View source for Bogor

{{About|the city|the regency|Bogor Regency|the comic strip|Bogor (cartoon)}}
{{distinguish|Bokor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = City of Bogor<br />''{{nobold|Kota Bogor}}''<br/>
| other_name         = {{Hlist|Buitenzorg|Pakuan Pajajaran}}
| native_name_lang   = [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
| translit_lang1     = Other
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{Sund|ᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ}}
| settlement_type    = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]]
| nicknames          = ''Kota Hujan'' ({{lit}} 'Rain City') <br /> {{Sund|ᮓᮚᮩᮂ ᮕᮏᮏᮛᮔ᮪}} ({{lit}} 'City of Pajajaran')
| motto              = {{lang|su|Di nu kiwari ngancik nu bihari seja ayeuna sampeureun jaga}}<br /> {{Sund|ᮓᮤ ᮔᮥ ᮊᮤᮝᮛᮤ ᮍᮔ᮪ᮎᮤᮊ᮪ ᮔᮥ ᮘᮤᮠᮛᮤ ᮞᮨᮏ ᮃᮚᮩᮔ ᮞᮙ᮪ᮕᮩᮛᮩᮔ᮪ ᮏᮌ}}<br /> ({{lit}} 'Preserving the past, serving the people, and facing the future')
| population_demonyms = Bogorian
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border      = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow      = 1/2
| image1      = Naruhito and Masako visit Bogor Palace 55.jpg
| image2      = Kebun Raya Bogor 19.jpg
| image3      = Tugukujang.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = '''From top, left to right''': [[Bogor Palace]], [[Bogor Botanical Gardens]], and [[Kujang Monument]]
| image_flag         = City Flag of Bogor.svg
| image_shield       = Emblem of Bogor.svg
| image_map          = Map of West Java highlighting Bogor City.svg
| map_caption        = Location within [[West Java]]
| mapsize            =
| pushpin_map        = Indonesia_Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_label      = Bogor City
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|6.5966|S|106.7972|E|region:ID-JB_type:regency|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{INA}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Java]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|West Java}}
| government_type    =
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Hery Antasari (''Acting'')
| leader_title1      = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1       = ''Vacant''
| established_title  = King's Coronation {{nobold|(Marked as birthday)}}
| established_date   = 3 June 1482
| established_title1 = Settled
| established_date1  = 1 September 1687
| established_title2 = [[City status in Indonesia|Incorporated]]<br />{{nobold|(as ''gemeente'')}}
| established_date2  = 1 April 1905 <br />({{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg|size=23px}} ''Gemeente Buitenzorg'')
| established_title3 = Other names
| established_date3  = Pakuan Pajajaran (669−1746)<br/> Buitenzorg (1746–1942; 1945–1949)
| established_title4 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date4  =
| parts_type         = Administrative division
| parts              = 6 [[List of districts of West Java|districts]]<br />68 [[Villages of Indonesia|urban villages]]
| area_magnitude     =
| area_total_km2     = 111.39
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kota Bogor Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3271)</ref>
| population_as_of   = end of 2023 official estimate
| population_total   = 1,127,408
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone           = [[Time in Indonesia|W.I.B]]
| utc_offset         = +7
| timezone_DST       =
| utc_offset_DST     =
| elevation_m        = 265
| blank_name         = Nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/0fed0f9c34185c2d05049b78/kota-bogor-dalam-angka-2023.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>
| blank_info         = 2022
| blank1_name        = &nbsp;- Total
| blank1_info        = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 52.9 trillion ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|24th]])<br />[[USD|$]] 3.6 billion
| blank2_name        = &nbsp;- Per capita
| blank2_info        = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 49,755 thousand<br />[[USD|$]] 3,351
| blank3_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023) <ref>{{citation|title=HDI Bogor in 2023|url=https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/indicator/26/122/1/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-kota-bogor.html|access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>
| blank3_info        = {{increase}} 0.779 <span style="color:#007B00;"> High</span>
| registration_plate = F
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postcodes]]
| postal_code        = 16100 to 16169
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| area_code          = (+62) 251
| website            = [https://kotabogor.go.id/ kotabogor.go.id]
| footnotes          =
| name               = Bogor
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sundanese|compact=yes}}
'''Bogor City''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Kota Bogor'') or '''Bogor''' ({{langx|su|{{Sund|ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ}}}}, {{langx|nl|Buitenzorg}}) is a [[Cities of Indonesia|city]] in the [[West Java]] [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]], [[Indonesia]]. Located around {{convert|60|km|sp=us}} south of the national capital of [[Jakarta]], Bogor is the 6th largest city in the [[Jakarta metropolitan area]] and the 14th overall nationwide.<ref name="kesehat">[http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208021950/http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf|date=8 February 2014}} Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan</ref> The city covers an area of 111.39&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and it had a population of 950,334 in the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 1,043,070 in the 2020 Census.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> The official estimate as at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408.<ref>{{citation|title=Data Dukcapil 2023|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> Bogor is an important economic, scientific, cultural, and tourist center, as well as a mountain resort.
During the [[Middle Ages]], the city served as the capital of the [[Sunda Kingdom]] ({{langx|su|Karajaan Sunda}}) and was called '''''[[Pakuan Pajajaran]]''''' or '''''Dayeuh Pakuan'''''. During the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial era]], it was named '''''Buitenzorg''''' (''"without worries"'' in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the [[Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies|Governor-General]] of the [[Dutch East Indies]].
