View source for Behalt

{{Short description|Painting by Heinz Gaugel}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title              = Behalt
| other_language_1   =
| other_title_1      =
| wikidata           = Q4880665
| image              = Amish youth groups at Behalt 11.jpg
| image_upright      = 1.2
| caption            = Amish youth group visiting ''Behalt''
| artist             = [[Heinz Gaugel]]
| year               =  {{start date|1978}}
| completion_date    =  {{start date|1992|df=y}}
| medium             = [[Oil on canvas]]
| height_imperial    = 10
| width_imperial     = 265
| metric_unit        = m <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| imperial_unit      = ft <!-- Note: this parameter must either use the value given or not be included -->
| museum             = [[Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center]]
| city               =  [[Berlin, Holmes County, Ohio]]
| coordinates        =  {{coord|40.568018|-81.780475|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website            =  {{URL|https://behalt.com}}
}}
'''''Behalt''''' is a {{convert|10|by|265|foot|meter|adj=on}} [[cyclorama]] painted by [[Heinz Gaugel]] in the late 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Gary|date=18 October 2013|title=Postcard from ... Berlin: Behalt Cyclorama tells the story of the Anabaptists|url=https://www.dispatch.com/article/20131018/news/310189835|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819180914/https://www.dispatch.com/article/20131018/news/310189835 |archive-date=2021-08-19 }}</ref> The name comes from the German word ''behalten'': to hold onto or to remember.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Biesecker-Mast|first=Susan|date=1999-07-01|title=Behalt: a rhetoric of remembrance and transformation|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00259373&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA203025956&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=[[Mennonite Quarterly Review]]|language=English|volume=73|issue=3|pages=601–615}}</ref> The work illustrates the heritage of the [[Amish]] and [[Mennonite]] people from the beginnings of Christianity and is displayed in the [[Amish & Mennonite Heritage Center|Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center]] in [[Berlin, Holmes County, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behalt Cyclorama|url=https://behalt.com/behalt-cyclorama/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[Amish & Mennonite Heritage Center]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201122318/http://behalt.com/behalt-cyclorama/ |archive-date=2020-02-01 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Brownlee|first=Amy Knueven|date=2011-07-01|title=The Simple Life|url=https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/daytripperblog/ohio-amish-country/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[Cincinnati Magazine]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222143/http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/daytripperblog/ohio-amish-country/ |archive-date=2015-09-05 }}</ref>  The ''Columbus Dispatch'' said it was the "Sistine Chapel of the Amish and Mennonites".<ref name=":0" /> One of four existing cycloramas in the US and one of only 16 in the world, ''Behalt'' is the only existing cyclorama painted by a single artist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Lueptow|first=Diana|date=2019-04-25|title=Memory Center|url=https://www.akronlife.com/api/content/d1d297ee-6796-11e9-ac20-12f1225286c6/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[Akron Life Magazine]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
Anabaptist scholar Susan Biesecker-Mast calls it "an effort to exceed the tourist economy of Holmes County by offering a transformative rhetoric for its visitors."<ref name=":4" /> She relates the narrative of the mural's creation as a venture by area religious leaders to retain control of the telling of their own story.<ref name=":4" />
== Creation ==
In 1978, tourism in heavily-Amish eastern Holmes County had become more and more disruptive to the daily lives of residents, and an Amish blacksmith remarked to Gaugel that he wished there were some place tourists go could to learn why the Plain sects lived the way they do.<ref name=":4" /> Gaugel decided to create the cyclorama as an educational instrument.<ref name=":4" /> He researched the history of the Anabaptist movement and recruited a team of historians to ensure historical accuracy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Hughes|first=Jean|date=May 1990|title=Amish, Mennonite History Portrayed on Anabaptist Cyclorama|pages=8–9, 29|work=[[Holmes County Traveler]]}}</ref> He viewed the mural as a piece of historical rather than religious artwork.<ref name=":7" />
The painting was created over 14 years. Gaugel began working in 1978;<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Gorisek|first=Sue|date=July 1992|title=Faith of the Fathers|pages=43–45|work=[[Ohio (magazine)|Ohio]]}}</ref> by 1990 all scenes were complete and the mural installed in its space. Detail work and retouching took another two years and were finished in 1992.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Minnich|first=Kate|date=1 April 2016|title=Behalt|url=https://www.the-daily-record.com/article/20160401/NEWS/304019352|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[The Daily Record (Ohio)|The Daily Record]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819180414/https://www.the-daily-record.com/article/20160401/NEWS/304019352 |archive-date=2021-08-19 }}</ref><ref name=":13"/> Until it was installed, Gaugel had not seen his achievement in its entirety.<ref name=":13"/>
== Funding and ownership ==
