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{{short description|Broad political party}}
{{For|items relating to or named for a big top tent|Big Top (disambiguation){{!}}Big Top}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{party politics}}
A '''big tent party''', or '''catch-all party''', is a [[political party]] having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of "big tent" in English|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121332/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2019|website=oxforddictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it.
==Examples==
===Armenia===
{{Main|Politics of Armenia}}
Following the [[2018 Armenian parliamentary election]], the [[My Step Alliance]] rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening [[Armenia]]'s civil society and economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeelects.eu/2018/12/04/armenian-snap-elections-seen-as-the-final-chapter-of-the-velvet-revolution/|title=Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution|website=Europe Elects|date=December 4, 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
===Australia===
{{Main|Politics of Australia}}
The [[Liberal Party of Australia]] and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the [[Australian Labor Party]], beginning with the [[Commonwealth Liberal Party]] in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "[[broad church]]", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister [[John Howard]]. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/divergent-views-vital-to-howards-broad-church-20050322-gdkz67.html|title=Divergent views vital to Howard's broad church|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=22 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/can-the-liberal-party-hold-its-broad-church-of-liberals-and-conservatives-together-93575|title=Can the Liberal Party hold its 'broad church' of liberals and conservatives together?|date=10 April 2018|publisher=The Conversation}}</ref>
===Argentina===
From its foundation the [[Justicialist Party]] has been a [[Peronism|Peronist]] catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of [[Juan Perón]] and his wife [[Eva Perón|Eva]]. Since [[Nestor Kirchner]] took the presidency in 2003, the party is considered as part of center-left coalition. It has divided into left-wing and right-wing factions, with [[left-wing populist]] [[Kirchnerism|Kirchnerists]] now dominating the party. Despite this, the [[Federal Peronism|right-wing]] faction still exists.
[[Juntos por el Cambio]] is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of [[Republican Proposal]] ([[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]), [[Civic Coalition ARI]] ([[Centrism|centre]]) and [[Radical Civic Union]] ([[Centrism|centre]]), with common goals to oppose Peronist parties. It is considered as part of center-right coalition.
=== Bangladesh ===
In Bangladesh [[Awami League|Awami League's]] [[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)]] and [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP's]] [[20 Party Alliance]] forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=OP-ED: How the house of cards came crashing down |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/04/08/op-ed-how-the-house-of-cards-came-crashing-down}}</ref>
=== Brazil ===
{{Main|Centrão}}
In Brazil, the [[Centrão]] ({{Literal translation|big centre}}) is a term for a large bloc of political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation and whose aim is to maintain proximity to the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through [[Clientelism|clientelistic networks]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-07-29 |title=Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/centrao-vive-quarta-encarnacao-agora-restrito-ao-fisiologismo-22929632 |work=O Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref> The [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB) is one of the oldest and most notable "Centrão" and Big Tent parties in Brazil; despite being Brazil's largest party, both in number of members and number of officials elected, it has never elected a [[President of Brazil|President]], but has used its position as the largest party as a "bargaining chip" for privileges and advantages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benites |first=Talita Bedinelli, Afonso |date=2017-12-19 |title=PMDB volta a se chamar MDB: retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2017/12/19/politica/1513695154_142381.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref> MDB was founded in 1965 at the start of the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]] as part of an enforced [[two-party system]] by the dictatorship, in which the only allowed parties were [[National Renewal Alliance Party]] (ARENA), a catch-all party representing the interests of the dictatorship, and MDB, formed to represent a wide-range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship, without a clear program except the democratization of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deak |first=Andre |date=2014-11-12 |title=Partidos políticos |url=https://memoriasdaditadura.org.br/partidos-politicos/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Memórias da ditadura |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Other Big Tent ''centrão'' parties include the [[Progressistas|Progressists]] (PP), [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Brazilian Labour Party]] (PTB), [[Podemos (Brazil)|We Can]] (PODE), [[Brazil Union]] (UB), [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD), [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian Party]] (PSC), [[Act (Brazil)|Act]] (AGIR), [[Patriota|Patriot]] (PATRI), [[Avante (political party)|Forward]] (AVANTE), [[Solidariedade|Solidarity]] (SD).<ref>{{Cite news |title=O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-36771079 |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>
===Canada===
{{Main|Politics in Canada|Political culture of Canada}}