With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}}, the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a [[Istana Bogor|presidential palace]] and a [[Bogor Botanical Garden|botanical garden]] ({{langx|id|Kebun Raya Bogor}}) – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" (''Kota Hujan''), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season.
==History==
===Precolonial period===
{{Further|Pakuan Pajajaran}}
[[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|left|120px|A 1600-year-old stone inscription (''prasasti'') of the [[Tarumanagara]] kingdom era]]
The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of [[Tarumanagara]], one of the earliest states in [[Indonesian history]].<ref name="Iskandar"/><ref name="History"/><ref name="15 abad"/> After a series of defeats by the neighboring [[Srivijaya]], Tarumanagara was transformed into the [[Sunda Kingdom]], and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the [[Ciliwung]] and [[Cisadane River|Cisadane]]. It was named [[Pakuan Pajajaran]], in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.<ref name="Pasundan"/><ref name="cikalbogor"/>
Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000.<ref name="cikalbogor"/> The name Pajajaran was then used from the 16th century for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan.<ref name="cikalbogor"/><ref name = "sunda"/><ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="Koler"/><ref name="Karta"/> The chronicles of that time were written in [[Sanskrit]], which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the [[Pallava script]], on rock [[stele]]s called ''prasasti''.<ref name="History"/><ref name="prasasti"/> The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.<ref name="History"/>
From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by [[King Siliwangi]] (''[[Sri Baduga Maharaja]]'') on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday.<ref name="o144"/><ref name = "depok"/>
In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the [[Sultanate of Banten]],<ref name="VI"/><ref name="Bolshaya Soviet entsiklopediya2"/> causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades.<ref name="cikalbogor"/><ref name = "o144"/>
===Colonial period===
====Dutch East India Company====
[[File:Pakuanpajajaran_(vectoriser).svg|thumb|left|200px|A Dutch map showing the location of the Pakuan Pajajaran relatively to Buitenzorg]]
In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with a signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC.<ref name="depok2">{{cite web |url= https://nauriz.com/2020/02/21/peraturan-daerah-kota-depok-nomor-01-tahun-1999/ |title= Peraturan Daerah Kota Depok nomor 01 tahun 1999 |publisher= Walikota Depok |year= 1999 |access-date= 21 June 2010 |language= id |archive-date= 24 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201124095957/https://nauriz.com/2020/02/21/peraturan-daerah-kota-depok-nomor-01-tahun-1999/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area.<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="depok2"/><ref name="theyo"/> It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the [[Mount Salak]] volcano ({{langx|id|Gunung Salak}}).  However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations.<ref name="cikalbogor2"/> In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village").<ref name="History"/>
In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern [[Bogor Regency]].<ref name = "depok2"/><ref name="theyo"/>
The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC [[Abraham van Riebeeck]] (the son of the founder of [[Cape Town]] [[Jan van Riebeeck]] and later Governor of Dutch East Indies).<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="depok2"/> The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees.<ref name = "theyo"/> The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot [[Jakarta|Batavia]] which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.<ref name = "theyo"/> In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.<ref name="theyo"/>
In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]], the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns", meaning "without worries" or "carefree", cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French).<ref name="Britannica1911"/><ref name = "unof"/> Around the same time, the first reference to ''Bogor'' as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace.<ref name="Pasundanskaya istoriya"/> Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word ''bogor'' meaning sugar palm (''Arenga pinnata'') or ''bokor'' (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in the Indonesian language.<ref name="Pasundanskaya istoriya"/><ref name="KBBI"/> Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word ''bhagar'' (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents.<ref name="Pasundanskaya istoriya"/>
The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.<ref name="theyo"/> This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other [[Sunda Islands]] to prevent their capture by [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]] which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration [[Stamford Raffles]] moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.<ref name="theyo"/><ref name="Raffles"/>
====Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands====
[[File:Coat of Arms of Buitenzorg (1932).svg|thumb|200px|Coat of Arms of Buitenzorg (now Bogor) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1932]]
After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory was also organized into a new [[Residency (administrative division)|Residency]], the [[Buitenzorg Residency]]. A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century.<ref name="theyo"/><ref name="Britannica1911"/><ref>Sharon E. Kingsland (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=58EsPhsNuuwC&pg=PA30 The evolution of American ecology, 1890–2000], {{ISBN|0-8018-8171-4}}, p. 30</ref><ref name = "GE"/>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Olieverfschildering voorstellend de grote postweg bij Buitenzorg TMnr 1012-1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Great Post Road]] passing Buitenzorg in the 19th century]]
On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake.<ref name="theyo"/><ref name="JP"/> Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption.<ref name="theyo"/> The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, [[Han (people)|Chinese]] and Arab migrants within the city.<ref name="theyo"/>
