View source for Barthelona

{{Short description|Genus of basal eukaryotes}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Barthelona vulgaris
| parent_authority = Bernard, Simpson & Patterson, 2000{{sfn|Bernard|Simpson|Patterson|2000|p=136}}
| authority = Bernard, Simpson & Patterson, 2000
}}
'''''Barthelona''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] [[protist]]s. They are [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[eukaryote]]s closely related to [[Skoliomonas|skoliomonad]]s, within the [[phylum]] [[Metamonada]]. It is a [[monotypic]] genus containing the sole species '''''Barthelona vulgaris'''''. Members of this genus are informally known as '''barthelonids'''.
== Description ==
Barthelonids are [[flagellate]]s, [[unicellular]] [[protist]]s (a type of [[eukaryote]]) that use [[flagella]] for movement. Their cells measure 6–8 μm in length, and are oval on the dorsal side and flattened on the ventral side. Each cell has two flagella inserted sub-apically and laterally, at an angle of 60° from each other. The anterior flagellum is 1–2 times the cell length, while the posterior flagellum is 3–5 times as large as the cell body, and is slightly acronematic. The nucleus is located in the anterior end of the cell. The cytoplasm usually contains refractile granules.{{sfn|Bernard|Simpson|Patterson|2000|p=136}}
Barthelonids are free-living solitary [[heterotroph]]s. They swim or, more rarely, [[gliding motility|glide]] slowly. When stationary, they still beat their flagella with a gentle undulation.{{sfn|Bernard|Simpson|Patterson|2000|p=136}}
== Taxonomy ==
{{cladogram
|caption = Cladogram of skoliomonads based on a SSU rRNA phylogeny published in 2024.{{sfn|Eglit|Williams|Roger|Simpson|2024|p=7}}
|{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:70%;|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1="'''barthelonids'''"|1={{clade
|1=''Barthelona'' sp. EYP1702 LC506387
|2={{clade
|1=''Barthelona'' PCE LC506390.1
|2={{clade
|1=''Barthelona'' sp. FB11 LC506388.1
|2={{clade
|1={{nowrap|''Barthelona'' sp. LRM2 LC506389.1}}
|2={{clade
|1=TG1SB9_26 LC220719.1
|2={{nowrap|''Barthelona'' PAP020 LC506386}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2="skoliomonads"|2=''Barthelona'' isolates
}}
|2=[[Fornicata]]
}}
}}}}
The [[genus]] ''Barthelona'' was described by protistologists Catherine Bernard, Alastair G.B. Simpson, and [[David J. Patterson]]. They isolated flagellates from sediments of Quibray Bay, [[Australia]] in the spring of 1996. After observing the microorganisms, the authors assigned them to a new species ''Barthelona vulgaris'' and published the description in 2000.{{sfn|Bernard|Simpson|Patterson|2000|p=136}} Since the identification of ''B. vulgaris'' was purely based on observations under [[light microscopy]], it was treated as a [[morphospecies]]. This morphospecies was later identified at other geographical locations, but it was never genetically sequenced, and consequently its evolutionary position remained uncertain. In 2020, five strains of ''Barthelona'' were isolated and genetically sequenced in order to reveal their phylogenetic position. They form a [[clade]] informally known as "barthelonids", resolved as the [[sister group]] to the [[Fornicata]] within the phylum [[Metamonada]].{{sfn|Yazaki|Kume|Shiratori|Eglit|2020}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}
=== Cited literature ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=Catherine
|last1=Bernard
|first2=Alastair G.B.
|last2=Simpson
|first3=David J.
|last3=Patterson
|title=Some free-living flagellates (Protista) from anoxic habitats
|journal=Ophelia
|date=May 2000
|volume=52
|issue=2
|pages=113–142
|doi=10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422
}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=Yana
|last1=Eglit
|first2=Shelby K.
|last2=Williams
|first3=Andrew J.
|last3=Roger
|first4=Alastair G.B.
|last4=Simpson
|title=Characterization of ''Skoliomonas'' gen. nov., a haloalkaliphilic anaerobe related to barthelonids (Metamonada)
|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
|date=3 September 2024
|volume=00 (early view)
|pages=e13048
|doi=10.1111/jeu.13048
|doi-access=free
|pmid=39225178
|pmc=11603281
}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=Euki
|last1=Yazaki
|first2=Keitaro
|last2=Kume
|first3=Takashi
|last3=Shiratori
|first4=Yana
|last4=Eglit
|first5=Goro
|last5=Tanifuji
|first6=Ryo
|last6=Harada
|first7=Alastair G.B.
|last7=Simpson
|first8=Ken-Ichiro
|last8=Ishida
|first9=Tetsuo
|last9=Hashimoto
|first10=Yuji
|last10=Inagaki
|title=Barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related organelles predicted to generate no ATP
|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
|date=2 September 2020
|volume=287
|pages=20201538
|doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.1538
|doi-access=free
|pmc=7542792
}}
{{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25373921}}
[[Category:Metamonad genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 2000]]