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."{{efn| name=politics|Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a [[pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref name="MarlandGiasson2012">{{cite book|first1=Alex |last1=Marland |first2=Thierry |last2=Giasson |first3=Jennifer |last3=Lees-Marshment |title=Political Marketing in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257|year=2012|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2|page=257}}</ref><ref name="CourtneySmith2010">{{cite book|author1=John Courtney|author2=David Smith|title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195|year=2010|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-533535-4|page=195}}</ref>}}<ref name="Brooks2004">{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Brooks|title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9|url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-541806-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9/page/265 265]|quote= two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"}}</ref><ref name="Johnson2016c">{{cite book|first=David |last=Johnson|title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|year=2016|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0|pages=13–23|quote=...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...}}</ref><ref name="BaumerGold2015">{{cite book|first1=Donald C. |last1=Baumer|first2=Howard J. |last2=Gold|title=Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152|date= 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-25478-2|page=152}}</ref> Both the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] and the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (and its [[Conservative Party of Canada#Predecessors|predecessors]]) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.<ref name="Smith2014">{{cite book|first=Miriam |last=Smith|title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2014|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1|page=17|quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a “brokerage system” in which the leading parties  (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review |url=http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e |website=Elections Canada|quote= First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...|author=Elections Canada|year=2018}}</ref><ref name="Olive2015c">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|title=The Canadian Environment in Political Context|author=Andrea Olive|date=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9|pages=55–60}}</ref> Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist [[Bloc Québécois]] have elected members to the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], [[far-right]] and [[far-left]] parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the [[Canadian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033|title = Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right| journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics| volume=21| issue=2| pages=213–236|year = 2015|last1 = Ambrose|first1 = Emma| last2=Mudde| first2=Cas|s2cid = 145773856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html|title=Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave|newspaper=The New York Times|year=2017|last1=Taub|first1=Amanda}}</ref><ref name="MarlandGiasson2012"/>
===Colombia===
{{main|League of Anti-Corruption Governors}}
In Colombia, the presumed [[League of Anti-Corruption Governors]], led by the former presidential candidate, sometimes referred to as "the Colombian Trump", has been described as a "catch-all party",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Elecciones presidenciales en Colombia: la hora de la esperanza |url=https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/2022/05/31/elecciones-presidenciales-en-colombia-la-hora-de-la-esperanza/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - UNLP}}</ref> although analysts agree that it belongs to a more or less [[authoritarian]] [[right-wing]]. That is to say to a type of [[extreme right]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=La Justicia obliga a Rodolfo Hernández a debatir con Gustavo Petro ante el balotaje en Colombia |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/la-justicia-obliga-a-rodolfo-hernandez-a-debatir-con-gustavo-petro-ante-el-balotaje-en-colombia/ |access-date=2023-06-29|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Aaron |title=Colombia's Hernandez is offering a passive revolution from above |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/8/colombia-right-wing-populism-anti-corruption-and-revolution-fro |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Finland===
The centre-right [[National Coalition Party]] has been described as catch-all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes.<ref name="Karvonen2014">{{cite book|last=Karvonen|first=Lauri|title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year= 2014|publisher=ECPR Press|isbn=978-1-910259-33-7|page=20}}</ref>
===France===
The [[La République En Marche!|Renaissance]] party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President [[Emmanuel Macron]] has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.<ref name="Francesco-Mayot">{{cite book|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor1=Rob Manwaring|editor2=Paul Kennedy|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|year=2017|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|page=162}}</ref>
===Germany===
Both the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]/[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria]] (CDU/CSU) and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD) are considered big tent or catch-all parties, known in German as ''Volksparteien'' ("people's parties").<ref name="HertnerSloam2014">{{cite book|last1=Hertner|first1=Isabelle|last2=Sloam|first2=James|chapter=The Europeanisation of the German Party System|editor=Erol Külahci|title=Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=ECPR Press|isbn=978-1-907301-84-1|page=35}}</ref>
===India===
The [[ Bharatiya Janata Party]] which is the ruling party of India since 2014 has made a successful coalition of diverse Indian communities of all caste, class and gender denominations. The [[Indian National Congress]] attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions supportive of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="MeyerBrysac2012">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390484|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/64 64]–}}</ref> The [[Janata Party]] which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].<ref name="centrist3">{{cite web|title=Political Parties - NCERT|url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess406.pdf|access-date=8 May 2021|publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]}}</ref>
===Ireland===
[[Fine Gael]] and [[Fianna Fáil]] are considered catch-all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.<ref name="Weeks2018">{{cite book|last=Weeks |first=Liam |chapter= Parties and the party system |editor1= John Coakley |editor2= Michael Gallagher |title= Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Sixth Edition |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-31269-7|page=156}}</ref> The two parties are usually described as being very similar in their current and recent policies, both being positioned on the [[centre-right politics|centre-right]] with a [[liberal-conservative]] ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly historical, with those who supported the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those who opposed the treaty having joined Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland.