In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia.<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="theyo"/>
In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor.<ref name="History"/><ref name="Britannica1911"/> This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new [[Buitenzorg Residency]] and center of West Java Province.<ref name="History"/>
===1942–1950===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van het paleis van de Gouverneur-Generaal in Buitenzorg TMnr 60027049.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial picture of Bogor during the 1930s]]
During [[World War II]], Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945.<ref name="Japanese"/> As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor.<ref name="GE"/> The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "''Defenders of the Motherland''").<ref name = "PETA"/>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofd van de deelstaat Negara Pasundan met zijn secretaris TMnr 60054594.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wiranatakusumah V|R. A. A. Muharram Wiranatakusuma]], president of the Pasundan State with his secretary in Bogor (1948)]]
On 17 August 1945, [[Sukarno]] and [[Muhammad Hatta|Hatta]] proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,({{langx|id|Negara Jawa Barat}}) which was renamed [[Pasundan]] in April 1948 ({{langx|id|Negara Pasundan}}). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation.<ref name="Pasundan..."/><ref name="VI12"/> In December 1949, Pasundan joined the [[Republic of the United States of Indonesia]] ({{langx|id|Republik Indonesia Serikat}}, RIS) established at the [[Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference]] of 23 August{{snd}}2 November 1949.<ref name="VI12"/><ref name="II"/> In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950,<ref name="VI12"/><ref name="II"/> and its name was officially declared as Bogor.<ref name="o144"/><ref name="UU16-50"/>
===Independence period===
As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia.<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="Istana"/> In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions<ref name="Klimat"/> and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] summit of 15 November 1994.<ref name="ATES"/>
==Geography==
[[File:Mt. Salak viewed from Bogor.jpg|thumb|right|Bogor and [[Mount Salak]]]]
The city is situated in the western part of [[Java]] island, about 53&nbsp;km south of the metropolis of [[Jakarta]] and 85&nbsp;km northwest of the city of [[Bandung]], the administrative center of West Java Province.<ref name="o148"/> Bogor spreads over a [[Structural basin|basin]] near the volcanoes of Salak (which peaks at about 12&nbsp;km south) and [[Mount Gede]] (whose top is 22–25&nbsp;km south-east of the city).<ref name="o691"/> The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level.<ref name="o148"/> The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> from 2° to 15°, 11&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> between 15° and 25°, 7.65&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> from 25° to 40° and 1.20&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> over 40°;<ref name="o771-5"/> the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly.<ref name="o771-6"/>
The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks.<ref name="o771-6"/> Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic.<ref name="o691"/> The total area of green space is 205,000 m<sup>2</sup>, of which 87,000 m<sup>2</sup> are [[Bogor Botanical Gardens]], 19,400 m<sup>2</sup> are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m<sup>2</sup> by 24 groves and 81,400 m<sup>2</sup> are covered with grass.<ref name="Hijau"/>
Several rivers flow through the city toward the [[Java Sea]]. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places.<ref name="o691"/> It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area.<ref name="o694-3"/>
===Climate===
Bogor has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (Af) according to the [[Köppen climate classification]],<ref name="ClimateData.org">{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/west-java/bogor-3930/|title=Bogor climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Bogor weather averages|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075452/https://en.climate-data.org/location/3930/|url-status=live}}</ref> and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average [[relative humidity]] is 70%,<ref name="o691"/> the average annual precipitation is about 1700&nbsp;mm, but more than 3500&nbsp;mm in some areas.<ref name="o691"/> Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has the nickname "Rain City" ({{langx|id|Kota hujan}}).<ref name="Bogor Raya"/><ref name="Kota Hujan"/> The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9&nbsp;°C (cf. 32.2&nbsp;°C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10&nbsp;°C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38&nbsp;°C and the minimum at 3&nbsp;°C.<ref name="o148"/>
{{Weather box
|location = Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (elevation {{convert|245|m|abbr=on|disp=or}})
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 34
|Feb record high C = 34
|Mar record high C = 36
|Apr record high C = 35
|May record high C = 35
|Jun record high C = 34
|Jul record high C = 34
|Aug record high C = 34
|Sep record high C = 36
|Oct record high C = 36
|Nov record high C = 35
|Dec record high C = 35
|Jan high C = 33.8
|Feb high C = 32.3
|Mar high C = 33.2
|Apr high C = 34.2
|May high C = 34.7
|Jun high C = 33.8
|Jul high C = 33.4
|Aug high C = 34.4
|Sep high C = 35.8
|Oct high C = 36.0
|Nov high C = 34.8
|Dec high C = 35.4
|year high C = 36.0
|Jan mean C = 25.9
|Feb mean C = 25.5
|Mar mean C = 25.9
|Apr mean C = 26.9
|May mean C = 27.3
|Jun mean C = 26.8
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 26.9
|Sep mean C = 27.0
|Oct mean C = 27.7
|Nov mean C = 26.8
|Dec mean C = 27.2
|year mean C = 26.7
|Jan low C = 20.0
|Feb low C = 20.8
|Mar low C = 20.2
|Apr low C = 21.2
|May low C = 22.1
|Jun low C = 21.8
|Jul low C = 20.8
|Aug low C = 20.3
|Sep low C = 19.6
|Oct low C = 21.6
|Nov low C = 22.2
|Dec low C = 19.5
|year low C = 19.5
|Jan record low C = 17
|Feb record low C = 17
|Mar record low C = 15
|Apr record low C = 16
|May record low C = 14
|Jun record low C = 12
|Jul record low C = 12
|Aug record low C = 13
|Sep record low C = 14
|Oct record low C = 15
|Nov record low C = 17
|Dec record low C = 16
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 211.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 258.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 325.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 312.8
