View source for Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra

{{short description|1870 arrangement of the Australian endemic plant series Dryandra in the genus Banksia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
[[Image:Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''[[Dryandra]]'' was first published in Volume V of ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.]]
'''[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra'']]) was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = [[George Bentham|Bentham, George]] | year = 1870 | title = Dryandra | encyclopedia = [[Flora Australiensis]] | volume = 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 562–584 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> It replaced [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement]] of [[Carl Meissner]], and stood for over a century before being replaced by [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1996 arrangement]] of [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]].
==Background==
{{see also|Banksia ser. Dryandra}}
The dryandras are a group of [[proteaceae|proteaceous]] shrubs endemic to southwest [[Western Australia]]. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus ''Banksia'' as ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra''. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
The first infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' was [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Brown's 1810 arrangement]], which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification.<ref name="Brown 1810">{{cite book | last = Brown | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | year = 1810 | title = [[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]] | location = London | publisher = Taylor}}</ref> Twenty years later, Brown published [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a revised arrangement]] which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and placed one further species in a separate genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Brown, Robert]] | year = 1830 | title = [[Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae]] | pages = 37–40 | publisher = Taylor | location = London}}</ref> This was followed by [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement of]] [[Carl Meissner]], which recognised 53 species and six varieties, dividing them into three sections and eight series, and maintaining the monospecific genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Meissner 1856 XLIV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLIV. Dryandra | pages = 467–481 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref><ref name="Meissner 1856 XLV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLV. Hemiclidia | pages = 481–482 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref>
==Bentham's arrangement==
Bentham's arrangement was published in 1870, in Volume V of ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''. He reduced the number of species to 47, and the number of varieties to two, proposing an arrangement consisting of two sections and seven series. ''Hemiclidia'' was transferred back into ''Dryandra''.<ref name="Bentham 1870"/>
George Bentham's 1870 taxonomic arrangement of ''Dryandra'' may be summarised as follows:<ref name="Bentham 1870"/>
:Genus ''Dryandra'' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']])
::Section [[Dryandra sect. Eudryandra|''Eudryandra'']]
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Armatae|Armatæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;quercifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia heliantha|B.&nbsp;heliantha]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;praemorsa'' (now ''[[Banksia undata|B.&nbsp;undata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;cuneata'' (now ''[[Banksia obovata|B.&nbsp;obovata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;falcata'' (now ''[[Banksia falcata|B.&nbsp;falcata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;armata'' (now ''[[Banksia armata|B.&nbsp;armata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;longifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia prolata|B.&nbsp;prolata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Fraseri'' (now ''[[Banksia fraseri|B.&nbsp;fraseri]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Floribundae|Floribundæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;floribunda'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. sessilis|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''sessilis'']])
:::::''D.&nbsp;floribunda'' var. ''major'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. cordata|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''cordata'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;carduacea'' (now [[Banksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa|''B.&nbsp;squarrosa'' subsp. ''squarrosa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;carlinoides'' (now ''[[Banksia carlinoides|B.&nbsp;carlinoides]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;polycephala'' (now ''[[Banksia polycephala|B.&nbsp;polycephala]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Kippistiana'' (now ''[[Banksia kippistiana|B.&nbsp;kippistiana]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Concinnae|Concinnæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;squarrosa'' (now ''[[Banksia squarrosa|B.&nbsp;squarrosa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;serra'' (now ''[[Banksia serra|B.&nbsp;serra]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;concinna'' (now ''[[Banksia concinna|B.