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{{Short description|2nd-century BC Jewish scribe, author of Sirach}}
{{About|the Hellenistic Jewish sage|the [[Deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical book]] of the [[Bible]]|Book of Sirach}}
{{More citations needed
| date = June 2016
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[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 149.png|thumb|right|''Jesus Ben Sirach'' 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]]]]
'''Ben Sira''' or  '''Joshua ben Sirach''' ({{langx|he|שמעון בן יהושע בן אליעזר בן סירא|šimʿon ben yəhošuʿ ben ʾəliʿezer ben Sirā}}) ({{fl|2nd century BCE}}) was a [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic Jewish]] scribe, sage, and allegorist from [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]]-controlled Jerusalem of the [[Second Temple period]]. He is the author of the [[Book of Sirach]], also known as "Ecclesiasticus".
Ben Sirach wrote his work in Hebrew, possibly in [[Alexandria]] in the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] c. 180–175 BCE, where he is thought to have established a school.<ref>See Guillaume, Philippe, [https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/5754/4807 ''New Light on the Nebiim from Alexandria: A Chronography to Replace the Deuteronomistic History''. PDF] Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 5.9 (2004): sections 3–5: full notes and bibliography</ref>
While Ben Sira is sometimes claimed to be a contemporary of [[Simeon the Just]], it is more likely that his contemporary was [[Simon II (High Priest)|High Priest Simon II]] (219–199 BCE) and this is due to confusion with his father, Joshua.<ref>{{daat enc|id1=1464 |he-title=אנציקלופדיה יהודית דעת – בן סירא |access-date=2013-09-06}}</ref>
A medieval text, the ''[[Alphabet of Sirach]]'', was falsely attributed to him.
==Name==
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|Religion}}
In the [[Koine Greek]] text of the ''Book of Sirach'', the author's father is called "Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05263a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia : Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1909-05-01 |access-date=2013-09-06}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2017}} [[Jesus (name)|Jesus]] is the Anglicized form of the Greek name {{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς}}, the equivalent of the [[Aramaic]] form borrowed from late [[Biblical Hebrew]] ''[[Yeshua]]'', derived from the older Masoretic Hebrew ''Yehoshua''.
The copy owned by [[Saadia Gaon]], the prominent [[rabbi]], Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the 10th century, had the reading "Shimʽon, son of Yeshuaʽ, son of Elʽazar ben Siraʼ"; and a similar reading occurs in the Hebrew manuscript B.<ref> Wm. Oscar Oesterley & George Herbert Box, introduction to Sirach, in Robt. H. Charles, ''The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English'' (1913, Oxford) vol. 1 page 270.</ref>
''Sirach'' is the Greek form of the family name Sira. It adds the letter [[Chi (letter)|Chi]], an addition like that in [[Language_of_Jesus#Akeldama_(Ἀκελδαμά)|Hakel-dama-ch]] in [[Acts 1]]:19.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
==Life==
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 148.png|left|thumb|Ben Sirach (Schnorr von Carolsfeld 1860)]]
According to the Greek version, though not according to the Syriac, the author traveled extensively (Sirach 34:12) and was frequently in danger of death (34:13). Collins comments that unfortunately "he gives no details of his travels".<ref>[[John J. Collins|Collins, J. J.]], "44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach", in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 The Oxford Bible Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22 }}, p. 689</ref> Corley surmises from these travels that Ben Sira may have been a [[diplomat]] or counsellor.<ref>Corley, J., [https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14430/1/Corley.pdf Ben Sira’s Teaching on Friendship], ''[[Brown University|Brown Judaic Studies]]'', number 316, published 2020, p. 17, accessed 10 July 2023</ref> In the hymn of chapter 51, he speaks of the perils of all sorts from which God had delivered him, although this is probably only a poetic theme in imitation of the [[Psalms]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The calumnies to which he was exposed in the presence of a certain king, supposed to be one of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]], are mentioned only in the Greek version, being ignored both in the Syriac and in the Hebrew text. The only fact known with certainty, drawn from the text itself, is that Ben Sira was a scholar, and a scribe thoroughly versed in the Law, and especially in the "Books of Wisdom".
==Ben Sira's grandson==
Very little is known about his grandson, who claims in the prologue to the Greek text to be the translator of Sirach into Greek.<ref>{{bibleverse||Sirach|1|NRSVA}}</ref> He probably undertook the translation many years after the original was written.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
The grandson states that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of Euergetes. [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon]] must be intended; he ascended the throne in 170 BCE, together with his brother Philometor, but he soon became sole ruler of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and from 146 to 117 BCE, held sway over all Egypt. He dated his reign from the year in which he received the crown (i.e., from 170 BCE). The translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Strategic Grasp of the Bible|first=J. Sidlow |last=Baxter|author-link=J. Sidlow Baxter|publisher=Zondervan|year=1968|page=46}}</ref>
The prologue is generally considered the earliest witness to a canon of the books of the prophets.<ref>Wm. Oscar Oesterley & George Herbert Box, annotations to Sirach, in Robt. H. Charles, ''The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English'' (1913, Oxford) vol. 1 page 316.</ref>
==See also==
* [[Wisdom literature]]
* [[Wisdom (personification)]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://BenSira.org BenSira.org] – ancient and medieval Hebrew manuscripts of the book of Ben Sira
* [https://selfdefinition.org/christian/Ecclesiasticus-The-Book-of-Sirach.pdf The Book of Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus)]
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Jesus, son of Sirach |short=x}}
*[https://purl.pt/27165 Sententiae morales Ben Syrae, Isnae, 1542], at the National Library of Portugal
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Hebrew-language writers]]
[[Category:2nd-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:People in the deuterocanonical books]]
[[Category:Ptolemaic Jews]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC scholars]]