|May precipitation mm = 294.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 310.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 134.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 144.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 62.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 102.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 1068.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 563.6
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain days = 21
|Feb rain days = 24
|Mar rain days = 26
|Apr rain days = 17
|May rain days = 14
|Jun rain days = 20
|Jul rain days = 9
|Aug rain days = 12
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 13
|Nov rain days = 25
|Dec rain days = 20
|Jan humidity=85
|Feb humidity=85
|Mar humidity=84
|Apr humidity=85
|May humidity=85
|Jun humidity=86
|Jul humidity=82
|Aug humidity=83
|Sep humidity=84
|Oct humidity=87
|Nov humidity=87
|Dec humidity=87
|source = Bogorkota.bps<ref name="Bogorkota.bps">{{Cite web|url=https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/publication/2024/02/28/aa94a4b5d6662971ebe2d881/kota-bogor-dalam-angka-2024.html|title=Bogor climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Bogor weather averages|website=bogorkota.bps.go.id|access-date=18 March 2024|archive-date=2023-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302031318/https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/0fed0f9c34185c2d05049b78/kota-bogor-dalam-angka-2023.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
==Demographics==
The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs.<ref>{{cite book|first1=George|last1=Ripley|author2=Charles Anderson Dana|title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoNRAAAAYAAJ|volume=4|year=1867|publisher=Appleton|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305185920/https://books.google.com/books?id=qoNRAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Population===
According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor.<ref name="Sensus"/> The average population density was about 8,000 people per km<sup>2</sup>; it reached 12,571 persons per km<sup>2</sup> in the centre and drops to 5,866 people per km<sup>2</sup> in the southern part.<ref name = "Sensus"/> Based on official figures from Dukcapil Kemendagri, the city's population at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408 people, giving a population density of 10,121 people per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{citation|title=Data Dukcapil 2023|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
{{stack begin}}
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source:<ref name="Sensus Penduduk 1971">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/1972/05/31/a6b0fd245504c17bc991e652/sensus-penduduk-1971-diperinci-menurut-provinsi-dan-kabupaten-kota--angka-sementara-.html|title=Sensus Penduduk 1971 Diperinci Menurut Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota (Angka Sementara)|website=www.bps.go.id/|access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Population by Age, BPS">{{cite web|url=https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/0fed0f9c34185c2d05049b78/kota-bogor-dalam-angka-2023.html|title=Kota Bogor Dalam Angka 2023|website=bogorkota.bps.go.id/|access-date=9 March 2023|format=visual|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302031334/https://bogorkota.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/0fed0f9c34185c2d05049b78/kota-bogor-dalam-angka-2023.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sensus 1980-2010 Jawa Barat">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/statictable/2015/04/02/42/jumlah-penduduk-berdasarkan-hasil-sensus-penduduk-sp-di-jawa-barat-1980-2010.html|title=Jumlah Penduduk Berdasarkan Hasil Sensus Penduduk|website=jabar.bps.go.id/|access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Data Dukcapil2023|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> <br /> * in 1995, there was an expansion of the city area
|1861 | 78607
|1930 | 65427
|1956 | 124000
|1961 | 154092
|1971 | 195882
|1980 | 246946
|1990 | 271711
|2000 | 750819
|2010 | 950334
|2020 | 1043070
|2023 | 1127408
}}
{{stack end}}
The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960 is related to [[urbanization]] as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country.<ref name="Demografiya"/> The [[birth rate]] in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city.<ref name="Statistika"/> Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population;<ref name = "Sensus"/> 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years.<ref name="Statistika"/> The 2005 estimate of the [[life expectancy]] was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia.<ref name="AHH"/>
The majority of population (93%) are [[Muslim]]s with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities.
Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]] over the building permit for their new church.<ref>{{Cite news
|last         = Haryanto
|first        = Ulma
|title        = Delight After Indonesia's Highest Court Backs Bogor Church
|newspaper    = [[Jakarta Globe]]
|date         = 15 January 2011
|url          = http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/delight-after-indonesias-highest-court-backs-bogor-church/417128
|access-date   = 16 January 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110116051904/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/delight-after-indonesias-highest-court-backs-bogor-church/417128
|archive-date = 16 January 2011
|df           = dmy-all
}}</ref>
{{Bar box
|title=Religion Adherents in 2023<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023|website=Direktorat Jenderal Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kementerian Dalam Negeri |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|DarkSlateGray|93.42}}
{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|DarkBlue|3.80}}
{{Bar percent|[[Catholic]]|Blue|1.95}}
{{Bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Red|0.68}}
{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkGreen|0.11}}
{{Bar percent|[[Confucianism]]|DarkSlateGray|0.04}}
{{Bar percent|Other Religion ([[Sunda Wiwitan]], etc)|Black|0.00}}
}}
===Ethnic groups===
According to 2000 Census, most of the population are [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] (76%) as native, with the largest immigrant minorities being [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], Chinese, and other, often mixed ethnicities.