&nbsp;concinna]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;foliolata'' (now ''[[Banksia foliolata|B.&nbsp;foliolata]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Formosae|Formosæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;stupposa'' (now ''[[Banksia stuposa|B.&nbsp;stuposa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nobilis'' (now ''[[Banksia nobilis|B.&nbsp;nobilis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;mucronulata'' (now ''[[Banksia mucronulata|B.&nbsp;mucronulata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;formosa'' (now ''[[Banksia formosa|B.&nbsp;formosa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Baxteri'' (now ''[[Banksia biterax|B.&nbsp;biterax]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Niveae|Niveæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;nivea'' (now ''[[Banksia nivea|B.&nbsp;nivea]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;arctotidis'' (now ''[[Banksia arctotidis|B.&nbsp;arctotidis]]'')
:::::''D.&nbsp;arctotidis'' var. ''tortifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tortifolia|B.&nbsp;tortifolia]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nana'' (now ''[[Banksia nana|B.&nbsp;nana]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Preissii'' (now ''[[Banksia acuminata|B.&nbsp;acuminata]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Obvallatae|Obvallatæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;sclerophylla'' (now ''[[Banksia sclerophylla|B.&nbsp;sclerophylla]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;pulchella'' (now ''[[Banksia bella|B.&nbsp;bella]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;plumosa'' (now ''[[Banksia plumosa|B.&nbsp;plumosa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;seneciifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia seneciifolia|B.&nbsp;seneciifolia]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;vestita'' (now ''[[Banksia vestita|B.&nbsp;vestita]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;cirsioides'' (now ''[[Banksia cirsioides|B.&nbsp;cirsioides]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Hewardiana'' (now ''[[Banksia hewardiana|B.&nbsp;hewardiana]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;patens'' (now ''B.&nbsp;hewardiana'')
::::''D.&nbsp;conferta'' (now ''[[Banksia densa|B.&nbsp;densa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;horrida'' (now ''[[Banksia horrida|B.&nbsp;horrida]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;serratuloides'' (now ''[[Banksia serratuloides|B.&nbsp;serratuloides]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;comosa'' (now ''[[Banksia comosa|B.&nbsp;comosa]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Gymnocephalae|Gymnocephalæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;Shuttleworthiana'' (now ''[[Banksia shuttleworthiana|B.&nbsp;shuttleworthiana]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;speciosa'' (now ''[[Banksia splendida|B.&nbsp;splendida]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;tridentata'' (now ''[[Banksia tridentata|B.&nbsp;tridentata]]'')
::Section ''[[Dryandra sect. Aphragma|Aphragma]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;tenuifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tenuis|B.&nbsp;tenuis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;proteoides'' (now ''[[Banksia proteoides|B.&nbsp;proteoides]]'')
:::::''D.&nbsp;proteoides'' var. ''ferruginea'' (now ''[[Banksia rufa|B.&nbsp;rufa]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;runcinata'' (now [[Banksia rufa subsp. rufa|''B.&nbsp;r.''&nbsp;subsp. ''rufa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;obtusa'' (now ''[[Banksia obtusa|B.&nbsp;obtusa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;bipinnatifida'' (now ''[[Banksia bipinnatifida|B.&nbsp;bipinnatifida]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;pteridifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia pteridifolia|B.&nbsp;pteridifolia]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;calophylla'' (now ''[[Banksia calophylla|B.&nbsp;calophylla]]'')
==Legacy==
Bentham's arrangement remained the accepted arrangement of ''Dryandra'' 126 years. It was finally replaced in 1996 by [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a new arrangement]] published by [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]]. George's arrangement retained a number of Bentham's infrageneric taxa.<ref name="George 1996">{{cite journal | author = [[Alex George (botanist)|George, Alex S.]] | year = 1996 | title = New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–408| doi = 10.58828/nuy00235 | s2cid = 92008567 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/235162 }}</ref>
In 2007, [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] transferred ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia'', on the grounds that ''Banksia'' was [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to ''Dryandra''. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of ''Banksia'', so as an interim measure they transferred ''Dryandra'' at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Bentham's infrageneric taxa are in current use.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, A. R.]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>
==References==
{{wikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/29. Dryandra|Flora Australiensis/Volume&nbsp;V/CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/29.&nbsp;Dryandra}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1870 introductions]]
[[Category:Taxonomy of Banksia]]