===Italy===
In Italy, the [[Five Star Movement]], founded and formerly led by the comedian and actor [[Beppe Grillo]], has been described as a catch-all [[protest party]] and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.<ref name="FTFive">Valentina Romei, [https://www.ft.com/content/553bcf9a-d326-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0 Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity], ''Financial Times'' (January 10, 2017).</ref> The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", but its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".<ref name="FTFive"/> The [[Northern League (Italy)|Northern League]] attracted voters in its early years from all of the political spectrum. [[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]], on the centre-right, and the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], on the centre-left, are considered to be catch-all parties and were mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
=== Japan ===
{{Main|Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)}}
Historically, the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP) had been formed as a big-tent party uniting groups ranging from [[Keynesian]] centrists to nationalist [[neoliberals]]. The party developed an intricate factional system to maintain co-operation and to ensure hegemonic success in elections. However, the party has seen some former factions defect or die out since the 1990s, especially the more moderate ones, which has led the party to shift overall towards the [[right-wing politics|right]].
The [[New Frontier Party (Japan)|New Frontier Party]], which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Ronald J. Hrebenar |editor2=Akira Nakamura |title=Party Politics in Japan: Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century |quote= The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others. |date=2014 |page=81 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317745976 }}</ref>
The former main [[centre-left]] opposition, the [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two [[socialist]] parties to [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] and [[conservative]] groups.<ref name="IPS">{{cite news |last=Spremberg |first=Felix |title=How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy/how-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=International Politics & Society Journal |date=25 November 2020|quote=The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan’s version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.}}</ref>
===Mexico===
The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI) held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years, from 1929 to 2000. It was founded after the [[Mexican Revolution]] by Mexican President [[Plutarco Elías Calles]]. Then known as the National Revolutionary Party, it was founded with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and to resolve the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President-elect [[Álvaro Obregón]] in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a very wide array of ideologies, which have often been determined by the [[President of Mexico|President of the Republic]] in office at the time. The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982. In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the [[privatization]] of state-run companies, closer relations with the [[Catholic]] Church, and embracing [[free-market capitalism]] and neoliberal policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/meade-king-mexican-sandwich |title=Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Russell2009">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James W. |title=Class and Race Formation in North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA155 |date=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9678-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Institutional+Revolutionary+Party%22+center-right&pg=PA334 |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Kopstein |first2=Mark |last2=Lichbach |first3=Stephen E. |last3=Hanson |date=July 21, 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139991384 |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>
The [[National Regeneration Movement]], founded by [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], has often been described as a big-tent party because of the various constituents who joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|work=Americas Quarterly|first=Macario|last=Schettino|quote=Morena's star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.|date=6 June 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003117/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook|archive-date=June 7, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-election-analysis/mexican-leftists-big-tent-pitch-puts-presidency-in-sight-idUSKBN1GW2UZ|work=Reuters|first=Dave|last=Graham|date=20 March 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|quote=In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador’s National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.}}</ref> [[Juntos Hacemos Historia]] is a big-tent alliance led by the National Regeneration Movement that contested the [[2021 Mexican legislative election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza 'Juntos hacemos historia' para elecciones de 2021|url=https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/morena-pt-y-pvem-presentan-alianza-juntos-hacemos-historia-para-elecciones-de-2021|access-date=2021-02-22|website=El Financiero|date=December 24, 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
===Portugal===