In June 1979 a local Mennonite, Helen F. Smucker, offered funding for a studio, materials, and a display facility for the finished work in exchange for a share in ownership of the painting.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Gaugel's first studio was in Old Dunkard Church in [[Bunker Hill, Holmes County, Ohio|Bunker Hill]], Ohio.<ref name=":4" /> Smucker died later that year, and a group of investors bought out her share and decided to build a display facility on the Amish Farm, one of the earliest tourist-oriented businesses in the area.<ref name=":4" /> Area ministers were concerned that, after Smucker's death, having no Mennonites involved in the project might affect the final finished result.<ref name=":4" /> According to Biesecker-Mast, the idea that their story would be told by non-members of the community and displayed for profit was "more than some religious leaders in the community could stand." They formed a committee to develop a Mennonite Information Center; the main agenda item at their first meeting was concern about the painting being purchased by someone who wanted to use it in a business venture.<ref name=":4" />
When Gaugel told the investors he would need five more years to complete the painting, they sued him for breach of contract, and in 1980, the unfinished painting was seized by the Holmes County Sheriff "for safekeeping."<ref name=":4" /> In early summer 1981 Gaugel's former studio was opened to the public as the Mennonite Information Center.<ref name=":4" /> The painting was returned to Gaugel later that year, but a lawsuit required he change its name and move it out of state.<ref name=":4" /> In 1984 the group of investors offered their share of the mural to the Center.<ref name=":4" /> In 1986 a lien against the painting caused the work to be seized again, this time in Pennsylvania.<ref name=":4" /> In 1988 the Mennonite Information Center finally signed a purchase agreement, but the board struggled to purchase land and build a facility.<ref name=":4" /> In 1989, a group of Mennonite business leaders succeeded in their offer to purchase the painting and build a display facility.<ref name=":6" /> In 1990 the facility opened with the mural on display while Gaugel continued his work on it.<ref name=":4" />
== Description ==
The [[cyclorama]] follows the development of the early Christian church, the acceptance of the Christian church by the Roman Empire under Constantine, and the early evolution of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Glaser|first=Susan|date=2011-12-25|title=Explore the vast variety of Ohio's religious cultures|url=https://www.cleveland.com/travel/2011/12/explore_the_vast_variety_of_oh.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[The Plain Dealer]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174709/https://www.cleveland.com/travel/2011/12/explore_the_vast_variety_of_oh.html |archive-date=2021-08-19 }}</ref> It then moves to the Reformation and narrows its focus to 400-year history of the Radical Reformation and the Anabaptists.<ref name=":6" /> The remainder of the painting demonstrates how the Amish, Mennonite, and Hutterite movements grew, moved and developed from the [[Anabaptist]] beginning in [[Zurich, Switzerland|1525 in Zurich, Switzerland]], their persecutions and their emigrations.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":13"/><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Locher|first=Paul|title=Heinz Gaugel added beauty to the world|work=[[The Daily Record (Ohio)|The Daily Record]]}}</ref>
It ends with the disappearance of Mennonite missionaries during the Vietnam War.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Dudek|first=Jerry|date=8 April 1992|title=Dyck sees self, wife in mural|work=[[The Budget]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Marr|first=Lynette|date=23 February 2018|title=Local cyclorama teaches history|pages=5|work=[[Orrviews]]}}</ref> The mural portrays over 1200 people, representing Amish, Mennonite, Hutterites, and other Anabaptist groups.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2019 an estimated 18,000 to 20,000 people from many countries viewed it.<ref name=":1" />
The mural has a storyline progression; Gaugel intended that each scene would be "...the light source for the next" so that light radiates from one scene to another emphasizing the relationship between and among them.<ref name=":13"/>
The installation is octagonal, but the painting curves so that there are no visible corners; the scenes are placed so as to provide the illusion of a round space.<ref name=":13"/>
In 2019 the center began a new lighting project that was expected to require several years to design and complete. COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns of 2020 allowed workers more intensive access to the jobsite and the installation was completed in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mast|first=Dave|date=15 May 2021|title=Lighting the Way: Cyclorama 'Behalt' comes to life in a new way with advanced lighting project|pages=19|work=[[The Bargain Hunter]]}}</ref>
== Critical commentary and reaction ==
[[File:Amish youth groups at Behalt 8 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Scenes overlap with one another to give the feeling of a storyline of interwoven threads]]
Biesecker-Mast analyzes the mural as "a Christian rhetoric that, as a remembering and a giving, transcends the economy of exchange and possession that surrounds it."<ref name=":4" /> She notes that the primary theme of the mural that its story is not one but many interwoven threads, "complicated and messy" and that it was unlikely viewers would come away "with a sense of a neat chronology."
According to Biesecker-Mast, ''Behalt'' is not simply a painting but three separate media: a painting, a space and a story. She adds a fourth rhetorical concept: the mural's own creation history as a struggle of a people to retain their ability to control their own narrative. Because it is not possible to view the painting from a single point, one is forced to move through the space and experience it both as "a temporary (in the sense that once cannot stay here for long) and a temporal (in the sense that this is history) boundary between the viewer and the rolling hills and crowded highways of Holmes County." Because it is impossible to capture ''Behalf's'' size in one gaze, this is, she says, the entire story—it is too many stories and therefore impossible to fully grasp.<ref name=":4" /> This in turn she likens to the attempts at easy commodification of the Amish by local entrepreneurs: "Just as one cannot hold the painting in one's hands or one's gaze, the mural suggests that this history and these people are not, in fact, reducible to a singular narrative."
