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'''Barwari''' ({{langx|syr|ܒܪܘܪ}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zowaa.co.uk/pdfpaper/a%20193/6.pdf|title=Bahra Magazine|date=7 November 2010|work=Bahra Magazine|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> {{langx|ku|به‌رواری|Berwarî}}){{sfnp|Hamelink|2016|p=351}} is a region in the [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] mountains in northern [[Iraq]] and southeastern [[Turkey]]. The region is inhabited by [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Kurds]], and was formerly also home to a number of Jews prior to their [[Aliyah|emigration]] to [[Israel]] in 1951.{{sfnp|Mutzafi|2008|p=8}} It is divided between northern Barwari in Turkey, and southern Barwari in Iraq.
[[File:COEcountry1913.JPG|thumb|right|300px]]
==Etymology==
The name of the region is derived from "berwar" ("slope [of a hill]" in [[Kurmanji|Kurdish]]).{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=1}}
==History==
The British archaeologist [[Austen Henry Layard]] visited Barwari Bala in 1846 and noted that some villages in the region were inhabited by both Assyrians and Kurds.{{sfnp|Aboona|2008|pp=5-6}} Assyrians of Barwari Bala were ''[[rayah]]'' (subjects) of the Kurdish emirate of lower Barwari,{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=3}} whilst Assyrians in Barwari Shwa'uta were partly semi-independent and partly ''rayah''.{{sfnp|Aboona|2008|p=87}} In the 1840s, a series of [[1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari|massacres]] of Assyrians in Barwari Bala were perpetrated by Kurdish tribes under the leadership of [[Bedir Khan Beg]], [[Mir (title)|Mir]] of [[Bohtan]], resulting in the death or expulsion of half of the population.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=3}} The region was estimated by American Presbyterian missionaries to contain 32 Assyrian villages, with 420 [[Church of the East|Nestorian]] families, in 1870.{{sfnp|Mooken|2003|pp=61-62}}
Amidst the [[Assyrian genocide]] in the [[First World War]], in 1915, most Assyrian villages in Barwari Bala were destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered by Turkish reservists and Kurdish tribesmen led by Rashid Bey, [[Mir (title)|Mir]] of lower Barwari, whilst the survivors took refuge in the vicinity of [[Urmia]] and [[Salamas]] in [[Qajar Iran|Iran]].{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=2}} Assyrian villages in northern Barwari were similarly pillaged and their inhabitants massacred.{{sfnp|Yacoub|2016|p=115}} Until the genocide in 1915, northern Barwari was inhabited by approximately 9000 Assyrians, whilst there were c. 5000 Assyrians in southern Barwari.{{sfnp|Yonan|1996|pp=27, 87}} Survivors were transferred under [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] protection from Iran to the refugee camp at [[Baqubah]] in Iraq in 1918, where they remained until most families attempted to return to their villages in 1920.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|pp=2-3}}
As a consequence of the [[partition of the Ottoman Empire]], most of Hakkari was allocated to [[Turkey]], which prevented Assyrians from returning,{{sfnp|Travis|2006|p=334}} whilst Assyrians in southern Barwari in Iraq were permitted to return to their original villages.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|pp=2-3}} The Assyrians of southern Barwari suffered major upheaval with the eruption of the [[First Iraqi–Kurdish War]] in 1961, forcing a sizeable number to flee and seek refuge in Iraqi towns until most returned at the war's conclusion in 1970, during which time a few Assyrian villages were seized and settled by Kurds.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|pp=2-3}} In accordance with the [[1975 Algiers Agreement]] between Iraq and Iran, the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi government]] carried out border clearings in 1977-1978,{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=179}} destroying a number of Assyrian and Kurdish villages, and displacing their population.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|pp=1-2}}
Villages that had been spared in the late 1970s were destroyed by the [[Iraqi Army]] in the [[Anfal genocide|Al-Anfal campaign]] in 1987-1988, and all Assyrians in the region were moved to refugee camps, from which they moved to Iraqi towns or emigrated abroad to Europe, North America, or Australia.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=2}} In total, all 82 villages in the sub-district of Barwari Bala were destroyed in the campaign,{{sfnp|Noory|2012|p=108}} of which 35 villages were entirely inhabited by Assyrians.{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=179}} Assyrians returned to rebuild their villages after the establishment of the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] in 1991, however, the majority have remained in the [[Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|diaspora]].{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=2}}
