View source for Bardere

{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->| official_name      = Bardere<br>باردير
| native_name        = Bardhere <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| nickname           =
| settlement_type    = City
| motto              = <!-- images and maps  ----------->
| image_skyline      = Bardhere.png
| imagesize          = 250px
| image_caption      = A section of Bardere City
| flag_size          = 400
| image_seal         =
| seal_size          =
| image_shield       =
| shield_size        =
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| blank_emblem_type  =
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| image_map          =
| mapsize            = 250px
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| image_dot_map      =
| dot_mapsize        =
| dot_map_caption    =
| dot_x              =
| dot_y              =
| pushpin_map        = Somalia#Horn of Africa#Africa
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Somalia##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
| pushpin_relief     = 1
<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and regions of Somalia|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Region]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Jubaland}}
| subdivision_name2  = [[Gedo]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Bardhere District|Bardhere]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type    = Mayor
| leader_title       = Bardere District Commissioner
| leader_name        = <nowiki> Mohamed Wali Qorax </nowiki>
| leader_title1      = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
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| leader_name2       =
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| leader_name3       =
| leader_title4      =
| leader_name4       =
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = 1700
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2  =
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3  = <!-- Area    --------------------->
| area_magnitude     =
| unit_pref          = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     =
| area_total_km2     = 17,748
| area_land_km2      = 15
| area_water_km2     = 5
| area_total_sq_mi   =
| area_land_sq_mi    =
| area_water_sq_mi   = 5
| area_water_percent = 8
| area_urban_km2     = 15
| area_urban_sq_mi   =
| area_metro_km2     = 45
| area_metro_sq_mi   =
| area_blank1_title  =
| area_blank1_km2    = 15
| area_blank1_sq_mi  = <!-- Population   ----------------------->
| population_as_of   = 755,000
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsmaps.com/maps/Somalia/Gedo/Baardheere/P481354.00.aspx |title=Map of Baardheere (Bardera), Somalia, Africa - Collins Maps |access-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175815/http://www.collinsmaps.com/maps/Somalia/Gedo/Baardheere/P481354.00.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref>
| population_note    = 2021 estimate
| pop_est_as_of      =
| population_est     = 755,500
| population_density_km2 = 26
| population_density_sq_mi =
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| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank1  =
| population_blank2_title = Religions
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| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
| coordinates        = {{coord|2|20|N|42|17|E|region:SO|display=inline}}
<!-- General information  --------------->| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone_DST       =
| utc_offset_DST     =
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 168
| elevation_ft       = <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| postal_code_type   = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code        =
| blank_name         =
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}}
'''Bardere''' ({{langx|ar|باردير}}, {{langx|so|Bardhere}}, {{langx|it|Bardera}}) also known as '''Bardera''', is a city in [[Jubaland]] State of [[Somalia]]. It is the second most populous city in [[Jubaland]] with [[Kismayo]] being the largest and most densely populated city in the region.<ref>{{cite book|first=Seth|last=Jones|title=Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia Assessing the Campaign Against Al Shabaab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-si9DQAAQBAJ|page=44|year=2016|isbn=9780833094841|publisher=RAND corporation}}</ref> Bardere sits on the [[Jubba river|Jubba]] River around 250&nbsp;km west of the city of [[Baidoa]] and is in a highland area with fertile soil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO/GIEWS - WFP - SPECIAL REPORT on SOMALIA, 3 SEPTEMBER 1999 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/x2948e/x2948e00.htm |website=www.fao.org}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
Bardera is an important agricultural centre living up to its name Bar meaning “palm tree”, and Dhere meaning “tall” a reference to the ubiquitous palm trees that have grown expansively in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Rapid food security assessment in Gedo region - The epicenter of the drought - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-rapid-food-security-assessment-gedo-region-epicenter-drought |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=reliefweb.int |date=13 April 2006 |language=en}}</ref>
The river banks are lined by beautiful palm trees and so are the farms of this town that lies at an intersection of all major roads that links Somalia to Elwak and Mandera in Kenya, Kismayo, Baidoa, Barawe and Dinsoor within Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baardhere Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/baardhere |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=forebears.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-22 |title=Bardhere oo laga qabsaday al-Shabaab |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/07/150722_bardhere |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so}}</ref>
==History==
===Medieval===
During the Middle Ages, Bardera and its surrounding area was part of the [[Ajuran Empire]] that governed much of southern [[Somalia]] and eastern [[Ethiopia]], with its domain extending from [[Hobyo]] in the north, to [[Kelafo|Qelafo]] in the west, to [[Kismayo]] in the south.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.</ref> Bardera was one of the most important cities in the [[Jubba river|Jubba]] river during the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran]] period. It was an agricultural and commercial center. Known as a centre for Islamic scholarship, it also had roads that connected the [[Banaadir|Benadir]] ports built by Ajuran. Bardhere provided many goods to the coastal provinces and many merchants across the region came to Bardera for trade.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |first=Gufu|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reese |first=S. S. |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789047441861/Bej.9789004167292.i-247_003.xml |title=Chapter Two. Religious History As Social History |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-4186-1 |language=EN}}</ref>
===Early Modern===
[[File:BarderaCitadel.jpg|thumb|left|View of the Bardera [[Citadel]] in the mid-1800s by [[Baron]] [[Karl Klaus von der Decken]].]]