The centre-left [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS) and centre-right [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.<ref name="Lisi2014">{{cite book |last1= Lisi |first1= Marco |last2= Freire |first2= André |chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal |editor1= Jean-Benoit Pilet |editor2= William Cross |title= The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2014 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-92945-1 |page=124}}</ref>
===Romania===
Romania's [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] has been referred to as a catch-all party. Political analyst Radu Magdin described it in December 2016 as having conservative values, while being [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]], and espousing left-leaning rhetoric on public policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/pragmatism-is-a-winner-for-romanian-left-social-democrats-psd-corruption-scandal-liviu-dragnea-victor-ponta-elections/ |title=Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left |work=Politico |first=Carmen|last=Păun |date=13 December 2016|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
===Spain===
[[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]] (Spanish: ''Ciudadanos'') has been considered as an example of [[astroturfing]] in the [[Mass media in Spain|Spanish media]] since 2015. Originally founded as a [[social-democratic]] regional party opposed to [[Catalan nationalism]], the party switched to a catch-all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party's appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of [[liberalism]] and [[pro-Europeanism]], but the party has also embraced [[populist]] views on the legitimacy of its political opponents; [[conservative]] views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalist]] positions; and many problems by its own leader, [[Inés Arrimadas]]. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with [[Albert Rivera]] admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the [[April 2019 Spanish general election]], regardless of the results.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/20150516/abci-partidos-ciudadanos-ideologias-201505151650.html |title=¿Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas? |date=2015-05-15 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elespanol.com/opinion/20190303/albert-rivera-no-pactar-psoe-sanchez-echaremos/380212377_0.html |title=Albert Rivera: "No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sánchez, les echaremos y punto" |date=2019-03-03 |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |title=¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto |last=Orriols |first=Lluís |access-date=2019-04-25 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425210241/https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" or colloquially "''El Trifachito"'' to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left".
=== South Africa ===
The [[African National Congress]] (ANC) has been the governing party of [[South Africa]] since the country's [[1994 South African general election|first democratic election, in 1994]], and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-05-curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-case-of-the-2019-elections/|title=2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections|last=Grootes|first=Stephen|website=Daily Maverick|date=May 5, 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/political-opening-south-africa|title=A Political Opening in South Africa|last=Campbell|first=John|date=July 18, 2017|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/03/south-africas-third-way-revival|title=South Africa's Third Way revival|last=Shoki|first=William|date=April 2019|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-09-15-anc-stability-shakes-sas-economic-future/|title=ANC stability shakes SA's economic future|last=Herskovitz|first=Jon|website=The M&G Online|date=September 15, 2010|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>  An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the [[Tripartite Alliance]] between the ANC; the [[South African Communist Party]]; and the country's largest trade union, [[Congress of South African Trade Unions|COSATU]].<ref name=":0" /> Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders.
===United Kingdom===
When [[Gordon Brown]] became the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] in 2007, he invited several members from outside the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] into [[Brown ministry|his government]]. They included former CBI Director-General [[Digby Jones]] who became a Minister of State and former [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] leader [[Paddy Ashdown]] who was offered the position of [[Northern Ireland Secretary]] (Ashdown turned down the offer).<ref>{{cite news|title=In full: Brown's government|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6255914.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The fallout from Brown's job offer|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6225674.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 21, 2007}}</ref> The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a [[Premiership of Gordon Brown#"Government of All the Talents"|government of all the talents]]" or simply "Brown's big tent".<ref>{{cite news|title=First 100 days: Gordon Brown|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7027581.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 5, 2007}}</ref>
In Scotland, the [[Scottish National Party]] is possibly the longest-established big-tent party in the UK, with the goal of seeking [[Scottish independence]] by those that support various other political ideologies and from various political positions. Since 2007, the SNP have been the largest single party in the [[Scottish Parliament]] and has formed the [[Scottish government]] continuously since the [[2007 Scottish Parliament election|2007 Scottish general election]].