Table based on Ethnicities in the 2000 Indonesian Population Census below;<ref name="Ethnicity">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/publication/2001/11/01/c20572fc90585d6f369e5241/karakteristik-penduduk-jawa-barat-hasil-sensus-penduduk-2000-.html?msclkid=0aedc90ed04311ec8572f94536008863|title=Karakteristik Penduduk Jawa Barat Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2000|date=1 November 2001|website=www.jabar.bps.go.id|format=pdf|page=72|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175828/https://jabar.bps.go.id/publication/2001/11/01/c20572fc90585d6f369e5241/karakteristik-penduduk-jawa-barat-hasil-sensus-penduduk-2000-.html?msclkid=0aedc90ed04311ec8572f94536008863|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |No
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Ethnicity
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Population ([[2000]])
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |%
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | 1
! style="text-align: left;" | [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]
! style="text-align: right;" | 568,425
! style="text-align: right;" | 76.01%
|-
| 2
| [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 75,880
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.15%
|-
| 3
| [[Indonesian Chinese|Chinese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,604
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.62%
|-
| 4
| [[Betawi people|Betawi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,347
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.32%
|-
| 5
| [[Batak people|Batak]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,124
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.49%
|-
| 6
| [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 8,439
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.13%
|-
| 7
| [[Cirebonese people|Cirebonese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 670
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09%
|-
| 8
| [[Bantenese people|Bantenese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 379
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05%
|-
| 9
| ''Others''
| style="text-align: right;" | 45,974
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.14%
|-
! colspan="2"|Bogor
! style="text-align: right;" | 747,842
! style="text-align: right;" | 100.00%
|-
|}
==Administrative districts==
Bogor City is surrounded by the [[Bogor Regency]] ([[Provinces of Indonesia|''kabupaten'']]) but in itself is a separate municipality ([[Provinces of Indonesia|''kota'']]),<ref name="o144"/><ref name="UU32-2004"/> making Bogor City an [[enclave and exclave|enclave]] within Bogor Regency. The city is divided into six [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), which contain 68 urban villages (''kelurahan''). The districts are tabulated below with their populations at the 2010<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and 2020<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> Censuses, together with the official estimates at the end of 2023.<ref>Dukcapil Kemendagri, 2023.</ref> The table also includes the number of [[administrative village]]s (all classed as urban ''kelurahan'') in each district, and their post codes.
{| Class = "wikitable"
! Kode <br />Wilayah
! English <br />name
! Indonesian<br /> name
! Area<br />in<br />km<sup>2</sup>
! Pop'n at<br />2010<br />Census
! Pop'n at<br />2020<br />Census
! Pop'n at<br />2023<br />estimate
! Pop'n<br />Density<br />2023<br />(per km<sup>2</sup>)
! Growth<br />rate<br />2022 - 2023
! No.<br />of<br />Villages
! Post<br />codes
|-
| 32.71.01
| [[District of South Bogor, Bogor|South Bogor]]
| Kecamatan Bogor Selatan
|align="right"| 31.16
|align="right"| 181,392
|align="right"| 204,030
|align="right"| 219,309
|align="right"| 7,038
|align="right"| 0.41%
|align="right"| 16
|16131 - 16139
|-
| 36.71.02
| [[District of East Bogor, Bogor|East Bogor]]
| Kecamatan Bogor Timur
|align="right"| 10.75
|align="right"| 95,098
|align="right"| 104,327
|align="right"| 108,919
|align="right"| 10,132
|align="right"| 0.26%
|align="right"| 6
|16141 - 16146
|-
| 32.71.03
| [[District of Central Bogor, Bogor|Central Bogor]]
| Kecamatan Bogor Tengah
|align="right"| 8.11
|align="right"| 101,398
|align="right"| 96,258
|align="right"| 109,057
|align="right"| 13,447
|align="right"| -0.82%
|align="right"| 11
|16121 - 16129
|-
| 32.71.04
| [[District of West Bogor, Bogor|West Bogor]]
| Kecamatan Bogor Barat
|align="right"| 23.08
|align="right"| 211,084
|align="right"| 233,637
|align="right"| 254,629
|align="right"| 11,033
|align="right"| 0.26%
|align="right"| 16
|16111 - 16119
|-
| 32.71.05
| [[District of North Bogor, Bogor|North Bogor]]
| Kecamatan Bogor Utara
|align="right"| 18.88
|align="right"| 170,443
|align="right"| 186,724
|align="right"| 204,454
|align="right"| 10,829
|align="right"| 1.14%
|align="right"| 8
|16151 - 16158
|-
| 32.71.06
| [[District of Tanah Sareal, Bogor|Tanah Sareal]]
| Kecamatan Tanah Sareal
|align="right"| 21.25
|align="right"| 190,919
|align="right"| 218,094
|align="right"| 231,040
|align="right"| 10,873
|align="right"| 0.61%
|align="right"| 11
|16161 - 16169
|}
===Administration===
The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration.<ref name = "UU32-2004"/> [[Diani Budiarto]] became the first directly elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009.<ref name="o484"/> Legislative power is provided by the [[Bogor City Regional House of Representatives]] which consists of 50 directly elected members serving 5-year terms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Resmi Ditetapkan, Berikut Daftar 50 Anggota DPRD Kota Bogor Periode 2019-2024 |url=https://www.radarbogor.id/2019/08/13/resmi-ditetapkan-berikut-daftar-50-anggota-dprd-kota-bogor-periode-2019-2024/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Radar Bogor |date=13 August 2019 |language=id}}</ref>
The Coat of arms of Bogor is a rectangular [[heraldic shield]] with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the [[National emblem of Indonesia]] – the mythical bird [[Garuda]], in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese [[dagger]] ''[[Kujang (weapon)|kujang]]''. The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR".<ref name="o146"/>
==Economy==
Bogor has developed [[automotive industry|automotive]], [[Chemical industry|chemical]], and food industries;<ref name="o693"/> its outlying areas are used for agriculture.<ref name="BPPT-Pertanian"/> During the colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century,<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="theyo"/> and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of the economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009.<ref name="o693"/> At the end of 2009, the [[Gross Regional Product]] (GRP) was 12.249 trillion [[Indonesian Rupiah|IDR]]<ref name="Svezhie ekonomdannye"/> (approximately US$1.287 billion<ref name="exchange"/>) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR.<ref name = "Svezhie ekonomdannye"/>
Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services<ref name="o771-20"/>) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%)<ref name="Svezhie ekonomdannye"/> [[Minimum wage]] is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/xml/2014/11/22/07020041/Ini.UMK.Jawa.Barat.2015|title=Ini UMK Jawa Barat 2015|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media|date=22 November 2014|website=KOMPAS.com|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409233146/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2014/11/22/07020041/Ini.UMK.Jawa.Barat.2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| Class = "wikitable"
! Branch of economy
! Share in [[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] (%)<ref name="Ade"/>
|-
| Trade, hotel and restaurant business
| 30.14
|-
| Industry
| 28.2
|-
| Financial services
| 13.77
