View source for Battle of Sarhū

{{Short description|1619 Later Jin–Ming battles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Sarhu
| partof            = the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming-Qing transition]]
| image             = Minggunbattle.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = The Jurchen cavalry charging Ming infantry in the battle of Sarhu.
| date              = 14 April 1619 – 18 April 1619
| place             = [[Fushun]], [[China]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|41|52|52|N|123|57|25|E}}
| map_type          =
| latitude          =
| longitude         =
| map_size          =
| map_caption       =
| territory         =
| result            = [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] victory
| status            =
| combatant1        = [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]
| combatant2        = {{plainlist|
*[[Ming dynasty]]
*[[Joseon]]}}
| combatant3        =
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*[[Nurhaci]]
*[[Hong Taiji]]
*[[Daišan]]
*[[Laimbu]]}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|'''Ming:'''
*[[Yang Hao (Ming dynasty)|Yang Hao]]
*Du Song{{KIA}}
**Wang Xuan{{KIA}}
**Zhao Menglin{{KIA}}
**Zhang Quan{{Natural Causes}}
**Gong Niansui{{KIA}}
**
*Ma Lin
**Pan Zongyan{{DOW}}
**Dou Yongcheng{{KIA}}
*Liu Ting{{KIA}}
**Kang Yingqian{{Natural Causes}}
**Qiao Yiqi
*[[Li Rubai]]
**He Shixian{{DOW}}
'''Joseon:'''
*[[Gang Hong-rip]]{{Surrendered}}
'''Haixi Jurchen:'''
*[[Buyanggu]]
*[[Gintaisi]]}}
| commander3        =
| strength1         = 60,000<ref>Inaba, Kunzan. 《清朝全史》 (The Full History of Qing Dynasty). p. 95, China Social Sciences Press. 2008. {{ISBN|9787500472087}}.</ref><ref>National Defense University (Republic of China). 《中國歷代戰爭史 第16冊 清（上）》 ''Chinese Military History, Vol 16, Qing Dynasty 1''. p. 78. Zhongxin Press. 2013. {{ISBN|9787508637112}}.</ref>
| strength2         = {{plainlist|
*Ming: 90,000–120,000{{sfn|Swope|2014}}
*Joseon: 13,000{{sfn|Swope|2014}}}}
| strength3         =
| casualties1       = 2,000–5,000<ref>Inaba, Kunzan. 《清朝全史》 (The Full History of Qing Dynasty). p. 95, China Social Sciences Press. 2008. {{ISBN|9787500472087}}.</ref><ref>National Defense University (Republic of China). 《中國歷代戰爭史 第16冊 清（上）》 ''Chinese Military History, Vol 16, Qing Dynasty 1''. p80. Zhongxin Press. 2013. {{ISBN|9787508637112}}.</ref>{{sfn|Swope|2014}}
| casualties2       = {{plainlist|
*45,000{{sfn|Swope|2014}}
*300 officers{{sfn|Swope|2014}}
*28,000 horses{{sfn|Swope|2014}}}}
| casualties3       =
| notes             =
}}
{{Campaignbox Transition from Ming to Qing}}
The '''Battle of Sarhū''' ({{zh|t=薩爾滸之戰|s=萨尔浒之战|p=Sà'ěrhǔ zhī zhàn}}) refers to a series of battles between the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] (the predecessor of the [[Qing dynasty]]) and the [[Ming dynasty]] and their [[Joseon]] allies in 1619. The battle is notable for the heavy use of cavalry by the Later Jin in defeating Ming and Joseon forces equipped with [[hand cannons]], [[cannon]]s, and [[matchlock]]s.