==Geography==
===Iraq===
Southern or lower Barwari corresponds to the part of the region now located within northern Iraq, and encompasses Barwari Bala and Barwari Žēr. Barwari Bala ("upper Barwari" in Kurdish) is a [[Subdistricts of Iraq|sub-district]] in [[Amedi District]] within the [[Dohuk Governorate]],{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=112}} and is located alongside the [[Iraq–Turkey border]].{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=1}} The sub-region of Barwari Bala is separated from the [[Sapna valley]] to the south by the Matina mountains, and from the historical region of [[Tyari (tribe)|Lower Tyari]] in [[Hakkâri Province]] in Turkey by the Širani mountains to the north.{{sfnm|Khan|2008|1p=1|Aboona|2008|2pp=5-6}} Its eastern border is defined by the [[Great Zab]], beyond which lies [[Nerwa Rekan]], and the [[Khabur (Tigris)|Khabur]] serves as the western boundary of Barwari Bala.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=1}} Barwari Žēr ("lower Barwari" in Kurdish) is located further to the south of Barwari Bala.{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=1}}
The following villages in Barwari Bala are currently inhabited by Assyrians:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mena-rf.org/maps-downloads.html|title=Christian Communities in the Kurdistan Region|date=2012|website=Iraqi Kurdistan Christianity Project|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124160429/http://www.mena-rf.org/maps-downloads.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=150}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Teshish, Iraq|Tarshīsh]]
*[[Jdidke, Iraq|Jdīdā]]
*[[Beqolke, Iraq|Beṯ Kolke]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35347.html|title=Beqolke|date=31 August 2011|website=[[Ishtar TV]]|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
*[[Tishambik, Iraq|Tūṯā Shamāyā]]
*[[Maye, Iraq|Māyā]]
*[[Derishke, Iraq|Derishke]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36310.html|title=Derishke (Muslims and Christians)|date=26 November 2012|website=[[Ishtar TV]]|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kani Masi|Aïnā d'Nūne]]
*[[Yate, Iraq|Hayyat]]
*[[Shimayla, Iraq|Beṯ Shmiyāye]]
*[[Dooreh, Iraq|Dūre]]
*[[Hilwa, Iraq|Helwā]]
*[[Malakhta, Iraq|Malakṯā]]
*[[Iqri, Iraq|Aqrī]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35320.html|title=Iqri|date=11 August 2011|website=[[Ishtar TV]]|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
*[[Baluka, Iraq|Beṯ Balōkā]]
*[[Hese, Iraq|Hayyis]]
*[[Meske, Iraq|Mūsākān]]
*Merkaje
*Qasrka
*Baz
*[[Betanure]]
*Sardasht
*Cham Dostina
*Khwara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36421.html|title=Khwara|date=21 February 2013|website=[[Ishtar TV]]|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kani Balavi]]
*[[Jelek, Iraq|Jelek]]
*Iden
*Chaqala
{{div col end}}
The following villages in Barwari Bala were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Alkishk, Iraq|Alqōshtā]]{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=149}}
*Avsarke{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=298}}
*Bazif{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=292}}
*Beluzan{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=112}}
*Butara{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=293}}
*Dargeli{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=149}}
*Maghribiya{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=300}}
*Tirwanish{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=302}}
{{div col end}}
===Turkey===
The districts of Barwari Sevine,{{refn|Alternatively transliterated as Barwari Sweni,{{sfnp|Aboona|2008|p=87}} or Barwari Siweene.{{sfnp|Aboona|2008|p=294}}|group=nb}} Barwari Shwa'uta,{{refn|Alternatively transliterated as Barwari d'Shwawootha.{{sfnp|Aboona|2008|p=87}}|group=nb}} Barwari Qudshanes, and Bilidjnaye were located in southeastern Turkey,{{sfnp|Khan|2008|p=1}} and constituted northern or upper Barwari.{{sfnp|Yacoub|2016|p=115}}{{sfnp|Yonan|1996|pp=87-88}}
The following villages in Barwari Sevine were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:{{sfnm|Aboona|2008|1p=294|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=295}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Ördekli, Hakkâri|Ḥardālānīs]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=15957&haritasi=tepeli|title=Tepeli|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*Qōṭrānīs
*Aḥwānīs
*[[Kaymaklı, Hakkâri|Shmūnīnīs]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=15888&haritasi=kaymakl%C4%B1|title=Kaymaklı|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Çaltıkoru, Hakkâri|Sīwīne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=15887&haritasi=%C3%A7alt%C4%B1koru|title=Çaltıkoru|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*Espen