|-
| Transport and communication
| 9.7
|-
| Customer services
| 7.54
|-
| Construction
| 7.48
|-
| Energy and water supply
| 3.16
|-
| Agriculture, fishing
| 0.36
|}
In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies.<ref name="BPPT-Industri"/> The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming.<ref name="BPPT-Pertanian"/> The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and [[sweet potato]] (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes).<ref name="Urozhay"/> The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000).<ref name="o771-15"/><ref name="o771-16"/>
About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields.<ref name="o771-17"/> Breeding [[aquarium fish]] and also catching them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which yielded US$367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East.<ref name = "Ade"/> A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU, [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations East Asia|ASEAN]], Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, [[New Zealand]]), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East).<ref name="BPPT-Perdagangan"/><ref name ="o698"/> Most of the local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets.<ref name="BPPT-Perdagangan"/>
==Transport==
[[File:Bogor Station Portico 2022.jpg|thumb|Facade of [[Bogor railway station|Bogor Station]]]]
Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8&nbsp;km of prefectural importance.<ref name="BPPT-Prasarana"/> The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect the city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses).<ref name="o151-8"/>
There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m<sup>2</sup> and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m<sup>2</sup>) serves urban passenger routes.<ref name="o151-9"/> A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport]] in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor.<ref name="o151-9"/> Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian [[Cycle rickshaw|rickshaw]] (''becak'') at more than 2,000 units as of 2009.<ref name = "becak"/> The [[Bogor railway station]] was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day.<ref name="o151-9"/> The [[Bogor Paledang railway station]] opened in 2013 to serve trains to [[Sukabumi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/jawa-barat-nasional/13/11/10/mw1tph-pt-kereta-api-aktifkan-kembali-ka-bogorsukabumi |title=PT Kereta Api Aktifkan Kembali KA Bogor-Sukabumi |date=10 November 2013 |work=Republika Online |access-date=29 May 2018 |language=id |archive-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203622/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/jawa-barat-nasional/13/11/10/mw1tph-pt-kereta-api-aktifkan-kembali-ka-bogorsukabumi |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Housing and facilities==
Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate the central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses.<ref name="RSS"/><ref name="Bappeda"/> The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m<sup>2</sup>) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m<sup>2</sup> in the southern part of the city.<ref name="Bappeda"/><ref name="Kumuh"/> To improve this situation, the city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($22 per year<ref name="Svezhy kurs"/>) at acceptable living conditions.<ref name="RSS"/>
Electricity to Bogor is supplied by the Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and [[Banten]]. Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in the Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong.<ref name = "PLN"/> Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%.<ref name="Lampu Jalan"/>
As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan.<ref name="PDAM"/> The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although the water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs.<ref name="PDAM"/>
Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about 800,000 m<sup>3</sup> of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for [[compost]] and about 3% is burned in five incinerators within the city.<ref name="Sampah"/>
The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" ({{langx|id|Tempat pemakaman umum}}), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in a small cemetery adjacent to churches.<ref name="TPU"/> Some mosques also have small burial plots.<ref name="Falak"/> Graves for the poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis,<ref name="bezymyannye"/> and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents.<ref name="pogrom"/>
==Education==
[[File:BogorAgriculturalUniversityEntrance.jpg|thumb|right|[[IPB University|Bogor Agricultural University]] campus gate]]
Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture.<ref name="cikalbogor2"/><ref name="theyo"/><ref name="Britannica1911"/> In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest.<ref name="Kauchuk"/><ref name="Les"/>
The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in the second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, [[biology]], and [[veterinary]] sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is [[IPB University]], which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories.<ref name="IPB"/><ref name="o764"/>
Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the [[Center for International Forestry Research]] (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development.<ref name="CIFOR"/><ref name="CGIAR"/> The headquarters of the [[Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat]] are also in Bogor.
<!--I doubt if this building exists in Bogor Agricultural University
[[File:Agricultural lab in Bogor.JPG|thumb|right|Laboratory of the Bogor Institute of Agriculture. Photo 2010.]]-->
{| Class = "wikitable"
! Education
! Percentage of the population<ref name="Ade"/>
|-
| Less than 6 classes
| 24.3
|-
| Elementary school (grades 1–6)
| 29.3
|-
| Secondary school (grades 7–9)
| 16
|-
| High schools (grades 10–12)
| 23.2
|-
| Bachelor
| 3.1
|-
| Master and above
| 4.1
|}
{| Class = "wikitable"
|+ Educational institutions of Bogor<ref name="Statistika"/>
! Type
! Number of institutions (public/private)
! Number of students
! Number of teachers
|-
| Kindergartens
| 154 (1/153)
| 7,194 (175/7,019)
| 765 (11/754)
|-
| Schools for handicap children
| 9 (0/9)
| 408 (0/408)
| 78 (0/78)
|-
| Elementary schools
| 288 (248/40)
| 97,794 (84,289/13,505)
| 5,004 (4,267/737)
|-
| Secondary schools
| 115 (19/96)
| 43,153 (18,867/24,286)
| 2,634 (892/1,742)
|-
| High schools
| 50 (10/40)
| 22,349 (9,450/12,899)
| 1558 (566/992)
|-
| Technical schools
| 63 (no data)
| 28,375 (3,334/25,041)
| 1826 (246/1,580)
|-
| Universities
| 15 (5/10)
| 16,998 (12,304/4,694)
| 1,787 (1,225/562)
|-
|}
The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia.<ref name="Statistika"/> [[IPB University]] ({{langx|id|Institut Pertanian Bogor}}) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration.<ref name = "IPB"/><ref name="vuzy"/> The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun.<ref name="vuzy"/> In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools ([[madrasah]]) and several Christian schools and colleges.<ref name="Statistika"/>
Most scientific research in Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil science, [[dendrology]], veterinary and [[ichthyology]].<ref name="IPB"/><ref name="o764"/> More specific areas include natural [[pesticide]]s and [[Insect repellent|repellent]]s, [[intercropping]], industrial applications of [[essential oil]]s and natural [[alkaloid]]s, increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc.<ref name = "rabotayut"/>
==Culture==
Bogor was the capital of the Sundanese kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese culture was dominant in the same way as the city of Bandung.