== Background ==
Prior to the battle [[Nurhaci]] had unified the [[Jurchen people]], excluding the Yehe, and took a hostile attitude towards the Ming for favoritism and meddling in the affairs of the Jurchen tribes. In 1618, he proclaimed his [[Seven Grievances]] (''nadan amba koro'' 七大恨) with the Ming to Heaven and subsequently declared war on the Ming. He occupied [[Fushun]], Qinghe (清河), and other cities before retreating. The death of the Ming Vice-General Zhang Chengyin (張承蔭) during the [[Battle of Fushun]] stunned the Ming court. In 1619, he attacked the Yehe (葉赫) in an attempt to provoke the Ming. The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by Military Commissioner [[Yang Hao (Ming dynasty)|Yang Hao]] to besiege the Later Jin capital [[Hetu Ala]] from four routes.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=15-19}}
==Organization==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit
! Commanders
! Estimated size
|-
| HQ || Military Commissioner (經略) Yang Hao (楊鎬)
| several thousand
|-
| rowspan="2" | Left Wing West Route Force
| {{plainlist|
* Regional Commander (總兵) Du Song (杜松, Route Commander)
*Regional Commander Wang Xuan (王宣)
*Regional Commander Zhao Menglin (趙夢麟)
*Army-inspecting Censor (監軍) Zhang Quan (張銓)
}}
| 30,000
|-
| {{plainlist|
*Mobile Corps Commander (游擊) Gong Niansui (龔念遂)
*Mobile Corps Commander Li Jibi (李季泌)
}}
| 2,000
|-
| rowspan="3" | Left Wing North Route Force
| {{plainlist|
*Regional Commander Ma Lin (馬林, Route Commander)
*Vice-General (副將) Ma Yan (麻巖)
}}
| 10,000
|-
| Army-inspecting Censor Pan Zongyan (潘宗顏)
| 10,000
|-
| {{plainlist|
*Mobile Corps Commander Dou Yongcheng (竇永澄)
*[[Gintaisi]] ([[:zh:金台石|金台石]]) (Yehe)
}}
| 10,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | Right Wing East Route Force
| {{plainlist|
*Regional Commander Liu Ting (劉綎, Route Commander)
*Army-Inspecting Censor Kang Yingqian (康應乾)
}}
| 10,000
|-
| {{plainlist|
*Mobile Corps Commander (游擊) Qiao Yiqi 喬一琦
*[[Joseon]] Expeditionary Force Commander [[Gang Hong-rip]] (姜弘立)
}}
| 20,000
|-
| Right Wing South Route Force
| {{plainlist|
*Regional Commander [[Li Rubai]] (李如栢, Route Commander)
*Regional Commander He Shixian (賀世賢)
*Army-inspecting Censor Yan Mingtai (閻鳴泰)
}}
| 40,000
|}
==Course of battle==
[[File:Ming Iron Hat (10129219875).jpg|thumb|[[Ming dynasty]] helmet]]
[[File:2014 East Tomb (Fuling, Tomb of Manchu Chief Nurhachi) 91.jpg|thumb|[[Jurchens|Jurchen]] helmet]]
=== Western Route ===
Du Song's forces set off west from [[Shenyang]] on the night of the 29th of the 2nd lunar month under torchlight. He had orders to arrive at Yagu Gate on the 2nd of the 3rd lunar month, so he arrived the next day at Fushun, 100 [[Li (length)|li]] (里) away, and captured the undefended city. Du's army was delayed by snow and stayed at Fushun for some time, but Du grew impatient and set forth with his army after 10 days despite the unfavorable conditions.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=20}}
When they arrived at the [[Hun River (Liao River tributary)|Hun River]], the Jin had already set up defences on the other side of the river. Du Song was advised to camp for the night, but he refused and took 10,000 men with him across the river to attack Jin defenses, while leaving 20,000 with the artillery train and baggage on the other side. One source accuses him of drunkenness having clouded his judgment that night. He was asked to wear armor prior to the crossing, but he replied that being in the military for this many years, he did not know how heavy armor was as he never wore it, and crossed the river. When his forces were halfway across, [[Nurhaci]] ordered his bannermen to break the dams they had prepared and Du's men had to abandon their equipment to escape the current. The commander in charge of artillery and baggage was supposed to coordinate the crossing following Du, but he refused due to the river's turbulence.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=20}}
That night, Du Song divided his forces into two camps, one at Sarhu Mountain Pass and one at Jilin Cliff where he camped. Nurhaci sent his sons Hong Taiji and [[Daišan]] with a banner each to keep Du Song occupied at Jilin Cliff and he himself took six banners and attacked the Sarhu camp.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=20}}
The Sarhu camp held off the initial Jin assault but fell into an ambush while in pursuit of the enemy and were driven toward the river. Ming musketeers tried to reform ranks and fire their guns but were flanked by Jin cavalry which broke their formation and shattered their morale.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=20}}
Nurhaci then concentrated all his forces against Du's camp and laid siege to it. Du's forces were completely surrounded and their firearms only made their location more evident to their enemies. Du and the other two generals, Wang Xuan and Zhao Menglin, were killed in combat while trying to occupy a high ground near the river. Du Song died from an arrow supposedly fired by [[Laimbu]], 13th son of [[Nurhaci]]. The Jin chased the shattered Ming remnants for 20 li before regrouping to form ranks. Then they headed off to confront Ma Lin's forces at Xiangjiayan.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
=== Northern Route ===
Upon receiving news of the Western Route's demise, Ma Lin grew more cautious. He divided his forces in two and together with the remnants of Du Song's army, mainly supply units, formed three fortified camps at Xiangjiayan (Siyanggiyan), protected by cannons and trenches.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
Nurhaci concentrated his forces on Ma Lin's own camp. He first sent a contingent of horsemen to scout out their defenses. Then he ordered a thousand infantry to draw fire while Nurhaci led his banners to surround the Ming encampment and conduct a surprise attack. Nurhaci's banners were so rapid that Ma's gunners could only get off one volley before the Jin were upon them. Ming forces panicked and were cut down by Jin cavalry. The rearguard attempted to rally under Pan Zongyan and his Yihe (Jurchen) allies, but this proved futile, and the army's morale broke. Ma Lin escaped as half of his troops were killed or captured. The other two camps also fell in quick succession.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
=== Eastern Route ===
Yang Hao issued commands to retreat and regroup, but Liu Ting never received the message.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