Bardera continued its agricultural and commercial legacy under [[Geledi Sultanate]] rule where it was surrounded by a [[citadel]] and with increased link between the coast and interior, both the Benadir ports and Bardera flourished with the city serving as the key ivory hub in the southern part of the [[Horn of Africa|Horn]].<ref name="Societies 199">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&q=established+magico-religious+practices.+By+1840,+the+jama%27a+of+baardhere&pg=PA200 |title=Muslim Societies in Africa|page=199 |date= 2013|isbn=978-0-253-00788-9|access-date=2014-02-15|last1=Loimeier |first1=Roman|publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |first=Gufu|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref>
In the 1830s, a new militant extremist group rose in the [[citadel]] of Bardera, overlooking the [[Jubba River]], and began imposing their interpretation of [[Islam]] on the surrounding regions, including the coastal city of [[Barawa]], which they subdued and captured in 1840. In response, Sultan [[Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim|Yusuf Mahamud]] gathered his armies into a coalition and marched towards Bardera. The citadel was besieged and then burned to the ground, solidifying Sultan Yusuf's paramount authority in southern [[Somalia]] following his [[Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim#Conquest of Bardera|Conquest of Bardera]].<ref>Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s edited by J. F. Ade Ajayi Page 387</ref>
Following the defeat of the Bardera recovered and remained relatively quiet until the eventual end of the Geledi Sultanate and subsequent incorporation into [[Italian Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cassanelli|first=Lee Vincent|title=The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History|publisher=University Microfilms International|year=1973|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JytqAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
===Modern===
After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official [[Bardera District]]. Bardera became the first place in Somalia were onions were grown commercially. This production began to increase rapidly but eventually fell off in the 1980s due to failed agricultural policies of the Somali government. The actual quality soil is in a narrow strip on either side of the river where pumps can feed private farms. Other produce such as sorghum can be found in Markabley/Hayranta although still in the district. German Explorer Carl Von Der Decken was killed at this same site in 1860, remnants of his wrecked ship still remain.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |page=53|date= 25 February 2003|isbn=9780810866041 |access-date=2014-02-15|last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohamed Haji |publisher=Scarecrow Press }}</ref>
==Economy==
The economy of Bardera is largely agriculture-based. Animal husbandry also figures prominently, with livestock kept for meat, milk and butter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA II (UNOSOM II) - Background (Full text) |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sehoaid.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=9 Bardera Maternity Hospital] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102125034/http://www.sehoaid.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=9 |date=2010-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-02 |title=Bardera Town |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/somalia/bardera-town/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Fortune of Africa Somalia |language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Agriculture'''
There are two types of farming which exist in Bardera area: Irrigated farming and seasonal farming.