[[All for Unity]] was a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the [[2021 Scottish Parliament election]] but failed to win any seats.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Kieran|last1=Andrews|last2=Wade|first2=Mike|title=Galloway's bid to form united front to save Union shunned|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/galloways-bid-to-form-united-front-to-save-union-shunned-lwc3shxjb|access-date=2021-03-28|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
===United States===
The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] was a "big-tent" party during the [[New Deal coalition]], which was formed to support President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] policies from the 1930s to the 1960s.<ref name="King">David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government" in ''Why People Don't Trust Government'' (eds. [[Joseph S. Nye]], [[Philip Zelikow]], [[David C. King]]: Harvard University Press, 1997).</ref> The coalition brought together [[Trade union|labor unions]], working-class voters, farm organizations, liberals, [[Southern Democrats]], [[African Americans]], urban voters, and immigrants.<ref>Lisa Young, ''Feminists and Party Politics'' (University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 84.</ref><ref>Holly M. Allen, "New Deal Coalition" in ''Class in America: An Encyclopedia'' (Vol. 2: H-P), ed. Robert E. Weir (ABC-CLIO, 2007), p. 571: "During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s."</ref>
After the 1974 [[Dallas Accord]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] embraced the big-tent idea to the extent it ensured that the [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] views would not be excluded from the majority [[minarchism|minarchist]] party.<ref>Paul Gottfried, ''The conservative movement: Social movements past and present '', Twayne Publishers, 1993, p. 46.</ref>
==Other examples==
{{div col}}
* [[ANO 2011]], Czech Republic
* [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref name="Wiliarty20102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xYAlBYDvrkC&pg=PA221|title=The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party|author=Sarah Elise Wiliarty|date=16 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49116-7|pages=218–221}}</ref>
* [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]], Brazil<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35922425|title=Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month|last1=Gallas|first1=Daniel|work=BBC News|date=March 29, 2016|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]],<ref name="NewellNewell20102">{{cite book|title=The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country|first=James L.|last=Newell|date=28 January 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84070-5|page=27}}<!--|access-date=24 July 2013--></ref> Italy (1943–1994)
* [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems|last1=Hertner|first1=Isabelle|last2=Sloam|first2=James|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-907301-84-1|editor=Erol Külahci|page=35|chapter=The Europeanisation of the German Party System}}</ref><ref name="Wiliarty20102" />
* [[Civic Platform]],<ref name="Curry20112">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjVNJ1REkoEC&pg=PA171 |title=Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy|author=Jane L. Curry |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7425-6734-4 |editor1=Sharon L. Wolchik |page=171 |chapter=Poland: The Politics of "God's Playground" |editor2=Jane L. Curry}}</ref> Poland
* [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro]]
* [[Fianna Fáil]],<ref name="Maguire19862">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA333|title=Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy|last=Maguire|first=Maria|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1986|isbn=978-3-11-011131-6|editor=Peter Flora|page=333|chapter=Ireland}}</ref><ref name="O'Malley20112">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noMdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Contemporary Ireland |last=O'Malley |first=Eoin |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-34382-5 |page=13 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Republic of Ireland
* [[Five Star Movement]], Italy
* [[Georgian Dream]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|title=The Georgian succession|last1=Ditrych|first1=Ondrej|date=July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222193553/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|publisher=[[European Union Institute for Security Studies]]|page=4|quote=...GD as a catch-all movement...|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Barrington20092">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|last=Barrington|first=Lowell|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref>
* [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], Mexico
* [[Islamic Iran Participation Front]]<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Mohammadighalehtaki|first=Ariabarzan|date=2012|title=Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)|type=Ph.D. thesis|publisher=[[Durham University]]|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3507/|page=176}}</ref>
* [[Joint List]], Israel
* [[Labour Party (Lithuania)|Labour Party]], Lithuania
