtius]]. Aetius used federates such as the [[Alans]] under their king [[Goar]] to try and suppress a Bacaudic revolt in [[Armorica]]. [[Germanus of Auxerre|St Germanus]] got mercy for the Bagaudae but they later revolted again under a leader called Tibatto. They are also mentioned around the same time in the province of Macedonia, the only time they emerge in the Eastern Empire, which may be connected with economic hardships under [[Arcadius]].
By the middle of the fifth century they started to appear in Hispania too, and are mentioned in control of parts of central Gaul and the [[Ebro|Ebro valley]]. In [[Hispania]], the king of the [[Suevi]], [[Rechiar]] (died 456&nbsp;AD), took up as allies the local ''bagaudae'' in ravaging the remaining Roman ''[[municipia]]'', a unique alliance between Germanic ruler and rebel peasant.<ref>Thompson, ''Romans and Barbarians'', 184f. [[Isidore of Seville]], writing of [[Rechiar]], believed that it was not ''bagaudae'' with whom Rechiar allied, but rather the Visigoths. [[Theodore Mommsen]] follows him, but there is no reason to accept Isidore over Hydatius and every reason not to, when considering that Isidore neglects to mention the Bagaudae at all in his ''Historia''.<!--unreferenced assertion from [[Rechiar]]--></ref>
That the depredations of the ruling classes were mostly responsible for the uprising of the ''bagaudae'' was not lost on the fifth-century writer of historicised polemic [[Salvian]]; setting himself in the treatise ''De gubernatione Dei'' the task of proving God's constant guidance, he declares in book iii that the misery of the Roman world is all due to the neglect of God's commandments and the terrible sins of every class of society. It is not merely that slaves and servants are thieves and runaways, wine-bibbers and gluttons – the rich are much worse (iv. 3); it is their harshness and greed that drive the poor to join the ''bagaudae'' and flee for shelter to the barbarian invaders (v. 5 and 6).
==Reputation==
The reputation of the ''bagaudae'' has varied with the uses made of them in historicised narratives of the Late Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. There has been some speculation that theirs was a [[Christianity|Christian]] revolt, but the sparsity of information in the texts gives that little substance although there may well have been many Christians among them. In general, they seem to have been equal parts of brigands and insurgents.
In the second half of the 19th century, interest in the ''bagaudae'' revived, resonating with contemporary [[social unrest]]. The French historian Jean Trithemié was famous for a nationalist view of the "Bagaudae" by arguing that they were an expression of national identity among the Gallic peasants, who sought to overthrow oppressive Roman rule and realize the eternal "French" values of [[Liberté, égalité, fraternité|liberty, equality and brotherhood]].<ref>Jean Trithemié, ''Les Bagaudes et les origines de la nation française'' (Paris), 1873.</ref>
[[Edward Arthur Thompson|E. A. Thompson]] in ''Past and Present'' (1952) portrayed this rural discontent within the context of Marxist [[class conflict|class warfare]].
==See also==
* [[Bagaudae Revolt]]
* [[Jacquerie]]
* [[List of peasant revolts]]
* [[Popular revolt in late medieval Europe]]
* [[Plebeians]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== References==
* Thompson, E. A. ''Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire''. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press) 1982.
* Trithemié, Jean. ''Les Bagaudes et les origines de la nation française''. 2 vols. (Paris: Les séries historiques, Ecole anormale supérieure), 1873.
==Further reading==
* Léon, J. C. S. (1996). ''Les sources de l'histoire des Bagaudes''. Paris.
* Léon, J. C. S. (1996). ''Los bagaudas: rebeldes, demonios, mártires. Revueltas campesinas en Galia e Hispania durante el Bajo Imperio''. University of Jaén.
{{Ancient Rome topics}}
{{Medieval and Early Modern European Peasant Wars}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:3rd-century conflicts]]
[[Category:280s establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:450s disestablishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:3rd century in Roman Gaul]]
[[Category:3rd-century rebellions]]
[[Category:4th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:5th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman outlaws]]
[[Category:Crisis of the Third Century]]
[[Category:Gaulish language]]
[[Category:Insurgent groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in the 5th century]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 3rd century]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Spain in the Roman era]]
[[Category:Tetrarchy]]
[[Category:Armorica]]
[[Category:Underclass]]