Bogor is one of the leading cities of Indonesia by the number of museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the country.<ref name="kultura" /> The Zoological Museum ({{langx|id|Museum Zoologi}}) which was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits.<ref name="zoo" /> Other prominent museums are more recent. The museum of [[ethnobotany]] ({{langx|id|Museum Etnobotani}}) was opened in 1982 and has more than 2000 exhibits;<ref name="etnobot" /> the museum of the earth ({{langx|id|Museum Tanah}}, 1988) displays hundreds of soil and rock samples from different parts of Indonesia;<ref name="zemlya" /> the museum of the struggle ({{langx|id|Museum Perjuangan}}, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national liberation movement;<ref name="fighters" />
and [[Pembela Tanah Air Museum]] (1996) reflects the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland") created during World War II by the Japanese occupation administration.<ref name="predateli" />
The city has a drama theater,<ref name="teater"/> dozens of movie theaters, nine of which (as of mid-2010) are built to international standards.<ref name="kino"/> The presidential palace, administrative buildings, and universities regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of folk art, conferences, and culture-related seminars, such as the Congress of Indonesian culture ({{langx|id|Kongres Kebudayaan Indonesia}}) of 2008.<ref name="KKI"/>
==Health==
The first hospitals were established in Bogor in the first half of the 19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century, there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital,<ref name="RS Lama"/> and a large psychiatric hospital with doctors from Europe and North America.<ref name = "nuthouse"/> In the 1930s, the Dutch Red Cross Society hospital became the largest in the city. Most of the existing hospitals and clinics were built in the 1980s–1990s.<ref name="Rumah Sakit"/> They include 10 hospitals, 373 private clinics, 51 single-doctor clinics, and 134 pharmacies and drug stores, and employ 274 general practitioners, 122 dentists, 74 sanitation doctors, 37 radiologists (X-ray), 141 gynaecologists, 32 nutritionists, 55 assistants, 710 nurses, 63 pharmacists, and 99 doctors of other specialties.<ref name="Statistika"/><ref name="Rumah Sakit"/> 2 new hospitals are founded in 2014. Bogor has been a thriving city and it reflects on the increasing number of hospitals available. As of 2024, there are 25 hospitals available in Bogor alone.
The 25 hospitals of Bogor are:
# Hospital of the Indonesian Red Cross Society ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Indonesia}}) – general, the oldest in the city
# General Hospital of Bogor City ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Bogor}}) – general, owned by the city government, formerly Karya Bhakti<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rsudkotabogor.blogspot.co.id/ |title=Rsudkotabogor |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101084226/http://rsudkotabogor.blogspot.co.id/ |archive-date=1 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# Salak ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Salak}}) – general, owned by the Indonesian Army
# Atang Sanjaya ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit TNI AU Atang Sanjaya}}) – general, owned by the Indonesian Air Force, located in airbase area
# Bogor Medical Centre – general practitioners, private
# Islamic Hospital ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Islam}}) – general
# Azra ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Azra}}) – general
# Melania ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Melania}}) – women and children
# Hermina ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Hermina}}) – women and children
# Marzuki Mahdi ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Marzuki Mahdi}}) – infectious diseases and psychiatric hospital
# Mulia ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Mulia}})- general
# Vania ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Vania}})- general, founded on 1 Nov 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rsvania.id/index.php/id-ID/ |title=Home |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707170628/http://rsvania.id/index.php/id-ID/ |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref>
# BMC ({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit Bogor Medical Center}})- general
# EMC Sentul City({{langx|id|Rumah Sakit EMC}})- general
# UMMI ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Rumah Sakit UMMI'') - general
# Nuraida ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Nuraida'') - women and children
# Bina Husada ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Rumah Sakit Bina Husada Cibinong'') - general
# Bogor Senior Hospital - general
# Graha Merdika ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Rumah Sakit Graha Merdika Bogor) - general
# Bunda Suryatni ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Rumah Sakit Bunda Suryatni) - women and children
# Ibu dan Anak ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak) - women and children
# Juliana ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Rumah Sakit Juliana) - general
# RSKIA Sawojajar - women and children
# Medika ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Rumah Sakit Umum Medika Dramaga) - general
==Media==
Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers<ref name="Koran Daerah"/> – ''Radar Bogor'', founded in 1998, ''Pakuan Raya'' founded in 2005 and ''Jurnal Bogor'', founded in 2008. they print in about 25,000 copies and have electronic versions. Bogor offices also partly print part some Sundanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and scientific publications of the local universities.
