View source for Big Hill

{{Short description|Steep railway line in British Columbia, Canada}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
[[Image:Big Hill CPR.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Looking west, 1890. Safety Switch No. 1 and its uphill spur are shown foreground and right; the [[truss bridge]] under the rear of the train, now known as the "Old Bridge", survives as a tourist attraction]][[File:Spiral Tunnels 1908 Kodak.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the tunnels from the west, 1908]]
The '''Big Hill''' on the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] main line in [[British Columbia]], Canada, was the most difficult piece of railway track on the CPR's route.<ref name = difficulties>{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/oldtimetrains/CPR/west.htm|work=Old Time Trains|title=Construction of the CPR}}</ref> It was in the rugged [[Canadian Rockies]] west of the [[Continental Divide of the Americas]] and [[Kicking Horse Pass]]. Even though the Big Hill was replaced by the Spiral Tunnels in 1909, the area has long been a challenge to the operation of [[train]]s and remains so to this day.<ref>{{Cite map
|publisher = Gem Trek Publishing
|location=Cochrane, Alberta
|title = Lake Louise & Yoho
|edition = 5
|isbn=1-895526-14-0
}}</ref>
==Construction==
To complete the Pacific railway as quickly as possible, a decision was made to delay blasting a lengthy {{convert|1400|ft|adj=on}} tunnel through [[Mount Stephen]] and instead build a temporary {{convert|8|mi|adj=on}} line over it. Instead of the desired 2.2% grade (116 feet to the mile) a steep 4.5% (some sources say 4.4%) grade was built in 1884.<ref>Buck (1997: 23)</ref> This was one of the steepest [[adhesion railway]] lines anywhere. (4.5% = 1 in 22). It descended from [[Wapta Lake]] to the base of Mount Stephen, along the [[Kicking Horse River]] to a point just west of [[Field, British Columbia|Field]], then rose again to meet the original route.
Seen as a temporary solution, this grade was twice the percentage normally allowed for a downhill track. The first construction train to go down the pass ran away off the hill to land in the Kicking Horse River, killing three.<ref>Graeme Pole, The Spiral Tunnels and the Big Hill: A Canadian Railway Adventure. Canmore: Altitude Publishing, 2000, p. 50</ref><ref name="CA-Ehx-Baird">{{cite web |last1=Baird |first1=Craig |title=The Kicking Horse Pass |url=https://canadaehx.com/2021/07/29/the-kicking-horse-pass/ |website=Canadian History Ehx |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> The CPR soon added three safety switches (runaways) on the way down to protect against runaway trains. The switches led to short spurs with a sharp reverse upgrade and they were kept in the uphill position until the operator was satisfied that the train descending the grade towards him was not out of control. Speed was restricted to {{convert|8|mph}} for passenger trains and {{convert|6|mph}} for freight, and elaborate brake testing was required of trains prior to descending the hill. Nevertheless, disasters occurred with dismaying frequency.
Field was created as a work camp solely to accommodate the CPR's need for additional locomotives to be added to trains about to tackle the Big Hill. Here a stone [[Railway roundhouse|roundhouse]] with [[Railway turntable|turntable]] was built at what was first known simply as Third Siding. In December 1884 the CPR renamed it Field after [[Cyrus West Field|C.W. Field]], a Chicago businessman who, the company hoped, might invest in the region after he had visited on a special train they had provided for him.
At that time, standard steam locomotives were [[4-4-0]]s, capable enough for the prairies and elsewhere, but of little use on the Big Hill. [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] was called upon to build two [[2-8-0]]s for use as Field Hill pusher engines in 1884. At the time they were the most powerful locomotives built. Two more followed in June 1886. The CPR began building its own 2-8-0s in August 1887, and over the years hundreds more were built or bought.
==Spiral Tunnels==
[[Image:KickingHorseModell.jpg|thumb|right|3D model of the Spiral Tunnels and [[British Columbia Highway 1|Highway 1]] (black)]]
[[Image:Power exits Lower Spiral.jpg|thumb|Lower portal of "Number Two" tunnel. The locomotives are passing under the train they are pulling.]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Old Spiral Tunnels map.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the Kicking Horse Valley, showing the famous Spiral Tunnels]] -->
The Big Hill "temporary" line remained the main line for 25 years until the [[Spiral (railway)|spiral tunnels]] were opened on September 1, 1909.
The improvement project was started in 1906, under the supervision of [[John Edward Schwitzer]], the senior engineer of CPR's western lines. The first proposal had been to extend the length of the climb, and thus reduce the gradient, by bypassing the town of Field at a higher level, on the south side of the Kicking Horse river valley. This idea had quickly been abandoned because of the severe risk of avalanches and landslips on the valley side. Also under consideration was the extension of the route in a horseshoe loop northwards, using both sides of the valley of the Yoho River to increase the distance, but again the valley sides were found to be prone to avalanches. It was the experience of severe disruption and delay caused by avalanches on other parts of the line (such as at the [[Rogers Pass (British Columbia)|Rogers Pass]] station, which was destroyed by an avalanche in 1899) that persuaded Schwitzer that  digging spiral tunnels was the only practical but expensive way forward.