* [[La République En Marche!]],<ref name="Francesco-Mayot2">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|title=Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective|author=Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot|publisher=Policy Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5|editor1=Rob Manwaring|page=162|chapter=The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis|editor2=Paul Kennedy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/2017/06/09/actualite/actualite/legislatives-le-parti-demmanuel-macron-un-caractere-attrape-tout/|title=Législatives : "Le parti d'Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout"|website=Les Inrocks}}</ref> France
* [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="HookGilson20012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHhE6AlgkIoC&pg=PA58|title=Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security|author1=Glenn D. Hook|last2=Gilson|first2=Julie|author3=Christopher W. Hughes|last4=Dobson|first4=Hugo|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-134-32806-2|page=58}}</ref> Japan
* [[National Coalition Party]],<ref name="Karvonen20142">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation|last=Karvonen|first=Lauri|publisher=ECPR Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-910259-33-7|page=20}}</ref> Finland
* [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]], Algeria
* [[National Regeneration Movement]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://intoleranciadiario.com/articles/educacion/2023/02/16/1007664-morena-no-esta-institucionalizado-cacha-de-todos-lados-politologo-ibero.html|title=Morena no está institucionalizado; "cacha" de todos lados: politólogo Ibero|trans-title=Morena is not institutionalized; it "gets it" from all sides: Ibero political scientist|language=es|date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Mexico
* [[Nuevas Ideas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/5298-el-salvador-the-president-s-aim-is-to-concentrate-power|title=El Salvador: "The President's Aim is to Concentrate Power"|language=en|date=22 September 2021|access-date=1 October 2023|work=[[Civicus]]}}</ref> El Salvador
* [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]],<ref>{{Citation |last1=O'Kane |first1=David |title=Biopolitics, Militarism, and Development: Eritrea in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1pxdhO1RD0C&pg=PR20 |page=xx |year=2011 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-399-0 |access-date=15 January 2011 |last2=Hepner |first2=Tricia}}</ref> Eritrea
* [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref name="Cross20152">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGChCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|title=Party Members and Activists|last=Cross|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-52432-8|editor1=Emilie van Haute|page=50|chapter=Party Membership in Quebec|editor2=Anika Gauja}}</ref>
* [[Republican Party of Armenia]], Armenia<ref name="Iskandaryan">{{cite journal|last1=Iskandaryan|first1=Alexander|date=23 May 2012|title=Armenian Elections: Technology vs. Ideology|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-39-2-4.pdf|journal=Caucasus Analytical Digest|publisher=[[ETH Zurich]]|page=3|quote=Both major parties in the Armenian parliament [Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia] represent elite groups. With almost no ideology to speak of, they are catch-all parties, a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world.}}</ref>
* [[Scottish National Party]], Scotland<ref>David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/apr/25/alex-salmond-tommy-sheridan-election |title=Alex Salmond's big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=25 April 2011 |work=The Guardian |access-date=26 April 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/115510/1/Serbian%20Compliance%20Patterns%20towards%20EU%20Integration.pdf|title=Serbian Compliance Patterns towards EU Integration under the Progressive Party: An Exercise in Statecraft|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?|last=Stojić|first=Marko|publisher=Springer|year=2017|page=135}}</ref>
* [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2mvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|title=The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study|last1=Lisi|first1=Marco|last2=Freire|first2=André|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-92945-1|editor1=Jean-Benoit Pilet|page=124|chapter=The selection of political party leaders in Portugal|editor2=William Cross}}</ref><ref name="GallagherWilliams19892">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCG8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271|title=Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government|last1=Gallagher|first1=Tom|author2=Allan M. Williams|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7190-2500-6|editor1=Tom Gallagher|page=271|chapter=Southern European socialism in the 1990s|editor2=Allan M. Williams}}</ref> Portugal
* [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]<ref name="HertnerSloam20142" />
* [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]],<ref name="Lisi20142" /> Portugal
* [[South Tyrolean People's Party]]<ref name="Pallaver20082">{{cite book|title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol|last=Pallaver|first=Günther|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16302-7|editor1=Jens Woelk|pages=305, 309|chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality|editor2=Francesco Palermo|editor3=Joseph Marko}}</ref><ref name="Lublin20142">{{cite book|title=Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success|last=Lublin|first=David|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-994884-0|page=229}}</ref>
