View source for Barouche

{{Short description|4-wheeled horse-drawn carriage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{redirect|Calash||Kalash (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Kalesch a bateau, höger sida u överdrag - Livrustkammaren - 65269.tif|thumbnail|Barouche in [[Livrustkammaren]], Stockholm, Sweden]]
A '''barouche''' is a large, open, four-wheeled [[carriage]], both heavy and luxurious, drawn by two horses. It was fashionable throughout the 19th century. Its body provides seats for four passengers, two back-seat passengers [[Vis-à-vis (carriage)|vis-à-vis]] two behind the coachman's high box-seat. A leather roof can be raised to give back-seat passengers some protection from the weather.
==Etymology==
''Barouche'' is an [[anglicisation]] of the [[German language|German]] word ''barutsche'', via the [[Italian language|Italian]] ''baroccio'' or ''biroccio'' and ultimately from the ancient Roman Empire's [[Latin language|Latin]] ''birotus'', "two-wheeled". The name thus became a [[misnomer]], as the later form of the carriage had four wheels.
==Development and variations==
[[File:Kalesch a bateau, klädsel - Livrustkammaren - 82390.tif|thumb|left|Detail of door and seats]]
The barouche was based on an earlier style of carriage, the ''calash'' or ''calèche'': this was a light carriage with small wheels, inside seats for four passengers, a separate driver's seat and a folding top.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Malta Historical Society|last=Ganado|first=Albert|date=2005|title=Bibliographical notes on Melitensia - 3|url=http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20053.html#_ftnref308|publisher=Melita Historica|volume=14|issue=2|page=173-174, see also footnote 8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163335/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20053.html|archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> A folding calash top was a feature of two other types: the [[chaise]], a two-wheeled carriage for one or two persons, a body hung on leather straps or thorough-braces, usually drawn by one horse; and a [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria]], a low four-wheeled pleasure carriage for two with a raised seat in front for the driver. {{cn|date=April 2016}} A [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria]] is distinguished from a barouche by having fold-down occasional seating for the rear-facing passengers, instead of permanent seats in that position.
==Description of the barouche carriage==
[[File:Abraham Lincoln's carriage (barouche), c. 1860-1865, on loan from the Studebaker National Museum, view 1 - National Museum of American History - DSC00339.jpg|thumb|President Lincoln's barouche]]
A barouche was an expensive four-wheeled, shallow [[vehicle]] used in the 19th century with two double seats inside, arranged ''[[Vis-à-vis (carriage)|vis-à-vis]]'', so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat. It has a soft collapsible half-hood folding like a bellows over the back seat and a high outside box seat in front for the driver. The entire carriage is suspended on C springs and leather straps and more recently additional elliptical springs.
[[File:Prince William of Wales & Prince Henry of Wales.jpg|left|thumb|Royal barouche in London, 2009.]]
It is drawn by a pair of [[Carriage horse|horse]]s and was used in the 19th century for display and summer leisure driving. Designed to give a powerful impression of luxury and elegance, the structure of the carriage is heavier than it looks because of the lack of a rigid roof structure.<ref name=Ratcliffe />
A light barouche was a ''barouchet'' or ''barouchette''. A [[barouche-sociable]] was described as a cross between a barouche and a [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria]].
A barouche-landau is mentioned in ''[[Emma (novel)|Emma]]'', published in 1816 by [[Jane Austen]]. It "combines the best features of a barouche and a [[Landau (carriage)|landau]]". An illustration of the expensive and more rarely seen vehicle, on account of the expense, is shown in a paper by Ed Ratcliffe, citing editor R. W. Chapman's collection of the works of Jane Austen, in the volume Minor Works, as noted in Ratcliffe's sources.<ref name=Ratcliffe>{{cite web |url=http://www.jasnanorcal.org/inkwell/ink9 |title=Transports of Delight: How Jane Austen's Characters Got Around |author=Ratcliffe, Ed |publisher=Jane Austen Society of North America |location=Menlo Park, California |work=The Inkwell |year=2012 |accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
In the novels by Jane Austen, "Lady Dalrymple, Mr. and Mrs. Palmer, and Henry Crawford owned barouches" in which other characters rode, and Jane Austen herself on at least one occasion in 1813 rode in a barouche.<ref name=Ratcliffe /> Henry Crawford was a character in ''[[Mansfield Park]]'' and his barouche was the topic of two important scenes of the novel; Lady Dalrymple was in ''[[Persuasion (novel)|Persuasion]]'', while Mr and Mrs Palmer were characters in ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]''.
Barouche driving is mentioned as a fashionable pastime in Nice, Italy, in chapter 37 of ''[[Little Women]]'' by [[Louisa May Alcott]].
Chichikov, the main character of [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s "[[Dead Souls]]", is frequently driven around in his own barouche by his servant Selifan and is also involved in a crash with another carriage.
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px" class=center>
Image:Abraham Lincoln's carriage (barouche), c. 1860-1865, on loan from the Studebaker National Museum, view 2 - National Museum of American History - DSC00334.jpg|Note unprotected forward seats <br>and lack of underperch in the barouche
File:Bijela i crna kočija na MESAP-u 2016.jpg|White and black barouche at an exhibition in [[Nedelišće]], Croatia
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Steering undercarriage]]
* [[Carriage]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Barouches}}
{{Horse-drawn carriages|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Carriages]]
[[Category:Animal-powered vehicles]]
[[Category:History of road transport]]
[[Category:Horse transportation]]