The route decided upon called for two tunnels driven in three-quarter circles into the valley walls. The higher tunnel, "number one", is {{convert|992|m|ft|-1}} in length and runs under [[Cathedral Mountain (Yoho)|Cathedral Mountain]], to the south of the original track. When the new line emerges from this tunnel it has doubled back, running beneath itself and {{convert|15|m|ft|-1}} lower. It then descends the valley side in almost the opposite direction to its previous course before crossing the Kicking Horse River and entering [[Mount Ogden (British Columbia)|Mount Ogden]] to the north. This lower tunnel, "number two", is {{convert|891|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} in length and the descent is again about 15&nbsp;metres. From the exit of this tunnel the line continues down the valley in the original direction, towards Field. The constructions and extra track effectively double the length of the climb and reduce the [[ruling gradient]] to 2.2%. The new distance between Field and Wapta Lake, where the track levels out, is {{convert|11+1/2|mi|km}}.<ref name=soole>{{cite book |last=Soole |first=G. H |title=Factors in railway and steamship operation |chapter-url=http://www.okthepk.ca/dataCprSiding/articles/200901/hill00.htm |year=1937 |publisher=Canadian Pacific Railway. General Publicity Department |location=Montreal |chapter=Field and the Big Hill |oclc=264115110 |access-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314163022/http://www.okthepk.ca/dataCprSiding/articles/200901/hill00.htm |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The contract was awarded to the [[Vancouver]] engineering firm of [[MacDonnell, Gzowski and Company]] and work started in 1907. The labour force amounted to about 1000 and the cost was about $1.5 million.
Regardless of the opening of the spiral tunnels, [[Field Hill]] remained a significant challenge and it was necessary to retain the powerful locomotives at Field locomotive depot.<ref name="soole" /> Even after the introduction of modern locomotives with [[dynamic braking]] and continuous [[Railway air brake|pneumatic brakes]], accidents were not eliminated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Runaway/Derailment Canadian Pacific Railway Train No. 353-946 Laggan Subdivision Field, British Columbia 02 December 1997: Other Occurrences|url=http://www.bst-tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/1997/r97c0147/r97c0147.pdf |publisher=Transportation Safety Board of Canada |access-date=28 January 2018|page=21|date=10 December 1999}}</ref> There were 64 derailments between [[Calgary]] and Field between 2004 and 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/canadian-pacific-rail-train-derailment-field-1.5007154 |title=Fatal train derailment: A closer look at what happened that tragic day {{!}} CBC News |last1=Feb 06 |first1=CBC News · Posted |last2=February 6 |first2=2019 10:35 AM MT {{!}} Last Updated|website=CBC|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>
On February 4, 2019, two of the three locomotives and 99 grain hopper railcars of westbound Canadian Pacific train 301 derailed at Mile 130.6, just outside of the western portal of Upper Spiral Tunnel. The three crew members were killed in the accident.<ref name=":0" />
==See also==
*[[Spiral (railway)]]
==References==
<references/>
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Berton |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Berton |title=The Last Spike |url=https://archive.org/details/lastspikegreatra0000bert |url-access=registration |publisher=McCelland and Stewart Ltd |year=1971 |location=Toronto/Montreal |isbn=0-14-011763-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Buck |first=George H |year=1997 |title=From Summit to Sea |publisher=Fifth House |location=Calgary |isbn=1-895618-94-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromsummittoseai0000buck }}
* {{cite journal |last=Carter |first=Charles Frederick |date=May 1910 |title=The Passing of "The Big Hill": Eight Miles of Steep Canadian Pacific Track That No Longer Require Four Big Engines to Haul One Train |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XX |pages=13039–13035 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13039|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lamb |first=W. Kaye |title=History of the Canadian Pacific Railway |publisher=Collier MacMillan Canada Ltd |year=1977 |isbn=0-02-567660-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcanadia00wkay }}
* {{cite book |last=Lavalee |first=Omer |title=Van Horne's Road |publisher=Railfare Enterprises Ltd |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-919130-22-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pole |first=Graeme |title=The Spiral Tunnels and the Big Hill |publisher=Altitude Publishing |year=1999 |location=Canmore |isbn=978-1-55153-908-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert D. |title=West of the Great Divide |publisher=Sono Nis Press |year=1987 |location=Victoria BC  |isbn=0-919203-51-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yates |first=Floyd |title=Canadian Pacific's Big Hill |publisher=BRMNA |location=Calgary, Alberta |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-919487-14-7 }}
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[[Category:Rail infrastructure in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Columbia Valley]]
[[Category:Canadian Pacific Railway facilities]]
[[Category:Railway tunnels in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1909]]
[[Category:Hills of British Columbia]]