* [[Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ara.cat/en/Junts-Together-Yes-We-the_0_1397860276.html|title=Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we've reached the end of the line"|date=2015-07-21|work=Ara}}</ref> Ireland
* [[Junts pel Sí|Together for Yes]],<ref name="ara.cat2" /> Spain
* [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]], Tanzania
* [[United Russia]],<ref name="MakarychevMommen20132">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWIdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Russia's Changing Economic and Political Regimes: The Putin Years and Afterwards|author1=Sventlana S. Bodrunova|author2=Anna A. Litvinenko|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-00695-2|editor1=Andrey Makarychev|page=35|chapter=New media and political protest: the formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–2012|editor2=Andre Mommen}}</ref> Russia
* [[Barisan Nasional]],<ref name="LiowLeifer2014">{{Cite book|author1=Joseph Liow|author2=Michael Leifer|title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=20 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-62233-8|pages=102–}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Pakatan Harapan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/new-pakatan-harapan-coalition-formed-74160|title=New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed|author=Harits Asyraf Hasnan|publisher=Astro Awani|date=22 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026205305/http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/new-pakatan-harapan-coalition-formed-74160|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance|title=Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance|author=Shannon Teoh|publisher=The Straits Times|date=23 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213015558/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Perikatan Nasional]],<ref name="PN Official">{{Cite web|last=PN Official|first=Leadership|date=2020-03-23|title=Persatuan Perikatan Parti Malaysia (PPPM) telah menjadi Gabungan rasmi politik yang dikenali sebagai Parti Perikatan Nasional (PN)|url=https://perikatan-nasional.org.my/|access-date=2020-03-23|website=Gabungan Perikatan Nasional|language=ms}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Pakatan Rakyat]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/114553|title=ROS: Pakatan can register as a single party|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|date=8 October 2009|access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[United Borneo Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/12/16/jeffrey-kitingan-forms-united-borneo-front-to-get-more-for-sabah-sarawak|title=Jeffrey Kitingan forms United Borneo Front to get more for Sabah, Sarawak|author=|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=16 December 2010|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> State of [[Sabah]] and State of [[Sarawak]], Malaysia
* [[United Sabah Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97773|title=Opposition parties form United Sabah Alliance|publisher=Daily Express|date=10 March 2015|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> State of Sabah, Malaysia
* [[United Alliance of Sabah|The United Alliance of State]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/368753/sabah-bn-coalition-be-disbanded-pave-way-gabungan-bersatu|title=Sabah BN coalition to be disbanded to pave way for Gabungan Bersatu|author=Kristy Inus|publisher=New Straits Times|date=12 May 2018|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah]],<ref name="Bernama"/><ref name="Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/204596/grs-stronger-now-as-a-fully-local-party-/|title='GRS stronger now as a fully local party'|last=Express|first=Daily|date=18 December 2022|newspaper=Daily Express|access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> State of Sabah, Malaysia
* [[Gabungan Parti Sarawak]],<ref name="pull out">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/|title=Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact|author1=Sharon Ling|author2=Geryl Ogilvy|work=The Star|date=12 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> State of Sarawak, Malaysia
* [[Gerakan Tanah Air]] (GTA),<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr M announces new coalition of four parties, Gerakan Tanah Air |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/08/819394/dr-m-announces-new-coalition-four-parties-gerakan-tanah-air |website=New Straits Times |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Malaysia
* [[White Movement]],<ref name="un2">https://academic.oup.com/book/10472/chapter-abstract/158344535</ref><ref name="un">{{cite web | url=https://www.hoover.org/research/wake-empire | title=In the Wake of Empire }}</ref> Russian State (1917–1923)
{{end div col}}
== See also ==
* [[Bipartisanship]]
* [[Broad church]]
* [[Elite party]]
* [[Purity test (politics)]], a rigid standard on a specific issue by which a politician is judged
* [[Party of power]]
* [[Popular front]]
* [[Syncretic politics]]
* [[United front]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political parties]]
[[Category:Political party systems]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]