Many medium- and small-scale farms near the river use water pumping machines. These motors irrigate the land with canals, and farmers plant crops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cash-based assistance to support displaced families in Bardera - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/cash-based-assistance-support-displaced-families-bardera |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=reliefweb.int |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
The majority of farmers use a low-tech farming method of farming during the two rainy seasons . Small operation farms are found throughout [[Jubaland]], far away from the river banks where families plant sorghum, maize, and beans on any land that is suitable for farming.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20064.9 |title=Climate and environmental change in Somalia |last1=Eklöw |first1=Karolina |last2=Krampe |first2=Florian |date=2019 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |pages=10–17}}</ref>
Mogadishu's fruit and vegetable market used to have a section containing Bardera's famous onion product. Since the start of the civil war in Somalia, produce from Bardera to large urban centers like Mogadishu, Kismayo, or Baidoa were diverted to Kenyan markets such as Wajir, Garissa, Mombasa, and Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Somalia: ACTED encourages a resilient agriculture against climate change |url=https://www.acted.org/en/in-somalia-acted-encourages-a-resilient-agriculture-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=ACTED}}</ref>
Sorghum, corn or maize, different types of onions, beans, sesame, tobacco, and fruits such as bananas, watermelon, oranges, papayas, and mangoes, from Bardera farms reach markets as far as Djibouti, about 3,000&nbsp;km away to the north of Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessments {{!}} Assessment & Analysis Knowledge Management Platform |url=https://assessments.hpc.tools/assessments/list/ass_list_locations/e8cb8a1e-bf3e-4619-9cad-6f7e90fa87fa/ass_list_operations/9a21774e-9de1-4280-964c-d7ba6cac14c6 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=assessments.hpc.tools}}</ref>
== Education ==
Bardera for ages was a center of higher learning, The city is famously associated with the study of Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glavin |first=Chris |date=2017-02-13 |title=Education in Somalia {{!}} K12 Academics |url=https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/education-somalia |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=www.k12academics.com |language=en}}</ref>
Bardera's [[Islamic]] centers attracted students seeking knowledge and teachers seeking employment used to come from across Somalia. Bardera has 20 elementary schools, seventeen primary and secondary schools. [[Bardera Polytechnic|Bardera polytechnic college]] was founded in July 2008. This college was established to cover the higher education needs of the Bardera area community, which has been growing since the start of the 1990s. [[Bardera Polytechnic|Bardera polytechnic college]] s policy is give vocational training, real marketable skills for 16 to 60 age population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bardera Polytechnic {{!}} Academic Influence |url=https://academicinfluence.com/schools/bardera-polytechnic |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=academicinfluence.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[Juba Valley Agricultural Institute]] is an academic institute within the [[Bardera Polytechnic]] College in Bardera, [[Somalia]]. It is situated within the southern [[Jubaland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juba Valley Veterinary Institute |url=https://mapio.net/wiki/Q15229810-en/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Mapio.net |language=en}}</ref>
[[Juba Valley Veterinary Institute]] is a veterinary institute in Bardera, [[Somalia]]. The institute is part of [[Bardera Polytechnic]] specialized schools and institutes within the college system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juba Valley Veterinary Institute |url=https://mapio.net/wiki/Q15229810-en/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Mapio.net |language=en}}</ref>
Both Juba Valley Agricultural Institute and Jubba Valley Veterinary institute were part of the second phase of development at Bardera Polytechnic.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 1985 |title=DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUBA VALLEY: PRESENT SITUATION, POTENTIAL, PLANNING |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABG499.pdf |accessdate=2013-10-05 |publisher=USAid }}</ref>
For centuries, students traveled from far distances and from all points on the Horn as a whole. Every Somali who came of age before the 1950s, knows the importance of Bardera as a religious education center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary and Vocational Education Evaluation 2013-2015, in Gedo Region of Somalia |url=https://norad.no/en/toolspublications/publications/2016/secondary-and-vocational-education-evaluation-2013-2015-in-gedo-region-of-somalia/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Norad |language=en}}</ref>
Later generations found different kind of class spaces at [[Somali National University]] (SNU), Lafole, Lafole Agricultural College and Sidam management training school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somali National University {{!}} Mogadishu, Somalia {{!}} |url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Somali-National-University/members |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
Bardera is situated 2-3 degrees latitude north of the equator and at a longitude of 42-43 degrees.
===Climate===
Bardera is characterized by warm weather and high humidity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bardera, Somalia — Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4555857&fid=5787&c=somalia |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=geographic.org}}</ref> having a [[hot arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'') despite receiving around {{convert|380|mm|in|0|disp=or}} of annual rainfall, owing to its extremely high [[potential evapotranspiration]].
