View source for Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules

{{original research|date=October 2015}}
{{notability|date=October 2015}}
'''Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules''' are a set of rules for the [[romanization of Arabic]] that is highly phonetic, almost one-to-one, and uses only two special characters, namely the hyphen and the apostrophe as modifiers.  This standard also includes rules for diacritization, including [[tanwiin]].
This [[transliteration]] scheme can be thought of as a compromise between the [[Qalam]] transliteration and the [[Buckwalter Transliteration]]. It represents [[consonants]] with one letter and possibly the apostrophe (or single quotation mark) as a modifier, and uses one or several Latin vowels to represent short and long Arabic vowels. It strives for minimality as well as phonetic expressiveness. It does not distinguish between the different shapes of the [[hamza]] since it assumes that a software implementation can resolve the differences through the standard rules of spelling in Arabic [[:ar:إملاء]].
'''Note:'''  The Arabic words in this article are written using the Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules.
== Guiding Principles ==
The rules were designed with the following principles in mind [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528224933/http://www.eiktub.com/batr.html]:
* Capital and small symbols of the same English letter represent in general different sounds or different Arabic letters. In general, capital letters are emphatic versions of small letters whether vowels or consonants.
* The Arabic script should be deducible from its transliteration unambiguously and without necessarily understanding the meaning of the Arabic text. The reverse should also be possible when the Arabic script is fully [[diacritic|diacritized]] or vowelled (i.e. {{transl|ar|muxakkal}} with {{transl|ar|kasrah}}, {{transl|ar|fatHat', Dammat', xaddat', [[nunation|tanwiin]]}} and other {{transl|ar|[[Harakat|Harakaat]]}}.). BATR must be high-quality to allow writing the [[Quran|qureaan]] or Arabic poetry exactly.
* BATR should be highly [[phonetic]] in the sense that a person with no knowledge of Arabic should be able to read and pronounce the Arabic text with "reasonable" accuracy. When the principles of BATR are explained, this person should be able to approximate the sound of the Arabic text with high accuracy.
* Long vowels of [[Classical Arabic]] are represented by doubled symbols: ''ii'', ''aa'', and ''uu'', and ''i'', ''a'', and ''u'' represent short versions ({{transl|ar|kasrah}}, {{transl|ar|fatHat', Dammat'}}). In general, combinations of vowels are allowed to express different vowels or intonations including [[vernacular]] or [[colloquial]] or other nonstandard vowels. For instance, ''ai'' represents the [[Egypt|Egyptian-dialect]] vowel in {{transl|ar|fain}}? (meaning "where?").
* When a vernacular Arabic word can be said, pronounced, or written in several forms, one of which agrees with Classical Arabic, then this latter form is adopted.
== Transliteration tables ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%"
!<small>[[Arabic letters]]</small>
| {{lang|ar|[[ا]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ب]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ت]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ث]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ح]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[خ]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[د]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ذ]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ر]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ز]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[س]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ش]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ص]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ض]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ط]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ظ]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ع]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[غ]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ف]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ق]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ك]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ل]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[م]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ن]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ه]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[و]]}}
| {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} / {{lang|ar|[[ى]]}}<ref>In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always {{lang|ar|[[ى]]}} (without dots).</ref>
|-
!<small>[[DIN 31635]]</small>
| <big><big>{{transl|ar|DIN|[[ʾ]]}}</big></big> / {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ā]]}}
|rowspan="4"|b
|rowspan="4"|t
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ṯ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ǧ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[Heth|ḥ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ḫ]]}}
|rowspan="4"|d
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ḏ]]}}
|rowspan="4"|r
|rowspan="4"|z
|rowspan="4"|s
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[š]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ṣ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ḍ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ṭ]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ẓ]]}}
| <big><big>{{transl|ar|DIN|[[ʿ]]}}</big></big>
| {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ġ]]}}
|rowspan="4"|f
|rowspan="4"|q
|rowspan="4"|k
|rowspan="4"|l
|rowspan="4"|m
|rowspan="4"|n
|rowspan="4"|h
| {{transl|ar|DIN|w}} / {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ū]]}}
| {{transl|ar|DIN|y}} / {{transl|ar|DIN|[[ī]]}}
|-
!<small>[[Buckwalter transliteration|Buckwalter]]</small>
| A
| v
|rowspan="3"|j
|rowspan="3"|H
| x
| *
| $
|rowspan="3"|S
|rowspan="3"|D
|rowspan="3"|T
|rowspan="3"|Z
| E
| g
|rowspan="2"|w
|rowspan="2"|y
|-
!<small>[[Qalam]]</small>
| ' / aa
| th
| kh
| dh
| sh
| `
| gh
|-
!<small>BATR</small>
| A / aa
| c
| K
| z'
| x
| E
| g
| w / uu
| y / ii
|-
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ([[Modern Standard Arabic|MSA]])</small>
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}, {{IPA|aː}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}<br>{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br>{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| {{IPA link|r}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}<br>{{IPA link|zˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
| {{IPA link|w}}, {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA link|j}}, {{IPA|iː}}
|}
:[[hamza]] is always represented by ''e''.  The correct spelling form is deducible from standard rules of spelling when the word is fully voweled.  This is in contrast to [[Buckwalter Transliteration]] where several symbols are needed; e.g., {{transl|ar|hamza}} on {{transl|ar|alif}} is represented by > while {{transl|ar|hamza}} on {{transl|ar|waaw}} is represented by &.
:[[aleph|ealif]]: In general, {{transl|ar|ealif}} is represented by ''aa'' or ''A''.  The {{transl|ar|ealif Al-waSl}} is represented by ''eo'' while {{transl|ar|ealif maqSuurat'}} is represented by ''aaa''.
:[[harakat|Harakaat]]
:*{{transl|ar|fatHat': a}}
:*{{transl|ar|Dammat': u}}
:*{{transl|ar|kasrat': i}}
:*{{transl|ar|fatHatayn: aN}}
:*{{transl|ar|Dammatayn: uN}}
:*{{transl|ar|kasratayn: iN}}
:*{{transl|ar|shaddat'}} or {{transl|ar|xaddat'}} is represented by the letter repeated
:*{{transl|ar|sukūn}}: ''o'' or ''-o-''
:*{{transl|ar|taae marbuuTat': t'}}
:*{{transl|ar|taTwiil: }}_
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200939/http://www.eiktub.com/ On-line transliteration and downloadable stand-alone transliteration pad according to BATR].
*[http://www.eiktub.com/guide.html Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules and Principles].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020424194140/http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/buckwalter-about.html Information about Buckwalter transliteration]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080702211352/http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/translit-chart.html Transliteration on XRCE site]
*[http://www.qamus.org/transliteration.htm Transliteration on Tim Buckwalter's site]
[[Category:Romanization of Arabic]]