*Ṣallan
*[[Akbulut, Hakkâri|Qūrānīs]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=37177&haritasi=akbulut|title=Akbulut|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*Karme
*[[Doğanca, Hakkari|Ōret]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=48009&haritasi=do%C4%9Fanca|title=Doğanca|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
The following villages in Barwari Qudshanes were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:{{sfnm|Wilmshurst|2000|1p=295|Aboona|2008|2p=293}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Konak, Hakkari|Qūdshānīs]]
*Beṯ Nānō
*Nerwā
*Tīrqōnīs
*Kīgar
*Sōrīnes
*Tarmel
*Beṯ Ḥājīj
*Peḥḥen
*Chāros
{{div col end}}
The following villages in Bilidjnaye were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:{{sfnm|Aboona|2008|1p=294|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=294}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Kapılı, Yüksekova|Derres]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=46133&haritasi=kap%C4%B1l%C4%B1|title=Kapılı|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*Āwert
*[[Odabaşı, Yüksekova|Dāden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=46094&haritasi=odaba%C5%9F%C4%B1|title=Odabaşı|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*Beṯ Respi
*Ālāṣ
*Nauberi
{{div col end}}
The following villages in Barwari Shwa'uta were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:{{sfnm|Aboona|2008|1p=294|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=294}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Kolbaşı, Yüksekova|Shwāwūṯā]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=37186&haritasi=kolba%C5%9F%C4%B1|title=Kolbaşı|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Yuvalı, Yüksekova|Sāqerran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=46069&haritasi=yuval%C4%B1|title=Yuvalı|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Damlacık, Yüksekova|Dairikki]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?yer=46062&haritasi=damlac%C4%B1k|title=Damlacık|website=[[Sevan Nişanyan#Index Anatolicus|Index Anatolicus]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=nb}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Aboona | first1 =Hirmis |date=2008|title=Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Cambria Press|url=https://archive.org/details/HirmisAboonaAssyriansKurdsAndOttomansIntercommunalRelationsOnThePeripheryOfTheOttomanEmpire|access-date=27 August 2020}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Donabed| first1 = Sargon George |date=2015|title=Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hamelink |first1=Wendelmoet |title=The Sung Home. Narrative, Morality, and the Kurdish Nation |date=2016 |publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Khan| first1 =Geoffrey |date=2008|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar|publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Mooken| first1 =Aprem|date=2003|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century|publisher=St. Ephrem's Ecumenical Research Institute|author-link=Aprem Mooken|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara/page/4/mode/2up?q=berwar|access-date=27 August 2020}}
*{{cite journal|title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I|first1=Hannibal |last1=Travis |work=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=1|issue=3|year=2006|pages=327–372|url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=gsp|access-date=3 September 2020}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Mutzafi| first1 =Hezy|date=2008|title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Betanure (province of Dihok)|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}}
*{{cite thesis | last1 =Noory| first1 =Alan M. |date=2012|title=Shopping for Identity: An Economic Explanation for the Post-2003 Violence in Iraq |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Missouri–St. Louis |url=https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=dissertation|access-date=6 September 2020 |oclc=794855377}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first1 =David|date=2000|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|publisher=Peeters Publishers}}
*{{cite book | last1 =Yacoub| first1 =Joseph |date=2016|title=Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|translator=James Ferguson}}
*{{cite book|last1=Yonan|first1=Gabriele|date=1996|title=Lest We Perish: A Forgotten Holocaust : the Extermination of the Christian Assyrians in Turkey and Persia|url=https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/380604434.pdf|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044357/https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/380604434.pdf|url-status=dead}}
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[[Category:Geography of Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Hakkari]]