The two municipal TV channels, Bogor TV and Megaswara TV, broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java.<ref name="TV Daerah"/> There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] and 10 in the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] range.<ref name="Radio Bogor"/>
==Sport==
As of March 2010, the Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the [[National Sports Committee of Indonesia]] ({{langx|id|Komite Nasional Olahraga Indonesia}}). At the Java competitions, Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the planned 42.<ref name="42 medali"/><ref name="5 medali"/> The largest among 15 sports organizations<ref name="Statistika"/> is the Bogor Football Union ({{langx|id|Persatuan Sepakbola Bogor}}), headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team "PSB Bogor" has never won in the national championships.<ref name="sepak"/> The local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators.<ref name="WS"/>
==Travel and places==
[[File:Teijsmann Garden at Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Teijsmann Garden in the [[Bogor Botanical Garden]]]]
At a national tourism exhibition of 2010 in Jakarta, Bogor was recognized as the most attractive tourist city in Indonesia.<ref name="The best"/> The city and its surrounding area are visited by about 1.8 million people per year, of whom more than 60,000 are foreigners.<ref name="jumlah wisatawan"/>
The main tourist attraction is the [[Bogor Botanical Garden]]. Founded in 1817, it contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42 bird species breed within the garden, although this number is declining and was 62 before 1952.<ref>Patrick L. Osborne [https://books.google.com/books?id=gA2xfP8hHlEC&pg=PA277 Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts], Cambridge University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-521-64523-9}} p. 277</ref> The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas.<ref name="KRB"/><ref name="o818"/> Much of the original rainforest was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific studies. The garden was also enriched by collections of palms, bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists to work at Bogor.<ref name="KRB"/> The staff of Bogor garden also administer three other major gardens of Indonesia: the [[Kebun Raya Cibodas|Cibodas Botanical Garden]] founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java and the [[Bali Botanic Garden]] founded in 1959 on [[Bali]] island.<ref name="brit"/>
[[File:Bogor Botanical Gardens Java28.jpg|thumb|left|The former residence of the Governor-General, now the summer palace of the President of Indonesia]]
Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small pond.<ref name="KRB"/><ref name="o817"/> The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays, such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450 paintings and 360 sculptures.<ref name="KRB"/>
The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone [[stelae]] (prasasti). Fifteen prasasti of the greatest historical and cultural value are collected in a special pavilion in the district of Batutulis.<ref name="o827"/> In the western part of Bogor there is a large lake Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by the reserved forest area and a forest park. In the protected area there are several research facilities, and the recreation areas host sports activities, boating, and fishing.<ref name="Situ Gede"/><ref name="o823"/>
On the grounds of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery established in 1784.<ref name="Ingat Belanda"/> It contains 42 historical graves of the Dutch colonial officials, military officers, and scientists, who served in Bogor, Jakarta, and other cities in West Java from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.<ref name="Ingat Belanda"/> Nearby, there are three graves from the early Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor Siliwangi, Galuh Mangku Alam, [[vizier]] Ba'ul, and commander Japra. The locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons.<ref name="Galuh"/>
Other historical places are Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one of the oldest operational Catholic churches in Indonesia,<ref name="o807"/> and the Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical southern Chinese style. It is the first Buddhist temple in Bogor and one of the oldest in Indonesia.
The [[Jaksa Waterfall]] is located near the city. It is located within a picturesque lowland rainforest setting.
Bogor launched a bus service that can accommodate 25 passengers who start their tour at the Bogor Botanical Garden. The bus route will start from Botanical Square and end at the same place. The service was unveiled by the mayor of Bogor Bima Arya on 1 January 2017. This bus is called UNCAL, which means "Unforgettable City Tour at Lovable City".
Besides all the tourist attractions above, Bogor also offers a variety of shopping malls or stores including Botani Square, Bogor Trade Mall, Lippo Plaza, Plaza Indah Bogor, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktori.kotabogor.go.id/index.php/situs/wisatabel|title=PARIWISATA: Wisata Belanja|website=direktori.kotabogor.go.id|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=10 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610030803/https://direktori.kotabogor.go.id/index.php/situs/wisatabel|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Sister cities==
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2020}}
*{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Lumapas, Brunei-Muara|Lumapas]], [[Brunei-Muara District|Brunei-Muara]], [[Brunei Darussalam]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri]], [[United States]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Lloró]], [[Colombia]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Gödöllő|Gödöllõ]], [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Salak Tinggi]], [[Malaysia]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kisarazu]], [[Japan]]
==Notable people==
{{main category|People from Bogor}}
==See also==
* [[Bogor Regency]]
* [[Buitenzorg Residency]]
* [[Pakuan Pajajaran]]
* [[Sunda Kingdom]]
* [[Tarumanagara Kingdom]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia]]
==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kotabogor.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4179&Itemid=833 |title=Klenteng Hok Tek Bio |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Bogor |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=6 July 2010 |language=id |work=Official Site of Bogor City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312160027/http://www.kotabogor.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4179&Itemid=833 |archive-date=12 March 2012 }}
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}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sejarahbogor.id/2021/10/14/sejarah-bogor/}} {{in lang|id}}
{{West Java}}
{{Most populous cities in Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bogor| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in West Java]]
[[Category:1482 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1480s]]
[[Category:Angke basin]]
[[Category:Ciliwung basin]]
[[Category:Cisadane basin]]