[[File:Amish youth groups at Behalt 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gaugel used red to emphasize the "bloodiest" parts of the history]]
Sue Gorisek, writing in ''Ohio'' magazine, said, "As a work of art, it's impressive....As history, it's downright chilling," with depictions of beheadings, drownings, and [[Burned at the stake|burnings]].<ref name=":6" /> Gaugel informed her, "I tell people, it's good that it makes them feel uncomfortable. This should not be too easy to look at." Gorisek notes that "Gaugel has chosen to depict the bloodiest era{{Em dash}}the mid-16th century{{Em dash}}in a turbulence of interwoven scenes bound together with subtle waves of a reddish hue, which can be seen as fire, or blood."<ref name=":6" /> The color red is used throughout to highlight incidents of persecution.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Amish youth groups at Behalt 2 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Jesus is the largest figure portrayed]]
Gaugel also used size to convey relative importance.<ref name=":9" /> Jesus is the largest of the historical figures portrayed.<ref name=":9" />
According to Paul Locher, writing in The Daily Record after Gaugel's death, Anabaptist leaders said "only Gaugel could have painted such a masterpiece because he was both willing to do the massive research...and brought no biases to the project as someone from within the faith might have done."<ref name=":8" /> When the painting was first put on display, some Amish community members had reservations, seeing it as self-promotional and therefore unseemly, and local farmers would not allow signage on their land.<ref name=":6" /> Others thought it might be helpful as a place to send tourists who "pester(ed) [them] with questions."<ref name=":6" />
== Notable people portrayed ==
[[File:Portion of Behalt 1.jpg|thumb|[[Dirk Willems]] rescuing his pursuer in what Biesecker-Mast calls "one of the most familiar stories" in Anabaptist history]]
* [[George Blaurock]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=DreamSeeker Magazine:Autumn 2005 Kirsten Beach|url=http://www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com/dsm/autumn05/beacki.htm|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com}}</ref>
* [[Peter J. Dyck]]<ref name=":7" />
* [[Conrad Grebel]]<ref name=":10" />
* [[Jacob Hochstetler]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Balthasar Hubmaier]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Jesus]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Martin Luther]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Felix Manz]]<ref name=":10" />
* [[Saint Patrick]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Michael Sattler]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Menno Simons]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Jonas Stutzman]]<ref name=":10" />
* [[Ulrich Ulman]]<ref name=":10" />
* [[Thieleman J. van Braght|Thielman J. van Braght]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Dirk Willems]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Ulrich Zwingli]]<ref name=":4" />
== Historical events portrayed ==
* [[Bubonic plague|Bubonic Plague]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Conscientious objection in the United States#World War II|Conscientious objection in World War II]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Crusades]]<ref name=":9" />
* [[Anabaptism#Persecutions and migrations|Emigration by Anabaptists]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Reformation]]<ref name=":10" />
== Other depictions ==
* The founding of [[The Budget]]<ref name=":9" />
* The foundings of [[Goshen College]], [[Bluffton University]], and [[Eastern Mennonite University]]<ref name=":9" />
== Artist ==
[[Heinz Gaugel]] was born in the Black Forest Region of Germany, where he grew up speaking [[Swabish]], a dialect similar to [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Yoder|first=Marcus A.|date=June 2021|title=The History of the Anabaptist Faith: The Story of Heinz Gaugel|pages=37–39|work=[[Plain Values]]}}</ref> He moved to Canada in 1951.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Harrison|first=Nancy|date=7 August 2011|title=Everything Just So: Cycloramas, The North American Tour|url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/8/7/206574/Everything-Just-So-Cycloramas-The.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=[[The Chattanoogan]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819204230/https://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/8/7/206574/Everything-Just-So-Cycloramas-The.aspx |archive-date=2021-08-19 }}</ref> He was living in Ontario when he travelled to Columbus, Ohio in 1962, stopped in the town of Berlin for lunch, and overheard someone speaking what sounded much like his mother tongue.<ref name=":5" /> He became interested in Amish culture and history.<ref name=":3" />
He and his family moved to the Holmes County area in 1972 and in 1978, as a response to growing Amish tourism in the area, he decided to create the cyclorama to explain Anabaptist history to visitors.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> After the Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center purchased the unfinished painting in 1988, he continued his work on it in their space, often while visitors watched.<ref name=":3" /> He completed the painting in 1992, but continued to work in his studio at the center until shortly before his death in 2000.<ref name=":3" />
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Murals in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cycloramas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Holmes County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Mennonitism]]
[[Category:Amish in Ohio]]