Nurhaci and Daišan returned to [[Hetu Ala]] with 4,000 troops to recuperate.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
The Jin decided to attack Liu Ting next, as Li Rubai's forces were mainly traversing mountain paths. Unlike Du Song and Ma Lin, Liu had experienced some small success in defeating advance Jin scouts, resulting in the capture of three fortresses, the death of two Jin generals, as well as 3,000 casualties on the Jin side.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Guo Que, vol. 183, p. 5133.}}</ref>
Before he left, Nurhaci ordered some of his troops to disguise themselves as Ming soldiers and mix into Liu Ting's entourage. His spies posed as Du Song's messengers and delivered a false letter to Liu Ting stating that Du Song was already fast approaching Hetu Ala, requesting him to speed up. Liu took the bait and increased the army's pace which caused his troops to lose cohesion as they advanced deep into a valley.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
Liu Ting was ambushed in Abudali (阿布達里) Pass, not 60 li away from Hetu Ala, as his troops stretched themselves out to traverse the valley. His forces met Daišan's assault and withstood the first charge, but was shattered in the second charge by Hong Taiji, whose banner inflicted heavy casualties as approximately 3,000 Zhejiang troops and more than 7,000 Hmong troops were killed. Liu Ting died in combat after personally killing several Jin soldiers.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=22}}
The Joseon force of 10,000 musketeers and 3,000 archers were hindered by the harsh wind. Joseon archers fired volleys without arrowheads because they had not intended to fight the Jin in the first place and wished to maintain a neutral policy between the Later Jin and the Ming. The musketeers however performed admirably and fought until their allies surrendered. Their fortitude was regarded with admiration by the future Qing emperor Hong Taiji. Joseon contingent commander Gang Hong-rip then surrendered with his remaining troops.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=23}}
=== Southern Route ===
[[Li Rubai]] received orders to retreat and withdrew his troop across Ming borders with minimal casualties, only losing a few hundred men in small Jin cavalry attacks. Ming officials claimed that Li Rubai's personal relationship with Nurhaci (both having relations to Li Rubai's father, [[Li Chengliang]]) was the reason he was not targeted and would later bring him to trial on this claim. He committed suicide before the trial.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=23}}
==Aftermath==
Yang Hao was arrested by the [[Embroidered Uniform Guard]] and imprisoned for 10 years before he was executed by [[Zhu Youjian]].{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=23}}
Li Rubai was impeached on the basis of his personal relationship with Nurhaci. He committed suicide before his trial.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=23}}
Ma Lin retreated to [[Kaiyuan, Liaoning|Kaiyuan]], where he was captured and killed by the Later Jin when they conquered the city a few months later.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=24}}
After returning to Hetu Ala, Nurhaci celebrated with his retainers. Thereafter, he sent a messenger to the King of Joseon asking why they had aided the Ming and aired his grievances towards them. Not willing to anger Nurhaci, Joseon returned a letter congratulating him on his victory, but remained ambivalent in official communications with the Later Jin, nor did Joseon recognize his regime.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=23}}
Two-thirds of the 13,000 Joseon Expeditionary Force were killed, but those who survived as captives were released and allowed to return to their homeland. Gang Hong-rip however was kept for his proficiency in the Jurchen language. Later on Gang would be led to believe that his family had died in the political turmoil that occurred during a coup in his native kingdom of Joseon. To exact his revenge on the Joseon court, he urged the Jin to invade Joseon, which led to the [[First Manchu invasion of Korea]] in 1627. Only during the peace negotiations did he find out that he had been misled.
The Joseon musketeers being overwhelmed by the Manchu cavalry prompted a revision of military tactics in Korea. In previous decades, the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin War]] was seen as a demonstration of the dominance of the firearm, and the Joseon adjusted military forces accordingly. Both sides of the war lacked effective shock cavalry to take advantage of the vulnerabilities of unsupported musketeers. After the defeat at Sarhū, the Joseon forces revised their doctrine to have [[Pike and shot|spearmen supporting the musketeers]]. The new Korean force was tested against the Manchus again in [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon|1627]] and [[Qing invasion of Joseon|1636-1637]]. Both times, they were defeated, but their performance left a strong impression on the Manchus. The first emperor of the newly declared Qing dynasty later wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting."<ref>[[Andrade, Tonio]] (2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Page 187.</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="180">
Jurchen cavalry attacking the Ming camp from the rear.jpg|Jin cavalry attacking the Ming camp from the rear
Kang Yingqian being overrun.jpg|Kang Yingqian being overrun
Nurhaci overruning Ma Lin's camp.jpg|Nurhaci overrunning Ma Lin's camp
Pan Zongyan being overrun.jpg|Pan Zongyan being overrun
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[Timeline of the Ming dynasty]]
*[[Timeline of the Qing dynasty]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|last=Swope|first=Kenneth|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty|year=2014|publisher=Routledge}}
*{{Citation|last=Wakeman|first=Frederic|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China|volume=1|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press}}
{{Ming dynasty topics}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Sarhu}}
[[Category:1619 in China]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1619|Sarhu 1619]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ming dynasty|Sarhu 1619]]
[[Category:Battles involving Joseon|Sarhu 1619]]
[[Category:Military history of Liaoning]]
[[Category:History of Fushun]]