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location = Bardera
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan record high C = 45.0
|Feb record high C = 45.0
|Mar record high C = 49.0
|Apr record high C = 46.0
|May record high C = 45.0
|Jun record high C = 46.0
|Jul record high C = 42.0
|Aug record high C = 39.0
|Sep record high C = 43.0
|Oct record high C = 44.0
|Nov record high C = 43.0
|Dec record high C = 43.0
|year record high C = 49.0
|Jan high C = 38.2
|Feb high C = 39.3
|Mar high C = 41.4
|Apr high C = 38.0
|May high C = 35.6
|Jun high C = 34.0
|Jul high C = 32.5
|Aug high C = 33.1
|Sep high C = 34.9
|Oct high C = 36.1
|Nov high C = 35.9
|Dec high C = 36.7
|year high C = 36.3
|Jan mean C = 29.7
|Feb mean C = 30.6
|Mar mean C = 31.5
|Apr mean C = 30.4
|May mean C = 29.0
|Jun mean C = 27.7
|Jul mean C = 26.2
|Aug mean C = 26.8
|Sep mean C = 28.2
|Oct mean C = 29.1
|Nov mean C = 28.8
|Dec mean C = 29.1
|year mean C = 29.0
|Jan low C = 21.4
|Feb low C = 22.0
|Mar low C = 22.9
|Apr low C = 22.9
|May low C = 22.6
|Jun low C = 21.3
|Jul low C = 20.4
|Aug low C = 20.9
|Sep low C = 21.5
|Oct low C = 22.1
|Nov low C = 21.7
|Dec low C = 21.6
|year low C = 21.8
|Jan record low C = 16.0
|Feb record low C = 17.0
|Mar record low C = 18.0
|Apr record low C = 18.0
|May record low C = 18.0
|Jun record low C = 16.5
|Jul record low C = 15.0
|Aug record low C = 12.0
|Sep record low C = 16.0
|Oct record low C = 18.5
|Nov record low C = 14.0
|Dec record low C = 16.0
|year record low C = 12.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 6
|Feb rain mm = 6
|Mar rain mm = 22
|Apr rain mm = 93
|May rain mm = 55
|Jun rain mm = 15
|Jul rain mm = 25
|Aug rain mm = 7
|Sep rain mm = 6
|Oct rain mm = 63
|Nov rain mm = 57
|Dec rain mm = 29
|year rain mm = 384
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 1
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 8
|May rain days = 5
|Jun rain days = 3
|Jul rain days = 4
|Aug rain days = 2
|Sep rain days = 1
|Oct rain days = 5
|Nov rain days = 6
|Dec rain days = 4
|year rain days = 43
|Jan humidity = 63
|Feb humidity = 61
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 69
|May humidity = 72
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 69
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 68
|Jan sun = 285.2
|Feb sun = 262.7
|Mar sun = 291.4
|Apr sun = 228.0
|May sun = 235.6
|Jun sun = 207.0
|Jul sun = 186.0
|Aug sun = 226.3
|Sep sun = 231.0
|Oct sun = 213.9
|Nov sun = 219.0
|Dec sun = 254.2
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 9.2
|Febd sun = 9.3
|Mard sun = 9.4
|Aprd sun = 7.6
|Mayd sun = 7.6
|Jund sun = 6.9
|Juld sun = 6.0
|Augd sun = 7.3
|Sepd sun = 7.7
|Octd sun = 6.9
|Novd sun = 7.3
|Decd sun = 8.2
|yeard sun = 7.8
| Jan percentsun = 80
| Feb percentsun = 80
| Mar percentsun = 73
| Apr percentsun = 55
| May percentsun = 55
| Jun percentsun = 55
| Jul percentsun = 55
| Aug percentsun = 55
| Sep percentsun = 64
| Oct percentsun = 55
| Nov percentsun = 64
| Dec percentsun = 73
| year percentsun = 64
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_632500_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Bardera / Somalia
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 22 October 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<ref name = faosun>{{cite web
| url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls
| title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization
| access-date = 4 November 2016
| archive-date = 5 October 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
}}
== Photos ==
[[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge in Bardera]]
[[File:Geed_Baardhere.jpg|thumb|Bardera pulm tree]]
[[File:Bardere_Bridge.jpg|thumb|Juba river in Bardera]]
== Notable People ==
[[Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed]], Former Prime minister of Somalia.
[[Sheikh Abukar Abdirahim]], figh,hadith lecturer in maay dialect.
[[Sheikh Abdilow isaagow]], poet in maay dialect.
[[Farah Hussein Sharmarke]], Philosopher, Poet.
[[Fatimo Isaak Bihi]], First Somali female ambassador, Ambassador to Geneva, Director of the African Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
[[Aden Ibrahim Aw Hirsi]], Author, Somali Politician.
[[Ahmed Warsame]], Head of the Somali Military Academy.
[[Mohamud Ali Magan]], Somali Foreign Affairs, Consul General to United States Of America and Canada.
[[Ali Shire Warsame|Ali shire Warsame]], Somali Politician
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Somalia}}
{{Commons category|Bardera}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191110235046/http://www.baardheere.com/ Bardhere city portal] {{in lang|so}}
[[Category:Populated places in Gedo]]
[[Category:Jubba River]]